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(continued)
(a) Scope and Application. This section applies to all emergency action plans. The emergency action plan shall be in writing, except as provided in the last sentence of subsection (e)(3) of this section, and shall cover those designated actions employers and employees must take to ensure employee safety from fire and other emergencies.
(b) Elements. The following elements, at a minimum, shall be included in the plan:
(1) Emergency escape procedures and emergency escape route assignments;
(2) Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate critical plant operations before they evacuate;
(3) Procedures to account for all employees after emergency evacuation has been completed;
(4) Rescue and medical duties for those employees who are to perform them;
(5) The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies; and
(6) Names or regular job titles of persons or departments who can be contacted for further information or explanation of duties under the plan.
(c) Alarm System.
(1) The employer shall establish an employee alarm system which complies with Article 165.
(2) If the employee alarm system is used for alerting fire brigade members, or for other purposes, a distinctive signal for each purpose shall be used.
(d) Evacuation. The employer shall establish in the emergency action plan the types of evacuation to be used in emergency circumstances.
(e) Training.
(1) Before implementing the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly emergency evacuation of employees.
(2) The employer shall advise each employee of his/her responsibility under the plan at the following times:
(A) Initially when the plan is developed,
(B) Whenever the employee's responsibilities or designated actions under the plan change, and
(C) Whenever the plan is changed.
(3) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept at the workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan.
Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 3221. Fire Prevention Plan.
(a) Scope and Application. This section applies to all fire prevention plans. The fire prevention plan shall be in writing, except as provided in the last sentence of subsection (d)(2) of this section.
(b) Elements. The following elements, at a minimum, shall be included in the fire prevention plan:
(1) Potential fire hazards and their proper handling and storage procedures, potential ignition sources (such as welding, smoking and others) and their control procedures, and the type of fire protection equipment or systems which can control a fire involving them;
(2) Names or regular job titles of those responsible for maintenance of equipment and systems installed to prevent or control ignitions or fires; and
(3) Names or regular job titles of those responsible for the control of accumulation of flammable or combustible waste materials.
(c) Housekeeping. The employer shall control accumulations of flammable and combustible waste materials and residues so that they do not contribute to a fire emergency. The housekeeping procedures shall be included in the written fire prevention plan.
(d) Training.
(1) The employer shall apprise employees of the fire hazards of the materials and processes to which they are exposed.
(2) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the fire prevention plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept in the workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees, the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan.
(e) Maintenance. The employer shall regularly and properly maintain, according to established procedures, equipment and systems installed in the workplace to prevent accidental ignition of combustible materials.
Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 3222. Arrangement and Distance to Exits.
(a) Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required, they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one-half the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served measured in a straight line between exits.
Exception: Where exit enclosures are provided as the required means of egress and are interconnected by a corridor conforming to the requirements of Section 3326, exit separations may be measured in a direct line of travel within the exit corridor. Enclosure walls shall be not less than 30 feet apart at any point in a direct line of measurement. Where three or more exits are required, they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked the others will be available. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3302(c).)
(b) Distance to Exits. The maximum distance of travel from any point to an exterior exit door, horizontal exit, exit passageway or an enclosed stairway in a building not equipped with an automatic sprinkler system throughout shall not exceed 150 feet or 200 feet in a building equipped with an automatic sprinkler system throughout. These distances may be increased 100 feet when the last 150 feet is within a corridor complying with Section 3226.
Exception: Every area used mainly for the storage of materials liable to burn, with extreme rapidity or from which poisonous fumes or explosions will result upon exposure to fire, shall have an exit within 75 feet of any point in the area where employees may be present. Where automatic sprinkler protection is provided, distances may be increased to 100 feet. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(d) Exception 1.)
In a one-story Group B, Division 4 Occupancy classified as a factory or warehouse and in one-story airplane hangers, the exit travel distances may be increased to 400 feet if the building is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system throughout and provided with smoke and heat ventilation as specified in Section 3206 of the 1979 Uniform Building Code.
In an open parking garage, the exit travel distance may be increased to 250 feet.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3302(d).)
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.
s 3223. Changes in Elevation.
Within a building, changes in elevation of less than 12 inches along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of 10 or more shall be by ramps. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3301(k).)
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 3224. Headroom.
Exits shall be so designed and maintained as to provide adequate headroom, but in no case shall the ceiling height nor any projection from the ceiling be less than 7 feet from the floor, except doorways (See Section 3235) and stairways (See Section 3231). (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3304(c).)
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 3225. Maintenance and Access to Exits.
(a) Exits shall be so located and arranged that they are readily accessible at all times.
(1) Every required exit shall be maintained free of all obstructions or impediments to full instant use in the case of fire or other emergency.
(2) Where exits are not immediately accessible from an open floor area, safe and continuous passageways, aisles, or corridors leading directly to every exit and so arranged as to provide convenient access for each occupant to at least two exits by separate ways of travel shall be maintained, except as a single exit or limited dead ends are permitted by other provisions of these regulations.
(b) Exits from a room may open into an adjoining or intervening room or area, providing such adjoining room is accessory to the area served and provides a direct means of egress to an exit corridor, exit passageway, exit stairway, exterior exit, horizontal exit, or exterior exit balcony.
Exception: Exits are not to pass through kitchens, storerooms, restrooms, closets or spaces used for similar purposes. Foyers, lobbies, and reception rooms constructed as required for corridors shall not be construed as intervening rooms.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3302(e).).
Exits will not pass through any room subject to locking. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(e).)
(c) No hangings or draperies shall be placed over exit doors or otherwise so located as to conceal or obscure any exit. No mirrors shall be placed on exit doors. No mirrors shall be placed in or adjacent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse the direction of exit. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(i).)
(d) Exits shall be so arranged that it will not be necessary to travel toward any area of high hazard occupancy in order to reach the nearest exit, unless the path of travel is effectively shielded from the high hazard location by suitable partitions or other physical barriers. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2- 3302(d).)
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.
s 3226. Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies.
(a) General. This section shall apply to every corridor serving as a required exit for an occupant load of 10 or more. For the purposes of the section, the term "corridor" shall include "exterior exit balconies" and any covered or enclosed exit passageway, including walkways, tunnels and malls. Partitions, rails, counters and similar space dividers not over 5 feet, 9 inches in height above the floor shall not be construed to form corridors. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3304(a).)
(b) Exit corridors shall be continuous until egress is provided from the building and shall not be interrupted by intervening rooms.
Exception: Foyers, lobbies or reception rooms constructed as required for corridors shall not be construed as intervening rooms.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3304(a).)
(c) Height. Corridors and exterior exit balconies shall have a clear height of not less than 7 feet measured to the lowest projection from the ceiling. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3304(c).)
(d) Projections. The required width of corridors shall be unobstructed.
Exception: Handrails and doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches. Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half. Other nonstructural projections such as trim and similar decorative features may project into required width 1 1/2 inches on each side.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3304(d).)
(e) Access to Exits. Exits shall be so arranged that it is possible to go in either direction from any point in a corridor to a separate exit, except for dead ends not exceeding 20 feet in length. This subsection shall apply to all occupancies regardless of occupant load.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3304(e).)
(f) Changes in Elevation. When a corridor or exterior exit balcony is accessible to an elevator, changes in elevation of the floor shall be made by means of a ramp.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3304(f).)
(g) Where accumulation of snow or ice is likely because of the climate, the exterior way of exit shall be protected by a roof, unless it serves as the sole normal means of access to the rooms or spaces served, in which case it may be assumed that snow and ice will be regularly removed in the course of normal occupancy. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3304(i).)
(h) Exterior ways of exit shall have smooth, solid floors, substantially level, and shall have guardrails on the unenclosed sides.
(i) A permanent, reasonably straight path of travel shall be maintained over the required exterior way of exit. There shall be no obstruction by railings, barriers, or gates that divide the open space into sections appurtenant to individual rooms, or other uses. Where the Division finds the required path of travel to be obstructed by furniture or other movable objects, the division may require that they be fastened out of the way or the division may require that railings or other permanent barriers be installed to protect the path of travel against encroachment.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.
s 3227. Discharge from Exits.
(a) All exits shall discharge directly to the street, or to a yard, court, or other open space that gives safe access to a public way. The streets to which the exits discharge shall be of width adequate to accommodate all persons leaving the building. Yards, courts, or other open spaces to which exits discharge shall also be of adequate width and size to provide all persons leaving the building with ready access to the street. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(k).)
(1) Where any doorway, ramp, walkway, stairway or ladder landing exits directly into the path of vehicular traffic, an adequate barrier and warning shall be installed to prevent workmen stepping directly into such dangerous traffic. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(k).)
(b) Exit stairs that continue beyond the floor of discharge shall be interrupted at the floor of discharge by partitions, doors, or other physical barriers. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(k)(2).)
(c) Exit Obstruction. No obstructions shall be placed in the required width of an exit except projections permitted by these regulations.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.
s 3228. Number of Exits.
(a) Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit, and shall have not less than two exits where required by Table E-1.
Exception: Assembly buildings shall be provided with not less than two remotely located exits.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(A)(1).)
(b) In all occupancies, floors above the first story having an occupant load of more than 10 shall have not less than two exits.
Note: See subsection (h) for special exit requirements.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(a)(2).)
(c) Each mezzanine used for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 2000 square feet or if more than 60 feet in any dimension shall have not less than two stairways to an adjacent floor.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(a)(3).)
(d) Every story or portion thereof, having an occupant load of 501 to 1,000 shall have not less than three exits. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(a)(4).)
(e) Every story or portion thereof, having an occupant load of 1000 or more shall have not less than four exits. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(a)(5).)
(f) The number of exits required from any story of a building shall be determined by using the occupant load of that story, plus the percentages of the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under consideration as follows:
(1) Fifty percent of the occupant load in the first adjacent story above (and the first adjacent story below, when a story below exits through the level under consideration).
(2) Twenty-five percent of the occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first adjacent story.
The maximum number of exits required for any story shall not be decreased in the direction of exit travel until egress is provided from the structure.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(a)(6).)
(g) For purposes of these orders, basements or cellars and occupied roofs shall be provided with exits as required for stories. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2- 3302(a)(7).)
(h) Every working area specified below shall be provided with at least two exits so located with respect to each other as to provide an alternate means of escape to a place of safety.
(1) Unless specifically covered elsewhere in these orders, elevated platforms 10 feet or more above ground or floor or pits 30 inches or more in depth, having 200 or more square feet of area, floors or rooms in or on which are located steam, gas, oil or air engines, motors, compressors, steam or hydraulic turbines or pumps, mixing vats, pans, tanks, or chemical processing equipment and where the absence of a second exit would increase the risk of injury from hot, poisonous, corrosive, suffocating, flammable, or explosive substances.
This order does not apply to valve pits, utility vaults, or manholes.
(2) Rooms, except film vaults, where pyroxylin plastics are stored, fabricated, or otherwise processed.
(3) Rooms where magnesium metal is machined, buffed, or otherwise processed so as to produce waste magnesium dust.
(4) Rooms where magnesium metal is melted.
(5) Rooms where flammable organic dusts may accumulate to explosive mixtures.
Note: An outside fire escape will be acceptable as one of the required means of egress for existing installations, but elevators are not acceptable as required means of egress.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(a)(9)(1)-(a)(9)(6).)
(i) Boiler, Furnace and Incinerator Rooms. Any room containing a boiler, furnace, incinerator, or other fuel-fired equipment must be provided with two means of egress when both of the following conditions exist:
(1) The area of the room exceeds 500 square feet, or
(2) The largest single piece of fuel-fired equipment exceeds 1,000,000 B.T.U. per hour input capacity.
Exception: Rooms housing high-pressure boilers (greater than 15 lbs. psi) where either of the conditions listed in (1) or (2) exist shall be provided with 2 exits.
If two means of egress must be provided, one may be a fixed ladder. The means of egress must be separated by a horizontal distance not less than half the greatest horizontal dimension of the room. All openings shall be protected with a self-closing fire assembly having a minimum one-hour fire-protection rating. Where oil-fired boilers are used, a 6-inch noncombustible sill (dike) shall be provided. There shall be no interior openings between any occupancy where flammable or explosive concentrations may be expected to accumulate.
(Title 24, Part 2, Sections 3320(a) and 2-3320.)
(j) All parking garages where no one except parking attendants are allowed shall have not less than 2 stairways 3 feet wide. The automobile ramp will be acceptable as one of the required stairways if the remaining stairway is remotely located from the ramp.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(l).)
(k) For purposes of determining the number of exits required, the occupant load of a building or portion thereof shall be computed by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the square feet per occupant as set forth in Table E-1. When the square feet per occupant are not given for a particular occupancy, the number of exits shall be determined by using the square feet per occupant of the occupancy it most nearly resembles. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3301(d).)
( l) Floors above the second story and basements shall have not less than two exits except when such floors or basements are used exclusively for the service of the building.
Note: As provided in Table E-1, only one exit shall be required from a basement within an individual dwelling unit.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3302(a)(8).)
(Title 24, Part 2, Table 33A without Accessibility Column.)
TABLE E-1. MINIMUM EGRESS AND ACCESS REQUIREMENTS
MINIMUM OF
TWO EXITS
OTHER THAN
ELEVATORS ARE SQUARE
REQUIRED WHERE FEET
NUMBER OF PER
Use [FN2] IS OVER OCCUPANT [FN1]
1.......... Aircraft Hangers (No Repair) ............. 10 500
2.......... Auction Rooms ............................ 30 7
3.......... Assembly Areas, Concentrated Use
(without fixed seats) .................. 50 7
Auditoriums
Bowling Alleys (Assembly areas)
Churches and Chapels
Dance Floors
Lodge Rooms
Reviewing Stands
Stadiums
4.......... Assembly Areas, Less-concentrated
Use ................................... 50 15
Conference Rooms
Dining Rooms
Drinking Establishments
Exhibit Rooms
Gymnasiums
Lounges
Stages
5.......... Children's Homes and Homes for the
Aged ................................... 5 80
6.......... Classrooms .............................. 30 20
7.......... Dormitories ............................. 10 30
8.......... Dwellings ............................... 10 300
9.......... Garage, Parking ......................... 30 200
10......... Hospitals and Sanitariums--Nursing
Homes .................................. 5 80
11......... Hotels and Apartments ................... 10 200
12......... Kitchen--Commercial ..................... 30 200
13......... Library Reading Room .................... 50 50
14......... Locker Rooms ............................ 30 50
15......... Mechanical Equipment Room ............... 30 300
16......... Nurseries for Children (Day-care) ........ 6 30
17......... Offices ................................. 30 100
18......... School Shops and Vocational Rooms ....... 50 50
19......... Skating Rinks ........................... 50 50 on the
skating
area; 15 on
the deck
20......... Stores--Retail Sales Rooms
Basement ............................... [FN7] 20
Ground Floor ............................ 50 30
Upper Floors ............................ 10 50
21......... Swimming Pools .......................... 50 50 for the
pool area;
15 on the
deck
22......... Warehouses .............................. 30 300
23......... All others .............................. 50 100
[FN1.] Refer to Sections 3318 and 3319 for other specific requirements.
[FN2.] Elevators shall not be construed as providing a required exit.
[FN3.] Access to secondary areas on balconies or mezzanines may be by stairs
only, except when such secondary areas contain the only toilet facilities.
[FN4.] Reviewing stands, grandstands and bleachers need not comply.
[FN5.] Access to floors other than that closest to grade may be by stairs only,
except when the only available toilet facilities are on other levels.
[FN6.] Access to floors other than that closest to grade and to garages used in
connection with apartment houses may be by stairs only.
[FN7.] See Section 3302 for basement exit requirements.
[FN8.] See Section 1213 for access to buildings and facilities in hotels and
apartments.
[FN9.] This table shall not be used to determine working space requirements per
person.
(Title 24, Part 2, Table 33A without Accessibility Column.)
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.
s 3229. Exit Width.
(a) The total width of exits in feet shall be not less than the total occupant load served divided by 50. Such width of exits shall be divided approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit width required from any story of a building shall be determined by using the occupant load of that story, plus the percentages of the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under consideration as follows:
(1) Fifty percent of the occupant load in the first adjacent story above and the first adjacent story below, when a story below exits through the level under consideration.
(2) Twenty-five percent of the occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first adjacent story.
The maximum exit width required from any story of a building shall be maintained.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3302(b).)
(b) The minimum width of any way of exit shall in no case be less than 28 inches. Where a single way of exit leads to an exit, its capacity in terms of width shall be at least equal to the required capacity of the exit to which it leads. Where more than one way of exit leads to an exit, each shall have a width adequate for the number of persons it must accommodate. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3302(h).)
(c) Every portion of every building in which are installed seats, tables, merchandise, equipment or similar materials shall be provided with aisles leading to an exit. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3313(a).)
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c).
s 3231. Stairways.
(a) General. Every stairway serving any building or portion thereof shall conform to the requirements of this Section. (See Section 3214 for stair rail and handrail specifications and Section 3234 for industrial stairways). (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3305(a).)
(b) Width.
(1) Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall be not less in width than 44 inches.
Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or less may be 36 inches wide. Private stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10 may be 30 inches wide.
(2) Trim shall not reduce the required width by more than 3 1/2 inches. Handrails may project from each side of a stairway a distance of 3 1/2 inches into the required width. Stringers may project 1 1/2 inches. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3305(b).)
(c) Rise and Run.
(1) The rise of every step in a stairway shall be not less than 4 inches nor greater than 7 1/2 inches.
(2) The run shall not be less than 10 inches as measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the furthermost projection of adjacent treads. The largest tread run within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the smallest by more than 3/8 inch. The greatest riser height within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the smallest by more than 3/8 inch.
Exception: Private stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10 and stairways to unoccupied roofs may be constructed with an 8 inch maximum rise and a 9 inch minimum run.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3305(c).)
(d) Surface. All treads shall be slip-resistant. Stairways shall be maintained clear and in good repair.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3305(s).)
(e) Circular Stairways. Circular stairs may be used as an exit providing the minimum width of run is not less than 10 inches and the smaller radius is not less than twice the width of the stairway. All treads in any one flight between landings shall have identical dimensions within a three-eighths inch tolerance.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3305(e).)
(f) Landings. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such dimension need not exceed 4 feet when the stair has a straight run. Landings, when provided, shall not reduce the width to less than one-half the required width at any position in the swing or by more than 7 inches by a door when fully open. There shall be not more than 12 feet vertically between landings.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3305(g) and (i).)
(g) Stairway to Roof. In every building four or more stories in height, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope greater than 4 in 12. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3305(o).)
(h) Headroom. Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not less than 6 feet 6 inches. Such clearances shall be established by measuring vertically from a plane parallel and tangent to the stairway tread nosing to the soffit above at all points. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 3305(p).)
In existing installations where overhead clearance is less than 6 feet 6 inches above stairways, the stairway shall be relocated, the obstruction shall be removed, or if both of these are impracticable a suitable warning shall be placed near the obstruction so as to notify employees of its presence. Where the nature of the hazard is such that padding it will increase safety, this also shall be done. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3305(p), Exception.)
(i) Enclosure Construction of Exit Stairways. When an exit stairway is required to be protected by separation from other parts of the building the separating construction shall be of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction in buildings more than four stories in height and shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction elsewhere.
(1) Openings into Enclosures. There shall be no openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. All exit doors in an exit enclosure shall be protected by a fire assembly having a fire-protection rating of not less than one hour where one-hour shaft construction is permitted and one and one-half hours where two-hour shaft construction is required. Doors shall be maintained self-closing or shall be automatic closing by actuation of a smoke detector as provided for in Section 4306(b). The maximum transmitted temperature end point shall not exceed 450 degrees F above ambient at the end of 30 minutes of the fire exposure specified in U.B.C. Standard No. 43-2.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 3308(c).)
Figure E-1
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.
s 3232. Ramps.
(a) General. Any path of travel shall be considered a ramp if its slope is greater than 1 foot rise in 20 feet of horizontal run. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(a) without "Note.")
(b) Width. The width of ramps shall be as required for exits.
Exception: Existing ramps may have width as required for stairways.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(b)(1).)
(c) Slope. The maximum slope of a ramp that serves any exitway,provides handicap access or is in the path of travel shall be 1 foot rise in 12 feet of horizontal run.
Exception: The slope of an existing ramp shall not exceed 1 foot rise to 8 feet horizontal run.
(d) Landings. Ramps having slopes greater than one vertical to 15 horizontal shall have landings at the top and bottom and at least one intermediate landing shall be provided for each 5 feet of rise.Top landings and intermediate landings shall have a dimension measured in the direction of ramp run of not less than 5 feet. Landings at the bottom of ramps shall have a dimension in the direction of ramp run of not less than 6 feet.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(c).)
(e) Doors. Doors in any position shall not reduce the minimum dimension of the landing to less than 42 inches and shall not reduce the required width by more than 3 1/2 inches when fully open.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(d)(1)(C)(1).)
(f) Handrails. Ramps having slopes exceeding one vertical to 15 horizontal shall have handrails or stair rails as required for stairways, except that intermediate stair rails shall not be required. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2- 3306(e).)
(g) Guardrails. Ramps more than 30 inches above the adjacent ground or floor shall be provided with guardrails as required in Section 3210 and handrails as required in (f) above. Such guardrails shall be continuous from top of the ramp to the bottom of the ramp. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(i).)
(h) Surface. The surface of ramps shall be roughened or shall be of nonslip materials. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(g).)
(i) Maintenance. Ramps shall be maintained reasonably clear and in good repair.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.
s 3233. Industrial Ramps.
(a) Ramps used for industrial purposes only shall conform to the provisions of this section. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(j)(1).)
(b) Ramps shall be not less than two feet wider than the widest vehicle using the ramp. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(j)(2).)
(c) The slope of a ramp shall not exceed 1 vertical to 8 horizontal.
Exception: The slope of ramps used by powered industrial trucks only shall not exceed 1 vertical to 3 horizontal. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2- 3306(j)(3).)
(d) Ramps having slopes exceeding 1 vertical to 15 horizontal shall have handrails or stair rails as required for stairways, except that intermediate stair rails shall not be required. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(j)(4).)
(e) Ramps more than 30 inches above the adjacent ground or floor shall be provided with guardrails as required in Section 3210 and handrails as required in (d) above. Such guardrails shall be continuous from the top of the ramp to the bottom of the ramp.
Exception: Guardrails or stair rails will not be required on ramps used only by powered industrial trucks. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(j)(5).)
(f) Industrial ramps shall have a curb or equivalent installed along the open side or sides, the curb shall not be less than 8 inches in height and shall be so designed as to prevent the truck wheel from running off of the ramp. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(j)(6).)
(g) The surface of ramps shall be roughened or shall be of nonslip materials. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3306(j)(7).)
(h) Ramps shall be maintained reasonably clear and in good repair.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code; and Section 18943(c), Health and Safety Code.
s 3234. Fixed Industrial Stairs.
(a) Scope. This Section contains specifications for the safe design and construction of fixed general industrial stairs. This classification includes interior and exterior stairs around machinery, tanks, and other equipment, and stairs leading to or from floors, platforms, or pits. This Section does not apply to stairs used for required exit purposes, to construction operations, to private residences, or to articulated stairs, such as may be installed on floating roof tanks or on dock facilities, the angle of which changes with the rise and fall of the base support. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3326(a).)
(b) Where Fixed Stairs Are Required.
(1) Fixed stairs shall be provided for access from one structure level to another where operations necessitate regular travel between levels, and for access to operating platforms at any equipment which requires attention routinely during operations. Fixed stairs shall also be provided where access to elevations is daily or at each shift for such purposes as gauging, inspection, regular maintenance, etc., where such work may expose employees to acids, caustic, gases, or other harmful substances, or for which purposes the carrying of tools or equipment by hand is normally required. (It is not the intent of this Section to preclude the use of fixed ladders for access to elevated tanks, towers and similar structures, overhead traveling cranes, etc., where the use of fixed ladders is common practice.)
(2) Spiral stairways shall not be permitted except for special limited usage and secondary access situations where it is not practical to provide a conventional stairway.
(3) Winding stairways may be installed on tanks and similar round structures where the diameter of the structure is not less than 5 feet.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3326(b).)
(4) Alternating tread stairs, meeting the requirements of 3234(i) shall be permitted for:
(A) Limited usage.
(B) Secondary access.
(c) Stair Strength. Fixed stairways shall be designed and constructed to carry a load of 5 times the normal live load anticipated but never of less strength than to carry safely a moving concentrated load of 1,000 pounds. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3326().)
(d) Stair Width. Fixed stairways shall have a minimum usable width of 22 inches. No chute or open conveyor shall be parallel to and adjoin a stairway unless the usable width of the stairway is at least 22 inches and the stairway is equipped with a stair railing separating the chutes and open conveyors from the stairway.
Chutes shall not be hinged or otherwise constructed or used so as to cover stairways. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3326(d).)
(e) Angle of Stairway Rise.
(1) Fixed stairs shall be installed at angles to the horizontal of between 30 and 50 degrees.
(2) Any uniform combination of rise-tread dimensions may be used that will result in a stairway at an angle to the horizontal within the permissible range.
(3) The following is a table of rise/tread dimensions which will produce a stairway within the permissible range, stating the angle to the horizontal produced by each combination. However the rise/tread combinations are not limited to those given below.
(4) Each tread and the top landing of a stairway, where risers are used, shall have a nose which extends one-half-inch to one-inch beyond the face of the lower riser. Noses shall have an even leading edge.
(5) All treads shall be slip-resistant.
Table IS-1.
Angle to .... Rise ......... Tread Run
Horizontal .. (in inches) .. (in inches)
30° 35' ..... 6 1/2 ........ 11
32° 08' ..... 6 3/4 ........ 10 3/4
33° 41' ..... 7 ............ 10 1/2
35° 16' ..... 7 1/4 ........ 10 1/4
36° 52' ..... 7 1/2 ........ 10
38° 29' ..... 7 3/4 ........ 9 3/4
40° 08' ..... 8 ............ 9 1/2
41° 44' ..... 8 1/4 ........ 9 1/4
43° 22' ..... 8 1/2 ........ 9
45° 00' ..... 8 3/4 ........ 8 3/4
46° 38' ..... 9 ............ 8 1/2
48° 16' ..... 9 1/4 ........ 8 1/4
49° 54' ..... 9 1/2 ........ 8
Welded bar grating treads without nosings are acceptable providing the leading edge can be readily identified by personnel descending the stairway and provided the tread is serrated or is of definite non-slip design.
(6) Rise height and tread width shall be uniform throughout any flight of stairs including any foundation structure used as one or more treads of the stairs.
The maximum variations in the height of risers or the width of treads in any one flight shall be one-fourth-inch.
(7) Where the rise would exceed 9 1/2 inches and the run would be less than 8 inches, portable, fixed, or ships ladders shall be used.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3326(e).)
(f) Stairway platforms shall be no less than the width of a stairway and minimum of 30 inches in length measured in the direction of travel. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3326(f).)
(g) Stair Railings and Handrails.
(1) Stair railings shall be provided on the open sides of all exposed stairways.
(2) Handrails shall be provided on at least one side of closed stairways, preferably on the right side descending.
(3) Stair railings and handrails shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of Section 3214.
(4) Standard guardrails shall be installed on stairway platforms. See Section 3209. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3326(g).)
(h) Vertical Clearance. Vertical clearance above any stair tread to an overhead obstruction shall be at least 6 feet 6 inches measured from the leading edge of the tread.
In existing installations where the overhead clearance is less than 6 feet 6 inches, the obstruction shall be removed, or if this is impracticable, a suitable warning shall be placed near the obstruction so as to notify employees of its presence. Where the nature of the hazard is such that padding it will increase safety, this also shall be done. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2- 3326(h).)
(i) Alternating Tread Stairs.
(1) The stairs shall have a series of steps between 50 and 70 degrees from horizontal.
(2) Stair rails, designed to provide employees an adequate handhold to avoid falling, shall be provided on both sides of the stair.
(3) A minimum distance of 6 inches shall be provided between the stair rail and any fixed structure, machine or other object.
(4) A minimum of 12 inches shall be provided between the stair rails of adjacent alternating tread type stairs.
(5) The stair shall have:
(A) A minimum of 17 and a maximum of 24 inches of width between the stair rails.
(B) A minimum tread depth of 8 1/2 inches, a minimum tread width of 7 inches, a minimum tread run of 5 inches and a maximum rise to the next alternating tread surface of 9 1/2 inches.
(C) A minimum usable width of 17 inches.
(6) The initial tread of the stair shall begin at the same elevation as the platform or landing.
(7) The stair shall meet all other requirements of Sections 3214 and 3234.
Exception: The installation of a midrail and toeboard is not required.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 3235. Doors.
(a) General.
(1) This section shall apply to every exit door. Buildings or structures used for human occupancy shall have at least one approved exit door.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(a).)
(2) Exit doors shall be of the side swinging type.
Exception: As provided in Section 3235(g).
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(a).)
(3) Every door required to serve as an exit shall be designed and constructed so that the way of exit travel is obvious and direct. Windows which could be mistaken for doors shall be made inaccessible to occupants by means of barriers or railings.
(b) Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size that permits the installation of a door not less than 3 feet in width and not less than 6 feet 8 inches high. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be mounted so that the clear width of the exitway is no less than 32 inches. In computing the exit width required, the net dimension of the exitway shall be used.
Exception: Existing buildings may be less than 3 feet in width if the clear width of the exitway is not less than 28 inches. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2- 3303(e).)
(c) Door Leaf Width. No leaf of an exit door shall exceed 4 feet in width.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(f).)
(d) Swing. Exit doors shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving:
(1) Any assembly building;
(2) Any hazardous area;
(3) An occupant load of 50 or more.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(b)(1).)
(e) Locking. Exit doors shall be openable from the direction of exit travel without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort whenever the building is occupied.
Exceptions:
(1) Mental, penal, or corrective institutions where supervisory personnel is continually on duty and effective provisions are made to remove occupants in case of fire or other emergency.
(2) This requirement shall not apply to exterior exit doors in Group B occupancies, if such doors are unlocked during business hours and there is a readily visible, durable sign on or adjacent to the door stating 'THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED DURING BUSINESS HOURS.' The sign shall be in letters not less than one-inch high on a contrasting background. The locking device must be of a type that will be readily distinguishable as locked.
(3) Exit doors in places of employment in Group B occupancies, may be locked whenever the locking device or mechanism is controlled by an effective mechanical/electrical or electronic system acceptable to the Division and approved for the purpose by the State Fire Marshal.
Note: 1: Pursuant to the provisions of Health and Safety Code Section 17950 et seq., local enforcement officials may further restrict or prohibit the use of these devices.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(e)(1).)
Note: 2: Group B occupancies are those defined in Chapter 7 of the Uniform Building Code, 1979 Edition.
(f) Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load, there shall be a floor or landing on each side of a door. The floor or landing shall be no more than 1 inch lower than the threshold of the doorway. Where a door opens over a landing, the landing shall be at least as wide as the door, and at least 5 feet long. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(i)(1) and (i)(2).)
Exception: Where the door opens into the stairway of a smokeproof enclosure, the landing need not have a length of 5 feet. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2- 3303(i)(2) Exception 1).
In existing installations where there is no landing, doors shall be conspicuously marked with a sign stating 'Danger! Stairway -No Landing' or equivalent wording, and there shall be adequate illumination.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(i)(2) Exception 5).
(g) Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as required exits.
Exceptions:
(1) Manually operated horizontal sliding doors may be used when serving an occupant load of 10 or less.
(2) Power operated doors conforming to SFM 33.1, as shown in Chapter 2-60 of Part 2 of Title 24.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(g)(1).).
(h) Power-Operated Doors.
(1) Where a required door is operated by power, such as a door with photo-electric actuated mechanism that opens the door upon the approach of a person, or a door with power-assisted manual operation, the design shall be such that in event of power failure the door may be opened manually to permit exit travel or closed to safeguard means of egress.
(2) No power-operated door shall be considered a required exit unless it also swings by manual means.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(g)(2).)
(i) Double Acting (Swinging) Doors.
(1) Doors swinging both ways and located between rooms such as kitchen and dining room, or storeroom and sales floor, shall be provided with view panels. One shall be provided for each door of swinging double doors.
(2) Windows, if used, shall be kept free of dirt or other obstruction to vision.
(3) The bottom of the view panel or window shall be no more than 48 inches above the floor. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(b)(2)(C).)
(4) The size of the view panel or window shall be no less than 200 square inches. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(b)(2)(B).)
(5) Guards shall be placed over windows which are not of the shatter-proof or wired glass type. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(b)(2)(D).)
(6) Glass in swinging doors shall conform to the provisions of Section 3242(d). (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(b)(2)(E).)
(7) Double acting doors shall not be used as exits serving a tributary occupant load or more than 100, nor shall they be used as part of a fire assembly, nor equipped with panic hardware.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(b)(2)(A).)
(j) Turnstiles. Turnstiles shall not be considered as providing any exit width.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(n)(1).)
(k) Doors in Folding Partitions. When permanently-mounted folding or movable partitions are used to divide a room into smaller spaces, exits from these enclosures shall be provided as required under Section 3228.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(o).)
(l) Bolts. Manually-operated edge bolts or surface-mounted flush bolts and surface bolts are prohibited on required exit doors. When exit doors are installed in pairs and automatic flush bolts are used, the door leaf with these bolts shall have no door knob or surface-mounted hardware. The unlatching of any leaf shall not require more than one operation.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(c)(2).)
(m) Panic Hardware.
(1) Panic hardware shall cause the door latch to release when a force not exceeding 15 pounds is applied to the releasing device in the direction of exit traffic.
(2) Hand activated door opening hardware shall be centered between 30 inches and 44 inches above the floor. Latching and locking doors that are hand activated and which are in a path of travel, shall be operable with a single effort by lever type hardware, by panic bars, push-pull activating bars or other hardware designed to provide passage without requiring the ability to grasp the opening hardware. Locked exit doors shall operate as above in the egress direction.
Exception: Doors to individual hotel or motel units shall operate similarly, except that when the bolt and unlatching operation is key operated from corridor or exterior side of the unit door, large bow keys (2 inch full bow or 1 1/4 inch half bow) shall be provided in lieu of lever type hardware on the corridor side. Separate dead lock activation on room side of the corridor doors in hotels and motels shall have handle or large thumb turn in an easily reached location.
(Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(c)(3).)
(3) Panic hardware shall not be equipped with any locking or dogging device, set screw, or other arrangement which can be used to prevent the release of the latch when pressure is applied to the bar.
(4) No lock, padlock, hasp, bar, chain, or other device, or combination thereof, shall be installed or maintained at any time on or in connection with any door on which panic hardware is required, if such device prevents the free use of the door for exiting.
(n) Latches. A latch or other fastening device on a door shall be provided with a knob, handle, panic bar, or other simple type of releasing device, the method of operation of which is obvious. (Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-3303(c).) (continued)