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Root Wad. Ball of roots which extends above ground level when a tree is up-rooted.
Rub Tree. See Siwash Tree.
Running Lines. Any moving wire rope, distinguished from a stationary wire rope such as a guyline.
Safety Factor. Calculated reduction factor which may be applied to laboratory test values to obtain safe working stresses.
Sail Guy. Guyline which holds the outer end of a boom.
Scaler. Worker who calculates the footage of logs.
Shall. Mandatory requirement.
Shoe. See Tree Jack.
Shotgun Feed. Piston-fed carriage drive.
Shovel-Type Loader. Boom-type mobile crane or shovel using cable and tongs, hooks or grapple as the hoisting and lowering means with the boom angle remaining fairly constant.
Show. See Operations.
Side. Unit of a logging operation, including workers and equipment, that is sufficient to fall, buck, and load logs from an area.
Side Winder. Piece of brush or limb thrown up by a cable or a tractor; tree knocked down by another in falling.
Siwash Tree. Tree used to deflect a line.
Skidder. A machine used to skid logs.
Skidding. Yarding bolts, logs, or trees by pulling or towing across the terrain.
Skyline. A wire rope which serves as a track and support for a carriage to which logs are attached. See Appendix for various skyline systems.
Slack Line. Form of skyline that is spooled on the drum of a yarder and may be raised or lowered.
Slope. Increase in height over a horizontal distance, measured in percent. (An increase of one vertical foot over a horizontal distance of five feet is expressed as a 20% slope.)
Snag. Any dead standing tree or portion thereof.
Snubbing. Retarding or controlling the movement of logs or machines by means of looping the rope around a stationary object.
Spar Tree. Tree from which the top and limbs have been cut and used to support the blocks and ropes for various systems of logging.
Spault. Waste material from the first cut and piece remaining after the last cut from a shingle block.
Spring Board. Board shod with iron at the heel and used by fallers to stand on when they must work above ground level.
Spring Pole. Section of tree, sapling, limb, etc. which is, by virtue of its arrangement, in relation to other materials, under bending stress.
Spud, Barking Bar. Tool for removing bark from trees or logs.
Squirrel. Weight used to swing a boom when the power unit does not have enough drums to do it mechanically.
Stickers. Strips placed between layers of lumber when piling to keep the layers separated for airing and drying; also used for stabilizing loads during transportation.
Strap. Any short piece of line used for securing or holding together equipment or parts of equipment or for loading.
Straw Line. Small line used for miscellaneous purposes.
Swamping. Clearing brush and other material around or along a specified place.
Tail Hold. Any anchor used for making fast any line.
Telltale. Device that serves as a warning for overhead objects.
Tight Line. Condition in which force is exerted on both mainline and haulback at the same time.
Tong Line Block. Block hung in a boom through which the tong line operates.
Tongs. Grapples used to lift logs.
Topping. Cutting off the top section of a tree preparatory to rigging the tree.
Tractor. Track-laying or rubber-tired machine used to skid logs or build roads.
Tree Harvester. Machine with tracks or tires and having a shear and grip head that cuts and maneuvers trees and may also delimb and cut them into selected lengths.
Tree Jack. Saddle with set of grooved rollers set between side plates, secured to a tree as a guide for lines.
Tree Plates. Steel protectors spiked around a tree to prevent the guys from cutting into the tree.
Tree Shoe. Saddle with a solid curved and grooved seat between side plates, secured to a tree as a support for lines.
Turn. Single log or group of logs being yarded as a unit.
Twister. A line (usually small diameter wire rope "haywire") that provides additional support for a tailhold stump, guyline stump, or tree used for anchorage in cable logging systems. This is done by connecting the tailhold tree or tree to another stump or tree opposite by wrapping the two with a line. This line is then tightened by placing a piece of large-diameter limb between the wrappings and twisting them together.
Undercut. Notch cut in the tree to guide the tree in falling.
V Lead. Angle of the mainline between the machine drum, high-lead block, and swing or yarding road that is less than 90 degrees.
Widow Maker. Overhanging limb or section of tree which could become dislodged and drop to the ground. (See also lodged tree.)
Windfall. Tree felled by wind or other natural cause.
Work Area. Any area where job assignments are performed.
Wrapper. Chain, cable, strap, etc., used for binding loads of logs, poles or lumber.
Yarding. Collecting logs for one central loading or shipping point.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6250. Accident Prevention Program.
Note: See Section 3203 of the General Industry Safety Orders, Title 8, California Administrative Code.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6251. First Aid.
(a) First-aid material shall be provided and personnel made available for care of injured employees. Means of communication such as an operable two-way radio, phone, or radio/phone shall be provided and the names, addresses, and the telephone numbers of physicians, hospitals, and ambulances to be called shall be made readily available at all operations. Citizens' band radios are permitted only as a secondary means of communication.
(b) All necessary first-aid materials shall be provided at any active camp, mill, log landing, or other active operation and shall consist in part of a rigid stretcher, 2 acceptable blankets (1 blanket for warmth and 1 waterproof blanket), and a first-aid kit. The blankets and the contents of the first-aid kit shall be kept in dustproof and moisture proof containers.
(c) Crew vehicles shall carry a first-aid kit. First-aid kits shall be kept fully supplied.
(d) First-aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training shall be provided as follows:
(1) At fixed sawmill facilities, the employer shall maintain personnel certified to provide first aid and CPR, so that these services will be readily available in the event of a medical emergency. Those required to be certified shall include those persons in charge of the work and other employees as are necessary to ensure timely first aid/CPR response. Standards for first aid and CPR training shall follow the principles of the American Heart Association, the American Red Cross, or other nationally recognized agency.
(2) At logging operations and portable sawmill operations, employers shall arrange to have each employee trained so they have a valid first-aid and CPR certificate issued by the American Red Cross, the American Heart Association, or other nationally recognized agency. Provided a person or persons having a valid first aid and CPR certificate are readily accessible at the work site to render first aid, new employees shall receive the required training within six months from the date of hire.
Exception: Log truck drivers are not required to receive first-aid and CPR training if they are not involved with falling, yarding, skidding, or processing logs.
(e) Adequate transportation to medical care shall be arranged and made available for injured persons at all camps, mills, log landings, or other operations. Such transportation shall be of a nature to render comfort to the injured. Employees requiring the use of a stretcher or whose injuries are of an otherwise serious nature shall be accompanied to medical attention by a competent person in addition to the vehicle driver.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6252. Planning.
Plans shall be made in advance for the safety of workers, including provisions for the emergency rescue in logging operations, and persons in charge shall make sure that the plans are followed.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6253. Weather Conditions.
No work should be started or continued in timbered areas during periods of high winds, extremely heavy fogs, and other hazardous weather conditions. When vision is impaired by darkness, adequate lighting shall be provided.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6254. Footgear.
Calked boots or lug-soled boots shall be worn when their use is warranted.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6255. Head Protection.
Note: See Section 3381, General Industry Safety Orders, Title 8, California Administrative Code.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6256. Slippery Surfaces.
Safety tread or other nonslip material shall be installed and maintained on all steel decks of machines used by employees in the performance of their duties.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6257. Embedded Objects.
Embedded metal, rock, ceramic, glass, and all other foreign objects, which can damage head rig saws, shall be located and removed from logs prior to milling.
Exception: When off bearers are protected from any hazard of injury if the head rig saw and/or object explodes, shatters or breaks upon contact, location and removal of such objects shall not be required.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6258. Checking Systems.
All persons shall work within the vocal range of other employees or a procedure shall be established for periodically checking their location and welfare. All employees shall be accounted for at the end of each workday.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6259. Trees and Snags.
(a) All trees and snags which appear to be dangerous to any operation shall be felled. If hand falling presents extreme hazards, other methods shall be used.
(b) Snags shall be carefully checked for dangerous bark in preparation for falling. Accessible loose bark shall be removed before falling.
(c) Whenever trees or snags are equipment-felled, they should be pulled by a line or pushed by a boom of sufficient length to keep the equipment in the clear, unless the equipment is specifically designed for this purpose.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6260. Riding Rigging Equipment.
Employees are prohibited from riding logs and any rigging or rigging equipment.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6261. Equipment.
All rigging, prime movers, winches, and all other equipment essential to logging operations shall be inspected each day before starting work by a person designated by the employer who is qualified by experience and training to perform this inspection.
All necessary repairs, lubrication, adjustments, or replacements shall be made before the equipment is used.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6262. Fuels, Oil and Other Flammable Liquids.
(a) Flammable liquids shall be stored and transported in closed containers that are Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) listed or classified, Factory Mutual (FM) approved, or other approved flammable liquid containers properly marked.
(b) An approved pump designed for the fuel to be used shall be provided to service the fuel tanks of all equipment, unless fueling is done by gravity flow with a metal-to-metal contact between the container and the fuel tank. When a hose is used, it shall be of a type designed to handle fuels.
(c) No gasoline or LPG equipment shall be fueled when the engine is running, except when refueling by a vacuum refueling system in connection with the engine.
(d) Open lights, open flames, sparking or arcing equipment, except that which is an integral part of automotive equipment, shall not be used near fuel storage tanks or internal-combustion engine equipment while they are being filled or fueled.
(e) Smoking shall not be permitted on any vehicle carrying flammable liquids, unless such liquids are in the fuel tank or a safety container outside the passenger compartment.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6263. Hand Tools.
(a) The employers shall be responsible for the safe condition of their tools. All tools shall be restricted to the use for which they are intended, and should be used only by employees who are required and qualified to use such tools.
(b) Periodic inspections shall be made to ensure all tools are in safe condition. Tools with defective handles shall be immediately repaired or removed from the job.
(c) Battered, laminated, or crystallized iron wedges, chisels, punches, hammers, and similar equipment, mushroomed more than 1/4-inch from the body of the tool, shall be replaced or properly repaired.
(d) Exceptionally hard hammers, wedges, and similar tools shall not be used.
(e) Only one end of a peeling bar shall have a cutting edge. The other end shall be cut off square with the length of the bar or have a rounded end.
(f) Cutting torch, impact, or hydraulic cable cutters shall be provided and used for cutting cables. Soft hammers and wire axes may be used in emergencies.
(g) Marlinspikes or needles in good condition and large enough for the size of the line being spliced shall be used.
(h) Cutting tools shall be kept sharp and properly shaped.
(i) Hand tools shall be sheathed or boxed if transported with passengers in the passenger compartment of a vehicle. If not contained in a box, the sheathed tools shall be fastened to the vehicle.
(j) Proper storage facilities shall be provided for hand tools.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6264. Mobile Log Handling Equipment.
(a) Front-end type loaders shall be provided with an adequately powered log gripping or retaining device.
(b) The log handling assembly shall be capable of being tilted, or kicker-type devices shall be provided to permit unloading of logs .
(c) A canopy or cab shall be provided on the loader to protect the operator.
(d) A knob, button, or similar device shall be securely attached to the tines or clamps for trailer handling; or the ends of the tines may be shaped to accommodate the trailer-lifting attachment without slippage.
(e) Adequate lighting shall be provided and maintained when equipment is used at night.
(f) Signaling devices or communication systems shall be provided and maintained.
(g) Machines used for hoisting, unloading, or lowering logs shall be equipped with brakes or other means that are capable of controlling or holding maximum load.
(h) Mufflers provided by the manufacturer, or their equivalent, shall be in place at all times when machines are in operation.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6265. Road Construction and Maintenance.
(a) Conditions such as deep holes, large rocks, logs, or other similar hazards which prevent the safe operation of equipment, shall be immediately corrected. Obviously dangerous trees and snags which may fall into the road or on passing equipment shall be felled.
(b) Single lane roads with two-way traffic shall be provided with turnouts at points not to exceed 1/2 mile in distance. Adequate side clearance shall be maintained along all truck roads. Railroad tracks and other hazardous crossings shall be plainly posted.
(c) Brush or other obstructions which may block the driver's view at intersections or on extremely sharp curves shall be cleared.
(d) Logging roads shall be watered or treated with road compaction agents to maintain a packed surface with dust reduced to a minimum.
(e) All traffic shall keep to the right-hand side of two-lane roads, except where the road is plainly and adequately posted for left-hand traveling.
(f) Where road conditions due to rain, snow, ice or fog, are such as to fail to afford adequate braking traction, operations shall cease or auxiliary means of safely controlling the vehicle shall be used.
(g) When doing road building, tractor operators shall not be permitted to work alone if they are not in frequent contact with another person who could assist them in case of emergency.
(h) No equipment, either loaded or empty, shall be swung over workers, or over operating equipment other than the equipment being loaded.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6266. Bridge Construction and Maintenance.
(a) Bridges and their approaches shall be designed, constructed, and maintained to support the maximum anticipated load.
(b) All bridges and trestles shall be equipped with 8-inch by 8-inch or equivalent fenders, continuous lengthwise along both edges of the bridge deck. Center shears are permissible on temporary bridges in lieu of outside fenders.
(c) Railroad trestles and bridges shall be decked over if converted for motor transport.
(d) Conditions such as broken or missing decking, planks or other similar hazards which prevent the safe passage of equipment shall be immediately corrected.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6267. Illumination.
Adequate lighting shall be provided if road construction or bridge building and chunking-out are carried on after dark. Employees shall not work alone on any of this work after dark.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6270. Signal Systems.
General.
(a) Standard yarding system whistle signals or an approved alternate communication system shall be used at cable logging operations.
(b) When whistles are used, whistle signals contained in Appendix A shall be used.
(c) Additional signals may be adopted for an unusual or new situation not covered in the standard signals, and shall be used only for that specific situation.
(d) All employees shall be informed of the new signals.
(e) The list of standard signals and alternate signal system in use shall be available in the yarder cab and shall be posted or made available to the crews.
(f) All signals shall be thoroughly understood by the crew.
(g) Each unit of the signal or control system in use shall be tested daily before operations begin.
(h) Audible signals used for test purposes shall not include signals used for movement of lines or materials.
(i) Machine operators shall not move any logs, loads, or rigging unless:
(1) The signal received is clear and distinct; if in doubt, the operator shall repeat the signal as understood and wait for confirmation.
(2) All crew members are in the clear and alert to signals at all times.
(j) A whistle, horn, or other signaling device, clearly audible and distinguishable to all persons in the affected area, shall be installed and used on all machines operating as yarders, swings, loaders, or tree pullers.
(k) When radio transmission or other means of signal control is used, it shall activate the audible signaling device at the machine. Audible signals are not necessary on grapple or other yarding systems in which employees are not exposed to logs or rigging movement.
( l ) Only one member of any crew shall give signals where chokers are being set. Any person is authorized to give a stop signal when a worker is in danger or an emergency condition is apparent.
(m) Hand signals are permitted only when in plain sight of and within 300 feet of the operator.
(n) Hand signals may be used at any time as an emergency stop signal.
(o) Throwing of any type of material as a signal is strictly prohibited.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6271. Electrical Signal Systems.
(a) When an electrical signal system is used, all wire and attachments shall be weatherproof.
(b) Electrical signal systems shall be installed and adjusted to protect against accidental signaling, and shall be maintained in good operating condition at all times.
(c) Electrical signal bugs shall be designed so that they cannot be accidentally tripped.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6272. Radio Signal Systems.
When space transmission of radio signals, including voice, is used under and in accord with authorization granted by the Federal Communications Commission to initiate any whistle, horn, bell, or other audible signaling device or voice conveyance; or when such transmission of radio signals, including voice, is used to activate or control any machine, material handling device, or other equipment hazardous to workers; the following shall apply:
(a) Single tone frequency shall not be used on radio equipment designed to initiate a whistle or other audible signal, or to activate or control any machine, material-handling device, or other device hazardous to workers.
(b) All adjustment, repair, or alteration of radio signaling devices shall be done only by or under the immediate supervision and responsibility of a person holding a first or second class commercial radio operator's license, either radio telephone or radio telegraph, issued by the Federal Communications Commission. All replacements parts shall be of such quality as to cause the unit to meet the minimum performance specifications outlined in Appendix A, Radio Control Signaling Devices.
(c) Equipment or machines being controlled by radio control devices shall be designed and built to fail/safe or stop in case of failure of the radio control device.
(d) When interference, overlap, fadeout, or blackout of radio signals is encountered, use of the radio control device shall be immediately discontinued and not resumed until the source of trouble has been detected and corrected.
(e) Two transmitters shall be in the visual or vocal vicinity of the rigging crew at all times. Spare transmitters shall be guarded against accidental activation.
(f) Two or more receivers on the same radio frequency with the same tone coding frequency is prohibited.
Exception : A second receiver may be used for monitoring provided it does not actuate or interfere with the primary receiver.A second receiver may be used for monitoring provided it does not actuate or interfere with the primary receiver.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6273. Citizen Band Radios.
Citizen band radios shall not be used to activate any signal or to control any machine, material-handling device, or other equipment hazardous to workers.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6275. Falling Trees.
(a) While falling, fallers shall be so located that they will not endanger other employees. In steep country, one set of fallers shall not work immediately up the slope from other fallers.
(b) Fallers and buckers shall not work near any running lines, guylines, or other units of the operation so that they could endanger themselves or other employees.
(c) The head faller shall keep informed of the location of buckers or other employees placed or passing in the vicinity of trees being felled. Fallers shall be within visible or audible signaling distance of another worker at all times.
(d) Special precautions shall be taken to prevent felling trees into power lines.
(e) After a determination by a qualified person(s) (e.g. tree faller) as to the safest tree dislodgment procedure, lodged trees shall be dislodged at the first opportunity by one of the following methods:
(1) Pulling or pushing to the ground by mechanical equipment in accordance with the requirements in Sections 6259 and 6286, or;
(2) Falling another tree onto the lodged tree by a qualified person. Multiple sequential tree falling (domino tree falling) is prohibited.
(f) When a lodged tree is left unattended, a qualified person shall flag the area in proximity to the tree(s) (i.e. hazardous area) with warning tape or ribbon in a manner which will ensure the lodged tree and the hazardous area are readily identifiable.
Note: For the purposes of subsection (f) the hazardous area refers to the area where an employee could be struck by a lodged tree which becomes dislodged.
(g) Employees shall be prohibited from working under lodged trees.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6276. Traffic.
An employee shall be stationed to direct traffic when there is a probability of danger in falling a tree adjacent to a railroad, cat road, motor road, or trail. Warning signs shall be posted on motor roads in areas of cutting.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6277. Spring Boards and Chopping Platforms.
(a) Spring boards and chopping platforms shall be designed and maintained to withstand anticipated loading.
(b) Springboard iron shall be well lipped and firmly attached with bolts or equivalent means of attachment.
(c) Staging boards shall be tested before using on a tree.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6278. Escape Paths.
(a) Adjacent material shall be cleared from around the tree to be felled so there is sufficient room to use saws and axes and to permit a quick getaway.
(b) A way of escape shall be determined, arranged and kept clear before the tree is felled. The point of escape should be well back and to one side. Workers shall not stand beside or near the stump as the tree falls.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6279. Falling Cuts.
(a) Undercuts shall be of a size to guide the trees in the intended direction and minimize the possibility of splitting.
(b) In trees of sound wood and no perceptible lean, the undercut shall be no less than 1/4 the diameter of the tree and the face opening shall be no less than 1/5 the diameter of the tree.
(c) The backcut shall always be started at or above the level of the horizontal cut of the undercut.
(d) Trees shall not be left standing after the undercut is made under normal conditions.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6280. Warning Cry.
(a) Fallers shall give timely audible warning to buckers and other persons in the vicinity of a tree to be felled, indicating the direction of fall and taking notice that such persons not only hear the warning cry and are out of reach of the tree, but also in the clear of logs, fallen trees, snags, or other trees which may be struck by the falling tree. Fallers shall stop saw motors when giving such warning.
(b) Employees shall not approach a faller's work area until the faller has acknowledged the signal to approach.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6281. Bucking.
(a) All logs which may roll shall be propped, blocked, or bucked from the uphill side.
(b) Wedges shall be driven with a tool designed for hammering. They shall not be driven with the side of a doublebitted axe.
(c) If it is obviously hazardous to cut a log clear through, the log shall remain uncut, marked conspicuously, and the supervisor notified.
(d) Trees yarded for bucking shall be placed to minimize hazard to employees.
(e) Spring poles, limbs and trees under stress shall be cut so that an employee is clear when the tension is released.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6282. Ripping Logs.
(a) Logs shall be securely chocked or strapped before they are ripped.
(b) If workers walk the log to rip it, sufficient holding wood shall be left or other positive means to prevent splitting before they dismount to complete the cut.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6283. Portable Chain Saw Operations.
(a) Employees, such as fallers, buckers, limbers, choppers, landing chasers, and others performing similar operations, who operate chain saws, shall use leg protection such as chaps, pads, inserts, or other protective garments or devices that are labeled as meeting the specifications of ASTM F 1897-98, Standard Specification for Leg Protection for Chain Saw Users.Exceptions: 1) High climbers described in Section 6287. 2) Employees, with employer's concurrence, who use a chain saw incidental to their normal assigned tasks.
(b) Each chain saw placed in service on or after May 5, 1995 shall be equipped with a chain brake and shall otherwise be provided with a label or plate stating that it meets the requirements of the ANSI B175.1-1991 "Safety Requirements for Gasoline-Powered Chain Saws". Chain saws placed in service before May 5, 1995 shall be equipped with a protective device that minimizes chain-saw kickback. No chain-saw kickback device shall be removed or otherwise disabled.
(c) Chain saws shall be stopped and employees shall use the escape path when the tree starts to fall.
(d) All chain saws shall be equipped with a control that when released returns the saw to idling speed.
(e) Power saw motors shall be stopped when carried for a distance greater than from tree to tree, not to exceed 100 feet, or in hazardous conditions such as slippery surfaces or heavy underbrush. The saw shall be at idle speed when carried short distances.
(f) Exhaust manifolds on gasoline motors shall be constructed and maintained so that exhaust fumes are directed away from the operator.
(g) Power saws shall be equipped with a clutch so adjusted that at idling speed it will not engage the chain drive.
(h) Loose material that may catch the saw shall be removed.
(i) All power saws shall be equipped with a positive off-and-on switch.
(j) Power cables on electric units shall be properly insulated. Care shall be taken to see that cables are in the clear at all times.
(k) Electric saw and generator units shall be bonded together and grounded.
(l) The cable on electric units shall be disconnected while moving the saw through brush and thickets, or where the character of the ground obstructs the free movement of the fallers.
(m) Every employer shall instruct and enforce a safe practice procedure including the rules listed below:
(1) Inspect the saw daily to assure that all handles and guards are in place and tight, all controls function properly, and the muffler is operative.
(2) Properly instruct operators on safe operation and adjustment.
(3) Always keep a firm grip on the saw.
(4) Fuel the saw only in conditions not conducive to fire hazards.
(5) Start the saw at least 10 feet away from fueling area.
(6) Start the saw only when firmly supported.
(7) Do not use chain saw or other engine fuels for starting fires or for use as a cleaning solvent.
Exception: When approved by the fire authority, diesel fuel may be used to start warming fires provided the employer assures that in the particular situation it does not create a hazard for employees.
(8) Use proper methods to avoid kickbacks.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6284. Mechanical Falling Devices.
Mechanical falling devices, such as tree shears, feller-bunchers, and treepullers, shall be provided with canopies which comply with S.A.E. J-231 to protect the operator and with devices to safely control the descent of the tree being felled to protect the operator and nearby workers.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6285. Tree Jacking.
(a) Hydraulic tree jacks purchased after January 1, 1980, shall be equipped with:
(1) An operable load check valve, velocity fuse or equivalent device. When hoses are used with a jack, the device shall be installed between the ram and the first piece of hose out from the jack.
(2) An operable pressure gauge.
(b) If two or more tree jacks are used and operated with one pump, a one way flow valve shall be used to isolate the hydraulic fluid from one jack to another jack, should failure occur in the system.
(c) Hydraulic tree jacks shall have enough lift power and be of sufficient in number for the trees to be jacked and felled.
(d) A metal plate shall be placed between the ram and the saw cuts when using a hydraulic jack. The metal plate or pad shall be of sufficient area and have a surface design to prevent the plate or pad from sinking into the wood or slipping.
(e) If the faller is pumping the jack at the base of the tree, wedges shall be used as a follow-up method while using tree jacks. The wedges shall be progressively moved in as the tree is jacked.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6286. Tree Pulling.
(a) Positive communications shall be maintained at all times between the tree pulling machine and the faller while tree pulling. Citizens band radios are not considered positive communications.
(b) An audible signal shall be blown when the initial pull is made on the tree and the line is tightened.
(c) A choker, choker bell, or a line with a sleeve shackle shall be used as the means of attachment around the tree when tree pulling. The bight on the line shall be only that necessary to hold the choker or line around the tree.
(d) The tree pulling machine shall be equipped with a torque converter, fluid coupler, or an equivalent device to insure a steady, even pull on the line attached around the tree.
(e) The tree pulling line shall have as straight and direct path from the machine to the tree as possible. Physical obstructions, which prevent a steady even pull on the tree pulling line, shall be removed or the line shall be rerouted.
(f) The use of siwashing, in lieu of using a block and strap, for the purpose of changing the tree pulling lead, is prohibited.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6287. High Climber.
(a) Spar trees shall not be topped during windy weather.
(b) The high climber shall be an experienced logger and have a thorough knowledge of all phases of the work.
(c) The climber shall be equipped with a safety belt, steel spurs (long enough to hold in any tree on which they are used), and a steel-cored, hemp climbing rope or 3/16-inch high-test chain. The equipment shall be kept in good condition and tools used by the climber shall be securely fastened to the belt or person.
(d) The climber's rope shall be long enough to encircle the tree and be secured before the climber leaves the ground. Snaps shall not be used on the climber's rope, unless a secondary safety device between the belt and snap is used.
(e) An extra set of climbing equipment shall be available.
(f) While the climber is working in the tree, employees shall keep a safe distance from the tree. The climber shall give warning if a tool, piece of equipment, or any material is in danger of dropping.
(g) Running lines to the tree shall not be moved while the climber is working in the tree, except such pulls as the climber directs.
(h) An experienced employee, stationed out of danger of falling objects, shall be assigned to transmit the climber's signals. Neither this employee nor the machine operator shall be otherwise engaged while the climber is using the pass line.
(i) An employee shall be stationed at the drum to insure even spooling when the climber is riding the pass line.
(j) When the topping of trees is ahead of operations, another employee shall be assigned to stay in sight of the climber at all times.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6288. Pass Line and Equipment.
(a) Spar trees shall be equipped with pass lines no less than 3/8-inch or more than 9/16-inch in diameter, in good condition with no short splices, knots, molles, or eye-to-eye splices. When coupled to a drum line by use of a hook or molly, the pass line shall be long enough to provide three wraps on the drum before the climber leaves the ground. The hook shall be a closeable type.
(b) Pass blocks shall be inspected before placing in each tree, and the necessary replacements or repairs made before being hung. Pass blocks shall not be used for any other purpose. The bearing pin shall be of the type which positively secures the nut and pin. The shells of pass blocks shall be bolted under the sheaves.
(c) Pass chains shall be at least 1/4-inch high-test chain and shall not contain cold shuts or wire strands. They shall be attached to the end of the pass line with a clevis or ring large enough to prevent the chains going through the pass block.
(d) The pass line equipment shall not be used for purposes other than those for which it is intended. The pass line shall not saw on other line or rigging, and it shall be kept clear of all moving lines and rigging.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6289. Spar Trees.
(a) All trees from which rigging is hung shall be carefully examined for defects before being rigged. All trees shall be selected to withstand the anticipated strains.
(b) Tree plates shall be used on spar trees when necessary.
(c) All trees, except lift trees, used for loading or yarding shall be limbed and topped short enough to be rigid when guyed. Limbs shall be cut off close to the trunk. Climbers shall select the place for hanging rigging before the tree is topped. No more than 12 feet nor less than 6 feet of the tree shall extend above the top guylines.
(d) Spar trees, except redwood or cedar, shall be barked where guylines are to be placed. Rub trees around landings shall be topped and guyed if necessary. Spikes used by the climber to aid in hanging rigging shall be removed before the tree is used for logging. Loose material shall be removed or securely fastened.
(e) Lift trees shall be adequately guyed to withstand any anticipated stresses.
(f) When using a live, standing, or running skyline, the lift tree need not be topped, provided that the lines pass through a tree-jack or block hung on the tree before the skyline is anchored to a tail hold.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6290. General.
(a) Rigging and all parts thereof shall be of design and application to safely withstand all expected or potential loading to which it will be subjected.
(b) Chokers shall be at least 1/8-inch smaller than the line to which they are attached.
(c) Rigging shall be arranged and operated so that it or its loads will not be damaged by fouling, rubbing, or sawing against lines, straps, blocks, or other equipment.
(d) Running lines shall be arranged so that workers are not required to work in the bight.
(e) Employees shall be out of the bight of lines before the lines are moved.
(f) When a road is changed, all employees shall be in the clear before the lines are tightened.
(g) Reefing or similar practices to increase line pull is prohibited.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6291. Inspection of Rigging.
A thorough inspection of all blocks, straps, guylines, and other rigging shall be made before they are placed in positions for use. This inspection shall include an examination for damaged, cracked, or worn parts, loose nuts and bolts, and of lubrication and condition of straps and guylines. The repairs shall be made before the rigging is used.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6292. Guylines.
(a) All trees rigged for logging operations shall be sufficiently guyed to be rigid and stable. Minimum requirements for guylines shall be as follows:
Use of Number of Number of
Tree Top Guylines Buckle Guylines
Loading and yarding......... 6........... 4
Loading and swinging........ 6........... 4
Loading only (head tree).... 5........... -
Loading only (standing
tail tree)................. 3........... -
Loading only (raised
tail tree)................. 4........... -
Yarding only (head tree).... 6........... -
Yarding with skyline
(head tree)................ 6........... 4
(raised tail tree)......... 4........... -
(b) Guylines shall be of plow steel or better material and in good condition.
(c) Guylines shall be equal to or greater in strength than the largest opposing yarding line and properly spaced to effectively oppose the forces.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6293. Securing Guylines.
(a) Guylines shall be fastened to spar trees by means of shackles, or hooks and slides, or other devices of similar construction, equal in strength to the guylines. Pins shall be inserted with the head up and securely fastened, preferably with molles or cotter keys. Only sleeve shackles shall be used on guylines on which a jack is hung.
(b) The U part of the shackle shall be around the guyline and its pin passed through the eye in the line. Guylines shall be alternately passed around the tree in opposite directions. Guylines shall be hung in a manner to prevent fouling when they are tightened.
(c) The use of loops, molles, or threaded eyes for attaching guylines is prohibited.
Note: Authority cite: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6294. Guyline and Skyline Extensions.
(a) Extensions to guylines or skylines shall be equal in strength to the lines to which they are attached. Shackles shall not be used on running lines where such lines pass through a block or traveler, unless designed for that purpose.
(b) All guyline eyes shall be tucked at least three times.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6295. Anchoring.
(a) Skylines shall be hung in a tree jack or block and securely anchored to a stump, deadman or the base of a live tree outside the work area that would not reach the work area if pulled over. All other rigging shall be anchored to stumps.
(b) Anchors used for fastening guylines and skylines shall be carefully chosen as to position and strength. They shall be tied back if necessary. These anchorages shall be inspected daily for signs of failure, while the operation is in progress.
(c) Stumps shall be adequately notched and barked where the wraps are to be made. Employees shall not stand close to the stump as the guyline or wraps are being tightened.
(d) When tightening is done at the stump, the anchor ends of guylines shall be firmly secured to the stump by passing the guys at least two and one-half times around them; guys may be secured by spikes or cable clips.
(e) Where spikes are used, the first and last turn shall be firmly spiked.
(f) Where wire rope clips are used, they shall be made fast with U bolts on the head or short end of the rope. The minimum number of clips shall not be less than three. The clips should be spaced at a distance equal to approximately six times the diameter of the rope.
(g) Stumps shall be notched to prevent the lines from creeping. Guylines shall be kept tight.
(h) In removing guylines or skylines from stumps, a reversed safety wrap shall be put on before loosening any spikes in the last wrap.
(i) An experienced employee shall be in charge of loosening such guylines or skylines, using all precautions and giving warning before the lines are released.
(j) Safety holdbacks, such as twisters, shall be used when necessary for the safety of workers.
(k) Powder is recommended for releasing the last wrap on skylines.
( l ) When raising spar trees, stumps used for snubbing shall be deeply notched and guylines held by the haulback or other running lines.
(m) If deadmen or rock bolts are used as anchors, they shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with established principles of mechanics and sound engineering practice.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6296. Rigging Trees.
(a) All tree straps shall be of the best material and at least 1/4-inch larger than the pulling lines. D's shall be attached in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Straps shall be properly seated.
(b) All blocks and tree jacks shall be properly hung. They shall not be hung in one eye or within the bight of straps. Mainline straps shall be hung and maintained no more than 10 inches below the guylines at the side of the tree opposite the block. When necessary, tree plates or a holdup strap shall be used to maintain the position of the mainline lead straps.
(c) The use of threaded straps for running line blocks in spar trees is prohibited.
(d) Shackles used to hang all blocks and jacks on trees or loading booms shall have the pins secured by a nut with a cotter key or wire strand. Wire strands so used shall be run twice through the pin and the loose ends rolled in. The jaws of shackles shall fit the yoke or swivel of the block or jack.
(e) Safety straps shall be used on all mainline lead blocks rigged below the guylines. They shall be of at least 1-inch, with one end securely fastened to the block and the other to a shackle arranged to slide on the guylines. The pin of this shackle shall be securely held in place by a cotter key or molle. The heel of the shackle shall encircle the guyline.
(f) Safety straps shall be attached to the guyline which will carry the block in the direction of least hazard to employees. This guyline is usually the guyline nearest the logging lead. Any guyline which is used for this purpose shall not have an extension.
(g) Whenever a safety strap would carry a block or line to a place where employees habitually work, the safety strap shall be 1/2-inch larger than the pulling line, the shackle and block shall be in good condition, and the block shall not be of the swivel type.
(h) Spar tree rigging shall be placed and operated so that lines will not rub or saw other lines, straps, blocks, or other equipment.
(i) Yarding with more than one donkey at one time at any spar tree is prohibited.
(j) Swinging or yarding with a V or diamond lead is prohibited.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6297. Cables and Straps.
(a) Cables or straps which are burned, fatigued, kinked, stranded, chafed or sawed shall be taken out of service or properly repaired before further use.
(b) Under ordinary circumstances, a cable shall not be used when 12 -1/2 percent of the wires are broken within a distance of one rope lay.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6298. Splices.
(a) Long splices shall be used for permanently joining regular lay running line.
(b) The safe margin of line to be used in making a long splice is indicated in the following table. The full length of the splice will be twice that to be unraveled.
Rope To be Rope To be
Diameter Unraveled Diameter Unraveled
1/4-inch.... 5 feet 1 1/4-inch.... 15 feet
1/2-inch.... 7 feet 1 1/2-inch.... 20 feet
3/4-inch.... 9 feet 1 3/4-inch.... 25 feet
1-inch...... 12 feet 2 inches...... 30 feet
(c) Splices other than eye splices in lang lay loading lines are prohibited.
(d) Short splices, eye-to-eye splices, cat's paws, knots or molles, rolled eyes, or wild eyes are prohibited for use in joining lines, except for temporary rigging-up purposes.
(e) Eye splices in all lines and straps shall be tucked at least three times. Eye splices in lang lay lines shall be tucked at least four times.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6299. Straps.
All straps other than spar tree straps shall be at least as strong as the line they hold.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6300. Blocks and Sheaves.
(a) Blocks and sheaves shall be in proportion to the size, strength, and design of the cables used.
(b) Sheaves shall be of mild steel or better, and bearings shall be of a material and type designed for the purpose for which they are being used.
(c) The bearings shall be kept well lubricated; sheaves with badly corrugated cable grooves or grooves smaller than the cable in use, shall not be used.
(d) All blocks shall be designed and maintained to prevent fouling.
(e) The bearing and yoke pins of all blocks shall be securely fastened.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 6301. Shackles, Shoes, and Butt-Rigging.
(a) Tree shoes shall be repaired or replaced when they contain insufficient wood to prevent the line from rubbing on the bolts. The wood shall be well rounded if there is much deflection in the skyline.
(b) All shackles used for joining lines shall have a strength of no less than one and one-half times that of the lines they join.
(c) Shackles used to hang blocks or jacks shall have a strength equal to no less than two times that of the pulling lines.
(d) High lead shackles, skyline shackles, skidder tower shackles, and swivels subjected to heavy strains, shall not be built up by welding. (continued)