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(continued)


Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.







s 3239. Reviewing Stands, Grandstands, and Bleachers.
For design, use and construction of reviewing stands, grandstands and bleachers refer to Section 3321 of the Uniform Building Code (UBC), 1979 Edition.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.









s 3240. General Design Requirements.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3241. Live Loads.
(a) The live loads for which each floor or portion thereof of a commercial or industrial building is or has been designed shall have such design live loads conspicuously posted by the owner in that part of each story in which they apply, using durable metal signs, and it shall be unlawful to remove or deface such notices. The occupant of the building shall be responsible for keeping the actual load below the allowable limits.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 1607.3.5)
(b) The maximum weight of materials stored on building floors or load carrying platforms, except those built directly on the ground, shall not exceed their safe carrying capacity.
(c) Material, wherever stored, shall not create a hazard. It shall be limited in height and shall be piled, stacked, or racked in a manner designed to prevent it from tipping, falling, collapsing, rolling or spreading. Racks, bins, planks, sleepers, bars, strips, blocks, sheets, shall be used where necessary to make the piles stable.
(d) The buildings, structures, foundations, and fastenings of all prime movers, machines, and equipment shall be maintained to support safely and without dangerous vibration the loads imposed upon them.
(e) Storage racks shall be designed to safely support their intended loads and shall not be loaded in excess of their design capacity as recommended by the manufacturer.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3241.1. Working Warehouses.
(a) Definitions.
(1) "Sales floor" means any area where the public is invited to shop, whether indoors or outdoors.
(2) "Working warehouse" means a wholesale or retail establishment in which heavy machinery, including, but not limited to, forklifts, is used in any area where the public shops while customers are on the premises, and merchandise is stored on shelves higher than 12 feet above the sales floor.
(3) "Shelf" means a support structure of rigid material such as wood, glass, metal or metal grating to hold or store merchandise. For the purposes of this section, shelves are fixed horizontally to a wall or other vertical surface including upright wood or metal frames and columns that contain structural support, such as shelves, racks, or cantilevered arms for storing merchandise including palletized items.
(b) In addition to the requirements of subsections (c) and (e) of Section 3241, all merchandise on shelves higher than 12 feet above the sales floor of a working warehouse shall be secured. Methods of securing merchandise shall include rails, fencing, netting, security doors, gates, cables, or the binding of items on a pallet into one unit by shrink-wrapping, metal or plastic banding, or by tying items together with a cord. Note: The height of 12 feet specified in subsections (a)(2) and (b) is the distance measured from the floor to the top plane of the shelf on which merchandise is stored, and not the distance from the floor to the top of the merchandise.
(c) When heavy machinery is used to place or retrieve merchandise on a shelf in a working warehouse, there shall be a safety zone established to temporarily block persons other than the operator from entering areas where merchandise could fall.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Sections 142.3, 9101 and 9102, Labor Code.







s 3242. Glass and Glazing.
(a) General. Specifications and requirements for glass and glazing installed before March 13, 1999, shall meet the requirements of Chapter 54 of the 1982 Uniform Building Code.
(b) Specifications and requirements for glass and glazing installed on or after March 13, 1999, shall meet the requirements of Chapter 24 of the 1997 Uniform Building Code which is hereby incorporated by reference.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3243. Spray Booths.








s 3244. Sanitation.








s 3245. Motion Picture Projection Rooms.
Motion picture projection rooms shall meet the requirements as set forth in Title 24, Part 2-40.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.









s 3246. Use of Nitrate Film.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3247. Lamp Scaffolds and Parallels.
(a) Definitions.
(1) Lamp Scaffold means parallel as hereinafter defined.
(2) Nonoperating Side. The side of a parallel or lamp scaffold on which lamps are not installed.

(3) Operating Minimum. The side clearance necessary for the proper manipulation of a lamp.
(4) Operating Side. The side of a parallel or lamp scaffold on which lamps are installed.
(5) Parallel. An elevated staging used to support lamps and auxiliary equipment for the purpose of furnishing illumination.
(6) Nonoperating Side Guardrailing. A 2-rail railing having a toprail the upper surface of which is from 42 inches to 45 inches above the upper surface of the staging, platform, or runway being protected, and a second or midrail located halfway between the toprail and the top surface of the staging, platform, or runway.
(7) Operating Side Guardrailing. A single-rail railing the upper surface of which is from 42 inches to 45 inches above the upper surface of the staging, platform, runway, or scaffold being protected.
(b) Guardrailings.

(1) All lamp scaffolds and parallels while being used either to support lamps or serve as walkways shall be provided with nonoperating side guardrailings on the nonoperating side.
(2) All lamp scaffolds and parallels while being used to support lamps shall be provided with an operating side guardrailing on the operating side.
(3) Where the operating side guardrailing is more than 45 inches high and the clearance between adjacent lamps or between a lamp and a vertical support or structural member exceeds 18 inches, barriers such as additional vertical supports shall be installed to effectively reduce the clearance to an operating minimum. When large lamps are used which require more than 18 inches side clearance for manipulation and handling, horizontal distances up to 24 inches may be left on each side of such lamps, but in all cases such openings shall be held to an operating minimum.
When used to reduce side clearance, vertical supports shall have their lower ends securely attached to the lamp scaffold or parallel beds and shall extend upward and be securely attached to the overhead building structure, or to cross members extending from lamp scaffold upright to lamp scaffold upright, or some other equally effective method to give equal strength and rigidity.

(4) Toprails, midrails, and uprights shall be structurally sound of at least 2- inch by 4-inch lumber of the following grades or of material of equivalent strength and rigidity:

Western Wood Products ..... West Coast Lumber In
Association Standard ...... spection Bureau Rules
Grading Rules 1965 ........ No. 15
____________________________________________________
Grade ..................... Grade
____________________________________________________
Posts and rails when ..... 122a-1900f (bending ....... 122a-1900f (bending
2" x 4" lumber is used.... stress), Select Struc ..... stress), Select Struc
(Minimum dressed size .... tural Douglas Fir ......... tural Douglas Fir
acceptable 1 5/8 x 3 5/8 . Light Framing, 2" to ...... Light Framing, 2" to
inches) .................. 4" thick, 4" wide.......... 4" thick, 4" wide.
Slope of Grain 1" in 12" .. Slope of Grain 1" in 12"
in middle third of ........ in middle third of
length, balance of ........ length, balance of
piece 1" in 10" ........... piece 1" in 10"



(5) Guardrails shall be attached to the uprights in a manner to afford maximum protection.
(6) Where the upper surface of a lamp scaffold or parallel bed presents no barriers along its outer edges which will tend to prevent objects from rolling or sliding from the bed, obstructions not less than 1 inch in height or greater than 2 inches in width shall be installed along such outer edges.
(c) Housekeeping.
(1) Any fixture, chair, or operating facility on the lamp scaffolds or parallels shall be effectively secured in place.
(2) Lamp scaffolds and parallels shall be maintained free and clear of debris.
(d) Obstructions.
(1) Lamp scaffold and parallel beds shall be kept clear of all bracing, electrical wires, cables, and equipment, except for the wire and cable necessary to reach from each lamp to its respective plug-in box or bus connection and allow for lamp manipulation. All such necessary wire or cable shall be kept close to the operating side or sides of the bed leaving an unobstructed walkway.
(2) The space immediately above hanging or temporary lamp scaffold and parallel beds shall be kept similarly free of obstructions to a height of not less than 6 feet 6 inches, when stage set and hanger construction permit.
(3) The construction of hanging or temporary prefabricated lamp scaffold and parallel bed hangers shall have the month and year of manufacture stamped into the hanger clearly and legibly and shall be such that when installed and stage and set construction permit the center head clearance above the beds at the hangers will be not less than 6 feet 6 inches. Where diagonal or knee braces are used as a reinforcing means between prefabricated hanger uprights and an overhead spreader or strut, the horizontal distance between the diagonal braces, measured parallel to the strut or spreader at a height of 6 feet 6 inches above the lamp scaffold or parallel bed, shall be not less than 12 inches. The lower ends of diagonal or knee braces shall not be attached to hanger uprights at points less than 4 feet 6 inches vertically above the upper surface of lamp scaffold or parallel beds.

(4) Hanging or temporary lamp scaffold and parallel bed prefabricated hangers built before the effective date of these orders shall, when physical conditions permit, be installed to give a bed head clearance at the hanger of not less than 6 feet 6 inches.
(5) Hanging or temporary lamp scaffold and parallel bed prefabricated hangers when materially repaired or which undergo a major alteration shall give the same head clearance when installed as is required for prefabricated hangers built after the effective date of these orders.
(6) Permanent catwalks and parallels installed on or before the effective date of these orders and having a head clearance less than 6 feet 6 inches need not be altered to obtain such head clearance.
(e) Inspection and Maintenance.
(1) Lamp scaffolds and parallels shall be regularly inspected and maintained in a safe condition.
(2) No nail smaller than 8-penny common (or 8-penny box used in sufficient number to give the strength afforded by 8-penny common) shall be used in the construction of lamp scaffolds and parallels, and they shall be full driven or to the first head when double-headed nails are used. Double-headed nails shall not be used in the walking surface.
(f) Lamp Beds.
All beds used for lamping shall have a minimum width of 30 inches. Lamps shall be so installed that a continuous unobstructed walkway will be provided.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3248. Mechanical Refrigeration.
(a) Mechanical refrigeration systems placed in service before March 13, 1999, shall be designed, installed, tested, and maintained in accordance with Chapters 4, 15, and 16 of the 1982 Uniform Mechanical Code (UMC).
(b) Mechanical refrigeration systems placed in service on or after March 13, 1999, shall be designed, installed, tested, and maintained in accordance with Chapters 2 and 11 of the 1997 Uniform Mechanical Code which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Note: The provisions of Section 3248 are not intended to apply to the use of water or air as a refrigerant nor to refrigerating systems installed on railroad cars, motor vehicles, motor-drawn vehicles or on shipboard.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3249. Cold Storage, Processing, and Manufacturing Rooms.
(a) Every cold storage, processing and manufacturing room shall have at least one door which can be opened from the inside except as provided in (d) below, and
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 440A)
(b) Illumination shall be provided in the room. This may be either a constantly burning lamp without switch control or a lamp controlled by a switch to be located inside near the door. If a switch is used means shall be provided to indicate its location in the dark, and
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 440A)
(c) A firefighter's-type axe shall be kept in the room near the door.
Exceptions to Subsection (c):
1. Mental, penal, or corrective institutions where supervisory personnel are continually on duty and effective provisions are made to remove occupants in case of fire or other emergency. 2. Door(s) installed in a manner that will prevent the door from freezing shut. 3. Cold storage, processing, and manufacturing rooms where temperatures are maintained above 32 degrees F or 0 degrees C.
(d) Doors may be padlocked or otherwise securely locked from the outside if the room is equipped with an inside release mechanism which will release the latch and open the door when the latch is padlocked or

(1) There is posted on the outside of the doors a sign reading: "Do Not Lock These Doors Until You Are Positive No One Is Inside," and
(2) The room is equipped with an electrically operated audible and visible signal system which can be actuated from inside the room and be seen and heard outside the room. Both systems to be on a single control and tested daily.
Note: A cold storage space or box is a room used for the preservation of substances by controlled temperatures. A cold processing or manufacturing room is an enclosed space or room in which products are treated, processed or manufactured in temperatures at or less than 32 degrees F or 0 degrees C.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 440A)


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3250. Cold Storage, Processing and Manufacturing Room Exits.
Two remotely located exits shall be provided for cold storage, processing and manufacturing rooms where the refrigerant coils are located inside and carry carbon dioxide, Group 2 or Group 3 refrigerant and the coils are subject to collision damage; or where the refrigerant agent is located and/or dispersed inside the rooms. These exits may be through ventilated corridors or other ventilated areas which provide unobstructed and safe access to a place of safety.
This order shall not apply to cold storage, processing and manufacturing rooms having a floor area of less than 200 square feet provided that an employee would not be required to travel more than 12 feet to an interior operating exit door.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-713)


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3251. Refrigerator Vehicles.
Every mobile refrigerated compartment shall have at least one door which can be opened from inside the compartment and such door shall be so located as to provide a safe means of egress. In addition to the above there shall also be provided and maintained in workable condition a suitable axe, pinch bar or other tool which will enable a person to escape if the door should freeze tight.
Exception : Provision and maintenance of an axe, pinch bar or other tool is not required in mental, penal or correctional facilities where supervisory personnel are continually on duty and effective provisions are made to ensure that occupants are not closed or sealed inside the compartment.Provision and maintenance of an axe, pinch bar or other tool is not required in mental, penal or correctional facilities where supervisory personnel are continually on duty and effective provisions are made to ensure that occupants are not closed or sealed inside the compartment.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3260. Sanitation.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3261. Nonwater Carriage Disposal Systems.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3270. Access General.
(a) Access shall be provided to all equipment and appliances except those located on roofs of dwellings and their accessory buildings.
(b) Every permanent elevated location, where there is machinery, equipment, or material which is customarily operated or frequently repaired, serviced, adjusted, or otherwise handled shall be provided with a safe platform or maintenance runway. Access shall be by means of either fixed ladders or permanent ramps or stairways. For fixed ladder requirements, see Section 3277. Note:For mobile vehicles and equipment, see Section 3210(b), Exception No. 9.Exceptions: (1) Access to elevator machinery rooms shall comply with the Elevator Safety Orders. (2) This Article does not apply to overhead electric and communication systems, overhead line shaft bearings and clutches, valves, or similar controls which are infrequently serviced or operated from safely hooked or otherwise stable or fixed ladders or to cranes covered more specifically elsewhere in these Orders.
(c) Every permanent pit, sump, or other sunken location 30 inches or more in depth in, or from which, machinery, equipment, or materials are customarily operated or frequently repaired, serviced, adjusted, or otherwise handled shall be provided with a safe means of access. Such means of access shall be provided by means of either portable or fixed ladders or permanent stairways. Note:Access to electrical equipment shall not be less than that required by the Electrical Safety Orders, Title 8, CCR.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.









s 3270.1. Use of Rope Access Equipment.
(a) Scope and Application. This section establishes safety requirements for rope access and the use, care and maintenance of rope access equipment as defined in Section 3207. Rope supported work shall be permitted only when other means of access are not feasible or would increase the risk of injury to the employee and/or the public. The requirements of this section include, but are not limited to, the inspection of dams and spillways, access to interior or exterior structural and architectural components of buildings, highway/bridge inspection and maintenance, and access to powerplant penstocks.
Exception: (1) Window cleaning and exterior building maintenance as regulated by Articles 5 and 6 of these Orders; (2) Emergency search and rescue operations; (3) Entertainment performances and rehearsals.
(b) Approval. Rope access equipment shall be approved for its intended use as defined in Section 3206 of these Orders.
(c) Training.
(1) The employer shall establish, implement and maintain a written Code of Safe Practices for rope access work. The written Code of Safe Practices shall include, but not be limited to the following elements:
a. Methods of rope access and anchorage used by the employer.
b. Employee selection criteria.
c. Equipment selection and inspection criteria.

d. Roles and responsibilities of rope access team members.
e. Communication systems.
f. Employee training program.
g. Rescue and emergency protocol.
h. Identification of any unique site hazards that may affect the safety of employees using rope access methods.
(2) Employees shall be trained in accordance with the Code of Safe Practices, including rescue techniques. The employer shall evaluate the competence of the employee to perform rope access in accordance with the Code of Safe Practices including a hands-on demonstration by the employee of his/her rope access skills.
(3) Employees who perform rope access shall receive annual refresher training. The training shall include a reevaluation (e.g., hands-on demonstration) of the employee's ability to perform rope access in accordance with the Code of Safe Practices.

(4) Documentation of employee training shall be maintained as required by Section 3203 of these Orders.
(d) Equipment Inspection and Maintenance.
(1) The manufacturer's recommendations for use, care, inspection and maintenance of rope access equipment shall be followed.
(2) A qualified person shall inspect rope access equipment each day before and after use to determine that the equipment is safe for its intended use.
(3) Damaged or defective rope access equipment shall be immediately removed from service.
(e) Anchorage. Anchorages shall be sufficient to safety support at least twice the maximum anticipated dynamic load imposed upon them as determined by a qualified person.
(f) Personal Protective Equipment. Employees performing rope access work shall be provided personal protective equipment in accordance with Article 10 of these Orders.
(g) There shall be at least two trained employees present when rope access equipment and techniques are used.
(h) Trainer Qualifications. Employees who use rope access equipment and/or perform rope access shall be trained by persons with the qualifications and experience necessary to effectively instruct the employee in the proper fundamentals of rope access, equipment, and techniques as described in subsection (c) of this section.
(i) The employer shall provide for the prompt rescue of employees in case of equipment malfunction or a fall, or shall assure that employees are able to rescue themselves.
(j) A safety, secondary, belay, or backup line, or other appropriate fall arrest device shall be used when the main line is the primary means of support, unless the employer can demonstrate that the second line or other fall arrest device would create a greater hazard or would otherwise be infeasible.
(1) When a safety line is used in conjunction with the main line, each line shall be provided with a separate anchor, and shall be separately fixed to the employee's harness. This shall not prohibit both lines from being attached to a single harness attachment point.
(k) Precautions (e.g., barricades, warning lines) shall be taken to control vehicular traffic and/or prevent unauthorized persons from walking or working beneath employees performing rope access operations.
(l ) The employer shall conduct a pre-rope access briefing to discuss the objective(s) of the rope access work to be performed, any unusual site-specific hazards or environmental conditions that could affect the safety of the employee, and emergency procedures to be followed (e.g., employee rescue).


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3271. Openings.
(a) Openings to attics, furred ceiling spaces, and underfloor spaces shall not be less than 22 inches by 30 inches.
(Title 24, Par 2, Section 2-3320(f))
Exceptions:

1. Where fixed ladders extend through such openings, the openings shall be not less than 30 inches by 30 inches.
2. Floor furnaces located in underfloor spaces shall have openings of not less than 18 inches by 24 inches.
(b) When the opening is less than 4 feet in any dimension, the appliance or equipment shall not be located more than 20 feet from the opening.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3320(g))
(c) Where for inspection or maintenance it is necessary to pass through roof and ceiling trapdoors which are of such size and weight that to open or close them subjects an employee to the risk of injury, they shall be constructed and maintained so that they can be easily opened and closed from a safe working position.
(Title 24, Part 4, Section 4-504)


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18493(c), Health and Safety Code.







s 3272. Aisles, Walkways, and Crawlways.
(a) Crawlways shall not be less than 24 inches in width and as high as the opening or 30 inches, whichever is greater.
Exceptions:
1. Whenever any openings to such equipment are provided in weatherproof enclosures, such openings may be reduced to 15 inches in the least dimension if the equipment can be properly serviced, repaired, or replaced from these openings without removing any permanent construction.
2. Underfloor crawlways shall be not less than 24 inches by 24 inches.
(b) Where aisles or walkways are required, machinery equipment, parts, and stock shall be so arranged and spaced as to provide clear walkways or aisles of not less than 24 inches in width and 6 feet 8 inches clear headroom to a safe means of egress from the building.
In existing installations, which do not comply with the minimum headroom clearance specified above, the obstruction shall be removed, or if this is impracticable, a suitable warning sign shall be placed near or on the obstruction so as to notify employees of its presence. When the nature of the hazard is such that padding it will increase safety, this also shall be done. In no case shall the clear headroom be less than 6 feet.
(c) Permanent aisles, ladders, stairways, and walkways shall be kept reasonably clear and in good repair. Where, due to lack of proper definition, such aisles or walkways become hazardous, they shall be clearly defined by painted lines, curbings, or other method of marking.
(d) Whenever aisles, walkways, or crawlways become slippery, high-friction surfaces, cleats, coverings, or other equivalent protection against slipping will be required.
(e) Where industrial vehicles are in customary use, traffic aisles designed for the passage of a single vehicle shall be at least 2 feet wider than the widest vehicle. Two-way traffic aisles shall be at least 3 feet wider than twice the width of the widest vehicle. The Division will permit the use of suitable turnouts adjacent to one-way traffic aisles for two-way traffic when the use of such turnouts will provide equivalent safety.
Exception: Storage access aisles as defined in Section 3207.
(f) Where normal clearances present a hazard with the use of industrial vehicles, clearance limit warning signs shall be provided.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3313(i))


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.







s 3273. Working Area.
(a) Permanent floors and platforms shall be free of dangerous projections or obstructions, maintained in good repair, and reasonably free of oil, grease, or water. Where the type of operation necessitates working on slippery floors, such surfaces shall be protected against slipping by using mats, grates, cleats, or other methods which provide equivalent protection. Where wet processes are used drainage shall be maintained and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places provided.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-2304(f))
(b) Permanent roadways, walkways, and material storage areas in yards shall be maintained free of dangerous depressions, obstructions, and debris.
(c) Platforms, runways, ramps, or other elevated working levels, except catwalks, that are 30 inches or more above the floor, ground, or other working area shall be no less than 2 feet wide and have no less than 6 1/2 feet clear headroom. In existing installations where an overhead hazard exists due to clearances of less than 6 1/2 feet above ramps, runways, platforms, or other elevated work areas, such work area shall be relocated and the obstruction removed. If these procedures are impracticable, a suitable warning shall be placed near the obstruction to notify employees of its presence. Where the nature of the hazard is such that padding will increase safety, it shall be installed.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3320(h)(1))
(d) Catwalks shall be no less than 18 inches wide and have 6 1/2 feet clear headroom. When installed along inclined conveyors, crane booms, etc., where because of structural or load conditions it is unreasonable to comply with basic ramp standards, catwalks may have a slope exceeding 18 degrees.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3320(h)(2))Exceptions: 1. When required location dictates, a catwalk may have less overhead clearance if a warning and padding are provided as in (c). 2. In bowling alleys at pin-spotting and pin-setting machines, catwalks shall be no less than nominal 8 inches wide and provided with an adequate handrail if the sides are not protected by another structure.
(e) Protection from falling objects:
(1) Where there is employee exposure below an elevated work area, one or more of the following safeguards shall be implemented:
(A) Provide toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems in accordance with Article 2 of these Orders to prevent objects from falling from higher levels; or,
(B) Provide a canopy structure to protect employees from falling objects; or,
(C) Provide a physical barrier such as, but not limited to, fencing, barricades or other equivalent means or methods, to prevent entry into the area to which objects could fall.
(2) Where the type of process or operation, exclusive of repair and maintenance, is such that there are hazards to employees from materials falling through platform or runway openings, the openings shall be limited to a size that prevents materials falling through the openings.
(3) Where platform or runway gratings are used as work areas during repair or maintenance, there shall be provided at such areas suitable safeguards to prevent tools or materials falling on employees below. Such safeguards may be netting suspended below the work area, canvas, planking on the surface of the grating, or barricaded or sheltered areas below the work area.
(f) Lowering objects:
(1) Where there is employee exposure below an elevated work area, all objects, including materials, equipment and tools shall be lowered in a controlled manner, such as but not limited to using enclosed chutes, material handling equipment, or hand lines; or,
(2) When controlled lowering is not practical, or would subject employees to a greater risk of injury, protection from falling objects shall be provided by the use of effective physical barriers, such as but not limited to canopies, fencing, barricades, or barrier tape when the barrier tape is attended by a spotter who is authorized to effectively restrict entry into the area and who is on the same level as the area of the exposure, or other equivalent means or methods.
(A) Signs in accordance with Section 3340 shall be posted at the perimeter of the affected work area to warn employees of the hazard.
(g) Where it is necessary to lubricate or adjust prime movers, machines, or equipment, which extends below the floor line, sufficient work space shall be provided for the safe performance of the work.
(h) Permanently installed prime movers, machines, and equipment shall be located and guarded so that transported material does not strike either the moving parts of machines or the employees at their operating positions.
(i) Machines or equipment shall be located and guarded so that the product, waste stock, or material being worked or processed does not endanger employees.
(j) Where machinery or equipment is installed in a pit and there are shear hazards between the pit edges and parts of the machine or equipment, skirt guards shall be installed to remove such hazards, or such other device used to provide equivalent protection.
(k) Every shop transfer car and equipment carriage operating on rails, together with their loads, shall clear stationary machines, equipment, structures, or piled or stacked material, by at least 24 inches.
(l) Ditches, pits, excavations and surfaces in poor repair shall be guarded by readily visible barricades, rails or other equally effective means.
(m) Existing installations having impaired clearances shall be well posted to indicate the hazards due to such impaired clearance, and shall be guarded by guardrails, barricades, or other means.Exceptions: 1. Inaccessible monorails, conveyors, and similar equipment operating on rails. 2. Transfer cars or carriages where the process is such that a minimum of clearance is necessary for safe operations.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.







s 3274. Valves and Controls.
(a) Where pipe valves require daily manipulation and are so located that they cannot be reached or operated from the floor, a permanent platform or other safe means of operation shall be provided.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3328(a))
(b) Valves or other controls shall not be so located that their manipulation exposes the employee to hazards of dangerous moving parts of prime movers, machines, or transmission equipment.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3328(b))


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.







s 3275. Scaffolds.
Scaffolds shall be of construction at least equivalent to that required by articles 21-23 of the Construction Safety Orders (sections 1635.1-1667 of these regulations) and shall be suitable for the work to be performed thereon.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3276. Use of Ladders.
(a) Employees shall:
(1) be prohibited from carrying equipment or materials which prevent the safe use of ladders;
(2) be required to face the ladder when ascending and descending;

(3) always use both hands when climbing up or down the ladder; and
(4) be prohibited from using single-rail ladders.
(b) Employees shall not stand on the topcap or the step below the topcap of a stepladder.
Note: For the purposes of subsection (b) the topcap is not a step.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 3277. Fixed Ladders.
(a) All fixed ladders shall be approved as defined in Section 3206 of the General Industry Safety Orders.
(b) Definitions.
Cage. A cage is a guard that may be referred to as a cage or basket guard, which is an enclosure that is fastened to the side rails of the fixed ladder or to the structure to encircle the climbing space of the ladder for the safety of the person who must climb the ladder.
Cleats. Cleats are ladder crosspieces of rectangular cross section placed on edge on which a person may step in ascending or descending.
Fastenings. A fastening is a device to attach a ladder to a structure, building, or equipment. Fixed, hinged, bearing, or slide-type fastenings may be used.
Fixed Ladder. A fixed ladder is a ladder permanently attached to a structure, building, or equipment. Ladders referred to in this code shall be construed to be fixed ladders.
Grab Bars. Grab bars are individual handholds placed adjacent to or as an extension above ladders for the purpose of providing access beyond the limits of the ladder.
Individual-Rung Ladder. An individual-rung ladder is a fixed ladder each rung of which is individually attached to a structure, building, or equipment.
Ladder. A ladder is an appliance usually consisting of two side rails joined at regular intervals by crosspieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on which a person may step in ascending or descending.
Ladder Safety Device. A ladder safety device is any device, other than a cage or well, designed to eliminate or reduce the possibility of accidental falls and which may incorporate such features as life belts, friction brakes, and sliding attachments.
Pitch. Pitch is the included angle between the horizontal and the ladder, measured on the opposite side of the ladder from the climbing side.
Rail Ladder. A rail ladder is a fixed ladder consisting of side rails joined at regular intervals by rungs or cleats and fastened in full length or in sections to a building, structure, or equipment.
Railings. Railings when referred to in this section shall be any one or a combination of those railings defined in Section 3210.
Rungs. Rungs are ladder crosspieces on which a person may step in ascending or descending.
Side-Step Ladder. A side-step ladder is one from which a person getting off at the top must step sideways from the ladder in order to reach the landing, such as shown in Fig. 3.
Steps. Steps are the flat crosspieces of a ladder on which a person may step in ascending or descending.
Through Ladder. A through ladder is one from which a person getting off at the top must step through the ladder in order to reach the landing, such as shown in Fig. 2.
Well. A well is a permanent complete enclosure around a fixed ladder, which is attached to the walls of the well. Proper clearances for a well will give the person who must climb the ladder the same protection as a cage. (See (g)(6) and Fig. 1.)
(c) Design Considerations. All ladders, appurtenances, and fastenings shall be designed to meet the following load requirements:
(1) The minimum design live load shall be a single concentrated load of 200 pounds.
(2) The number and position of additional concentrated live-load units of 200 pounds each as determined from anticipated usage of the ladder shall be considered in the design.
(3) The live loads imposed by persons occupying the ladder shall be considered to be concentrated at such point or points as will cause the maximum stress in the structural member being considered.
(4) The weight of the ladder and attached appurtenances together with the live load shall be considered in the design of rails and fastenings.
(5) All wood parts of fixed ladders shall meet the requirements of Section 3278.
(6) For fixed ladders consisting of wood side rails and wood rungs or cleats, used at a pitch in the range 75 degrees to 90 degrees, and intended for use by no more than one person per section, single ladders or cleat ladders as described in Section 3278 are acceptable.
(d) Specific Features.
(1) All rungs shall have a minimum diameter of 3/4 inch for metal ladders, except as covered in (e)(1) and a minimum diameter of 1 1/8 inches for wood ladders. Materials other than steel, aluminum, and wood are acceptable provided the design, fabrication, and erection are in accordance with recognized design practice and meet the design requirements of Section 3277(c) and Section 3277(d)(11) when applicable.
(2) The distance between the top surfaces of rungs, cleats, and steps shall not exceed 12 inches and shall be uniform throughout the length of the ladder.
2. The vertical distance of the first rung from ground level may be as high as 14 inches.
(3) The minimum clear length of rungs or cleats shall be 16 inches.
(4) Rungs, cleats, and steps shall be free of splinters, sharp edges, burrs, or projections which may be a hazard.
(5) The rungs of an individual-rung ladder shall be so designed that the climber's foot cannot slide off the end of a rung. A suggested design for metal rungs is shown in Fig. 4.
(6) Side Rails. Side rails which might be used as a climbing aid shall be of such cross sections as to afford adequate gripping surface without sharp edges, splinters, or burrs.
(7) Fastenings. Fastenings shall be an integral part of fixed ladder design.
(8) Splices. All splices made by whatever means shall meet design requirements as noted in (c). All splices and connections shall have smooth transition with original members and with no sharp or extensive projections.
(9) Electrolytic Action. Adequate means shall be employed to protect dissimilar metals from electrolytic action when such metals are joined.
(10) Welding. All welding shall be in accordance with procedures of the American Welding Society, or equivalent.
(11) Embedment. Individual rungs of ladders installed in manholes and underground vaults having a wall thickness which will not permit at least 6 inches of embedment shall have anchoring devices that will provide the minimum design load requirements of Section 3277(c) in addition to the following requirements:
(A) The minimum design live load shall be a single concentrated load of 300 pounds.
(B) Steps or rungs shall be embedded in the wall a minimum distance of 3 inches.
(e) Protection from Deterioration.
(1) Metal. Metal ladders and appurtenances shall be painted or otherwise treated to resist corrosion and rusting when location demands. Ladders formed by individual metal rungs imbedded in concrete, which serve as access to pits and to other areas under floors, are frequently located in an atmosphere that causes corrosion and rusting. To increase rung life in such atmosphere, individual metal rungs shall have a minimum diameter of 1 inch or shall be painted or otherwise treated to resist corrosion and rusting.
(2) Wood. Wood ladders, when used under conditions where decay may occur, shall be treated with a nonirritating preservative, and the details shall be such as to prevent or minimize the accumulation of water on wood parts. Wood ladders shall not be painted but may be coated with a clear sealant after inspection has assured that all requirements of 3278 have been met.
Note: Paint does not act as a wood preservative.
(3) Combined Materials. When different types of materials are used in the construction of a ladder, the materials used shall be so treated as to have no deleterious effect, one upon the other.
(f) Clearance.
(1) On fixed ladders, the perpendicular distance from the center line of the rungs to the nearest permanent object on the climbing side of the ladder shall be 36 inches for a pitch of 76 degrees, and 30 inches for a pitch of 90 degrees (Fig. 5), with minimum clearances for intermediate pitches varying between these two limits in proportion to the slope, except as provided in (3) and (7).
(2) A clear width of at least 15 inches shall be provided each way from the center line of the ladder in the climbing space, except when cages or wells are necessary. (See (g)(2) and Fig. 5.)
(3) Ladders equipped with cage or basket shall be excepted from the provisions of (1) and (2), but shall conform to the provisions of (g)(5). Fixed ladders in smooth-walled wells shall be excepted from the provisions of (1), but shall conform to the provisions of (g)(6).
(4) The distance from the center line of rungs, cleats, or steps to the nearest permanent object in back of the ladder shall be not less than 7 inches (Fig. 5), except that when unavoidable obstructions are encountered, minimum clearances as shown in Fig. 6 shall be provided.
(5) The distance from the center line of the grab bar to the nearest permanent object in back of the grab bars shall be not less than 4 inches. Grab bars shall not protrude on the climbing side beyond the rungs of the ladder which they serve.
(6) The step-across distance from the nearest edge of ladder to the nearest edge of equipment or structure shall be not more than 12 inches, or less than 2 1/2 inches (Fig. 7).

(7) Counterweighted hatch covers shall open a minimum of 60 degrees from the horizontal. The distance from the center line of rungs or cleats to the edge of the hatch opening on the climbing side shall be not less than 24 inches for offset wells or 30 inches for straight wells. There shall be no protruding potential hazards within 24 inches of the center line of rungs or cleats; any such hazards within 30 inches of the center line of the rungs or cleats shall be fitted with deflector plates placed at an angle of 60 degrees from the horizontal as indicated in Fig. 8. The relationship of a fixed ladder to an acceptable counterweighted hatch cover is illustrated in Fig. 9.
(g) Cages or Wells.
(1) Construction. Cages or wells shall be built as shown on the applicable drawings, covered in detail in Figs. 1, 10, and 11, or of equivalent construction.
(2) Dimensions and Maximum Length. Cages or wells (except as provided under (5)) conforming to the dimensions shown in Figs. 1, 10, and 11 shall be provided on ladders of more than 20 feet to a maximum unbroken length of 30 feet.

(3) Top of Cage. Cages shall extend a minimum of 42 inches above the top of landing, unless other acceptable protection is provided.
(4) Bottom of Cage. Cages shall extend down the ladder to a point not less than 7 feet nor more than 8 feet above the base of the ladder, with bottom flared not less than 4 inches, or portion of cage opposite ladder shall be carried to the base.
(5) Size of Cage. Cages shall not extend less than 27 nor more than 30 inches from the center line of the rungs of the ladder. Cage shall not be less than 27 inches in width. The inside shall be clear of projections. Vertical bars shall be located at a maximum spacing of 9 1/2 inches, center-to-center around the circumference.
(6) Ladder Wells. Ladder wells shall have a clear width of at least 15 inches measured each way from the center line of the ladder. (See Fig.1.) Smooth-walled wells shall be a minimum of 27 inches from the center line of rungs to the well wall on the climbing side of the ladder. Where other obstructions on the climbing side of the ladder exist, there shall be a minimum of 30 inches from the center line of the rungs.

(h) Pitch.
(1) Preferred Pitch. The preferred pitch of fixed ladders shall be considered to come in the range of 75 to 90 degrees with the horizontal. (See Fig. 12.)
(2) Substandard Pitch. Fixed ladders shall be considered as substandard if they are installed within the substandard pitch range of 60 to 75 degrees with the horizontal. Substandard fixed ladders shall be permitted only where it is found necessary to meet conditions of installation. (See Fig. 12.) This substandard pitch range shall be considered as a critical range to be avoided, if possible.
(3) Scope of Coverage in This Code. This code covers only fixed ladders within the pitch range of 60 to 90 degrees with the horizontal. (See Fig. 12.)
(4) Pitch Greater Than 90 Degrees. Ladders having a pitch in excess of 90 degrees with the horizontal shall not be permitted.
(i) Maintenance. All ladders shall be maintained in a safe condition. All ladders shall be inspected regularly, with the intervals between inspections being determined by use and exposure.

(j) Landing Platforms.
(1) When ladders are used to ascend to heights exceeding 20 feet (except on chimneys), landing platforms shall be provided for each 30 feet of height or fraction thereof, except that, where no cage, well, or ladder safety device is provided, landing platforms shall be provided for each 20 feet of height or fraction thereof. Each ladder section shall be offset from adjacent sections. Where installation conditions (even for a short, unbroken length) require that adjacent sections be offset, landing platforms shall be provided at each offset. [See Subsection (m)].
(2) Where an employee has to step a distance greater than 12 inches from the center line of the rung of a ladder to the nearest edge of structure or equipment, a landing platform shall be provided. The minimum step-across distance shall be 2 1/2 inches (Figure 7).
(3) All landing platforms shall be equipped with guardrails and toeboards, so arranged as to give safe access to the ladder. Platforms shall be not less than 24 inches in width and 30 inches in length.

(4) One rung of any section of ladder shall be located at the level of the landing laterally served by the ladder. Where access to the landing is through the ladder, the same rung spacing as used on the ladder shall be used from the landing platform to the first rung below the landing (Figure 10).
(k) Ladder Extensions. The side rails of through or side-step ladder extensions shall extend 3 1/2 feet above parapets and landings. For through ladder extensions, the rungs shall be omitted from the extension and shall have not less than 18 nor more than 24 inches clearance between rails (Figure 2). For side-step or offset fixed ladder sections, at landings, the side rails and rungs shall be carried to the next regular rung beyond or above the 3 1/2 feet minimum (Figure 3).
(l) Grab Bars. Grab bars shall be spaced by a continuation of the rung spacing when they are located in the horizontal position. Vertical grab bars shall have the same spacing as the ladder side rails. Grab bar diameters shall be the equivalent of the round-rung diameters.
(m) Ladder Safety Devices. Ladder safety devices may be used on tower, water tank, and chimney ladders over 20 feet in unbroken length in lieu of cage protection. No landing platform shall be required in these cases. All ladder safety devices such as those that incorporate life belts, friction brakes, and sliding attachments shall meet the design requirements of the ladders which they serve. [See subsection (c).] (continued)