Loading (50 kb)...'

(continued)
980.................................... o-chlorotoluene.
990.................................... p-chlorotoluene.
992.................................... Chlorotrifluoromethane.
1000................................... m-cresol.
1010................................... o-cresol.
1020................................... p-cresol.
1021................................... Mixed cresols.
1030................................... Cresylic acid.
1040................................... Crontonaldehyde.
1050................................... Crontonic acid.
1060................................... Cumene.
1070................................... Cumene hydroperoxide.
1080................................... Cyanoacetic acid.
1090................................... Cyanogen chloride.
1100................................... Cyanuric acid.
1110................................... Cyanuric chloride.
1120................................... Cychohexane.
1130................................... Cyclohexanol.
1140................................... Cyclohexanone.
1150................................... Cyclohexene.
1160................................... Cyclohexylamine.
1170................................... Cyclooctadiene.
1180................................... Decanol.
1190................................... Diacetone alcohol.
1200................................... Diaminobenzoic acid.
1210................................... Dichloroaniline.
1215................................... m-dichlorobenzene.
1216................................... o-dichlorobenzene.
1220................................... p-dichlorobenzene.
1221................................... Dichlorodifluoromethane.
1240................................... Dichloroethyl ether 1,2-
dichloroethane.
1250................................... Dichlorohydrin
1270................................... Dichloropropene.
1280................................... Dicyclohexylamine.
1290................................... Diethylamine.
1300................................... Diethylene glycol.
1304................................... Diethylene glycol diethyl
ether.
1305................................... Diethylene glycol dimethyl
ether.
1310................................... Diethylene glycolmonobutyl
ether.
1320................................... Diethylene glycolmonobutyl
ether acetate.
1330................................... Diethylene glycolmonoethyl
ether.
1340................................... Diethylene glycolmonoethyl
ether acetate.
1360................................... Diethylene glycolmonomethyl
ether.
1420................................... Diethyl sulfate.
1430................................... Difluoroethane.
1440................................... Diisobutylene.
1442................................... Diisodecyl phthalate.
1444................................... Diisooctyl phthalate.
1450................................... Diketene.
1460................................... Dimethylamine.
1470................................... N,N-dimethylaniline.
1480................................... N,N-dimethylether.
1490................................... N,N-dimethylformamide.
1495................................... Dimethylhydrazine.
1500................................... Dimethyl sulfate.
1510................................... Dimethyl sulfide.
1520................................... Dimethylsulfoxide.
1530................................... Dimethylterephthalate.
1540................................... 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid.
1545................................... Dinitrophenol.
1560................................... Dioxane.
1570................................... Dioxolane.
1580................................... Diphenylamine.
1590................................... Diphenyl oxide.
1600................................... Diphenyl thiourea.
1610................................... Dipropylene glycol.
1620................................... Dodecene.
1630................................... Dodecylaniline.
1640................................... Dodecylphenol.
1650................................... Epichlorohydrin.
1660................................... Ethanol.
1661................................... Ethanolamines.
1670................................... Ethyl acetate.
1680................................... Ethyl acetoacetate.
1690................................... Ethyl acrylate.
1700................................... Ethylamine.
1710................................... Ethylbenzene.
1720................................... Ethyl bromide.
1730................................... Ethylcellulose.
1740................................... Ethyl chloride.
1750................................... Ethyl chloroacetate.
1760................................... Ethylcyanoacetate.
1770................................... Ethylene.
1780................................... Ethylene carbonate.
1790................................... Ethylene chlorodhydrin.
1800................................... Ethylenediamine.
1810................................... Ethylene dibromide.
1830................................... Ethylene glycol.
1840................................... Ethylene glycol diacetate.
1870................................... Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
1890................................... Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether.
1900................................... Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
acetate.
1910................................... Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether.
1920................................... Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
acetate.
1930................................... Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether.
1940................................... Ethylene glycol monomethyl
ether acetate.
1960................................... Ethylene glycol monophenyl
ether.
1970................................... Ethylene glycol monopropyl
ether.
1980................................... Ethylene oxide.
1990................................... Ethyl ether.
2000................................... 2-ethylhexanol.
2010................................... Ethyl orthoformate.
2020................................... Ethyl oxalate.
2030................................... Ethyl sodium oxalacetate.
2040................................... Formaldehyde.
2050................................... Formamide.
2060................................... Formic acid.
2070................................... Fumaric acid.
2073................................... Furfural.
2090................................... Glycerol (Synthetic).
2091................................... Glycerol dichlorohydrin.
2100................................... Glycerol triether.
2110................................... Glycine.
2120................................... Glyoxal.
2145................................... Hexachlorobenzene.
2150................................... Hexachloroethane.
2160................................... Hexadecyl alcohol.
2165................................... Hexamethylenediamine.
2170................................... Hexamethylene glycol.
2180................................... Hexamethylentetramine.
2190................................... Hydrogen cyanide.
2200................................... Hydroquinone.
2210................................... p-hydroxy-benzoic acid.
2240................................... Isoamylene.
2250................................... Isobutanol.
2260................................... Isobutyl acetate.
2261................................... Isobutylene.
2270................................... Isobutyraldehyde.
2280................................... Isobutyric acid.
2300................................... Isodecanol.
2320................................... Isooctyl alcohol.
2321................................... Isopentane.
2330................................... Isophorone.
2340................................... Isophthalic acid.
2350................................... Isoprene.
2360................................... Isopropanol.
2370................................... Isopropyl acetate.
2380................................... Isopropylamine.
2390................................... Isopropyl chloride.
2400................................... Isopropylphenol.
2410................................... Ketene.
2414................................... Linear alkylsulfonate.
2417................................... Linear alkylbenzene.
2420................................... Maleic acid.
2430................................... Maleic anhydride.
2440................................... Malic acid.
2450................................... Mesityl oxide.
2455................................... Metanilic acid.
2460................................... Methacrylic acid.
2490................................... Methallyl chloride.
2500................................... Methanol.
2510................................... Methyl acetate.
2520................................... Methyl acetoacetate.
2530................................... Methylamine.
2540................................... n-methylaniline.
2545................................... Methyl bromide.
2550................................... Methyl butynol.
2560................................... Methyl chloride.
2570................................... Methyl cyclohexane.
2590................................... Methyl cyclohexanone.
2620................................... Methylene chloride.
2630................................... Methylene dianiline.
2635................................... Methylene diphenyl
diisocyanate.
2640................................... Methyl ethyl ketone.
2644................................... Methyl formate.
2650................................... Methyl isobutyl carbinol.
2660................................... Methyl isobutyl ketone.
2665................................... Methyl methacrylate.
2670................................... Methyl pentynol.
2690................................... a-methyl styrene.
2700................................... Morpholine.
2710................................... a-napthalene sulfonic acid.
2720................................... B-napthalene sulfonic acid.
2730................................... a-naphthol.
2740................................... B-naphthol.
2750................................... Neopentanoic acid.
2756................................... o-nitroaniline.
2757................................... p-nitroaniline.
2760................................... o-nitroanisole.
2762................................... p-nitroanisole.
2770................................... Nitrobenzene.
2780................................... Nitrobenzoic acid (o, m &
p).
2790................................... Nitroethane.
2791................................... Nitromethane.
2792................................... Nitrophenol.
2795................................... Nitropropane.
2800................................... Nitrotoluene.
2810................................... Nonene.
2820................................... Nonyl phenol.
2830................................... Octyl phenol.
2840................................... Paraldehyde.
2850................................... Pentaerythritol.
2851................................... n-pentane.
2855................................... l-pentene.
2860................................... Perchloroethylene.
2882................................... Perchloromethylmercaptan.
2890................................... o-phenetidine.
2900................................... p-phenetidine.
2910................................... Phenol.
2920................................... Phenolsulfonic acids.
2930................................... Phenyl anthranilic acid.
2940................................... Phenylenediamine.
2960................................... Phthalic anhydride.
2970................................... Phthalimide.
2973................................... b-picoline.
2976................................... Piperazine.
3000................................... Polybutenes.
3010................................... Polyethylene glycol.
3025................................... Polypropylene glycol.
3063................................... Propionaldehyde.
3066................................... Propionic acid.
3070................................... n-propyl alcohol.
3075................................... Propylamine.
3080................................... Propyl chloride.
3090................................... Propylene.
3100................................... Propylene chlorohydrin.
3110................................... Propylene dichloride.
3111................................... Propylene glycol.
3120................................... Propylene oxide.
3130................................... Pyridine.
3140................................... Quinone.
3150................................... Resorcinol.
3160................................... Resorcylic acid.
3170................................... Salicylic acid.
3180................................... Sodium acetate.
3181................................... Sodium benzoate.
3190................................... Sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
3191................................... Sodium chloroacetate.
3200................................... Sodium formate.
3210................................... Sodium phenate.
3220................................... Sorbic acid.
3230................................... Styrene.
3240................................... Succinic acid.
3250................................... Succinitrile.
3251................................... Sulfanilic acid.
3260................................... Sulfolane.
3270................................... Tannic acid.
3280................................... Terephthalic acid.
3290 & 3291........................ Tetrachloroethanes.
3300................................... Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride.
3310................................... Tetraethyllead.
3320................................... Tetrahydronaphthalene.
3330................................... Tetrahydrophthalic anhydride.
3335................................... Tetramethyllead.
3340................................... Tetramethylenediamine.
3341................................... Tetramethylethylenediamine.
3349................................... Toluene.
3350................................... Toluene-2,4-diamine.
3354................................... Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate.
3355................................... Toluene diisocyanates
(mixture).
3360................................... Toluene sulfonamide.
3370................................... Toluene sulfonic acids.
3380................................... Toluene sulfonylchloride.
3381................................... Toluidines.
3393................................... Trichlorobenzenes.
3395................................... 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
3400................................... 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
3410................................... Trichloroethylene.
3411................................... Trichlorofluoromethane.
3420................................... 1,2,3-trichloropropane.
3430................................... 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-
trifluoroethane.
3450................................... Triethylamine.
3460................................... Triethylene glycol.
3470................................... Triethylene glycoldimethyl
ether.
3480................................... Triisobutylene.
3490................................... Trimethylamine.
3510................................... Vinyl acetate.
3520................................... Vinyl chloride.
3530................................... Vinylidene chloride.
3540................................... Vinyl toluene.
3541................................... Xylene (mixed).
3560................................... o-xylene.
3570................................... p-xylene.
3580................................... Xylenol.
3590................................... Xylidine, 1,3-butylene glycol,
Dinitrotoluene,
Methyltertbutyl ether,
Phosgene, Polyethylene,
Polypropylene, Polystyrene,
Urea.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The OCPDB Numbers are reference indices assigned to the various
chemicals in the Organic Chemical Producers Data Base developed by the
USEPA.


Appendix B—VOM Measurement Techniques for Capture Efficiency
top
Procedure G.1—Captured VOC Emissions

1. Introduction

1.1 Applicability. This procedure is applicable for determining the volatile organic compounds (VOC) content of captured gas streams. It is intended to be used as a segment in the development of liquid/gas or gas/gas protocols for determining VOC capture efficiency (CE) for surface coating and printing operations. The procedure may not be acceptable in certain site-specific situations, e.g., when: (1) Direct fired heaters or other circumstances affect the quantity of VOC at the control device inlet; and (2) particulate organic aerosols are formed in the process and are present in the captured emissions.

1.2 Principle. The amount of VOC captured (G) is calculated as the sum of the products of the VOC content (CGj), the flow rate (QGj), and the sample time (TC) from each captured emissions point.

1.3 Estimated measurement uncertainty. The measurement uncertainties are estimated for each captured or fugitive emissions point as follows: QGj=±5.5 percent and CGj=±5.0 percent. Based on these numbers, the probable uncertainty for G is estimated at about ±7.4 percent.

1.4 Sampling requirements. A capture efficiency test shall consist of at least three sampling runs. The sampling time for each run should be at least 8 hours, unless otherwise approved.

1.5 Notes. Because this procedure is often applied in highly explosive areas, caution and care should be exercised in choosing appropriate equipment and installing and using the equipment. Mention of trade names or company products does not constitute endorsement. All gas concentrations (percent, ppm) are by volume, unless otherwise noted.

2. Apparatus and Reagents

2.1 Gas VOC concentration. A schematic of the measurement system is shown in Figure 1. The main components are described below:

2.1.1 Sample probe. Stainless steel, or equivalent. The probe shall be heated to prevent VOC condensation.

2.1.2 Calibration valve assembly. Three-way valve assembly at the outlet of sample probe to direct the zero and calibration gases to the analyzer. Other methods, such as quick-connect lines, to route calibration gases to the outlet of the sample probe are acceptable.

2.1.3 Sample line. Stainless steel or Teflon tubing to transport the sample gas to the analyzer. The sample line must be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.4 Sample pump. A lead-free pump, to pull the sample gas through the system at a flow rate sufficient to minimize the response time of the measurement system. The components of the pump that contact the gas stream shall be constructed of stainless steel or Teflon. The sample pump must be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.5 Sample flow rate control. A sample flow rate control valve and rotameter, or equivalent, to maintain a constant sampling rate within 10 percent. The flow rate control valve and rotameter must be heated to prevent condensation. A control valve may also be located on the sample pump bypass loop to assist in controlling the sample pressure and flow rate.

2.1.6 Sample gas manifold. Capable of diverting a portion of the sample gas stream to the flame ionization analyzer (FIA), and the remainder to the bypass discharge vent. The manifold components shall be constructed of stainless steel or Teflon. If captured or fugitive emissions are to be measured at multiple locations, the measurement system shall be designed to use separate sampling probes, lines, and pumps for each measurement location and a common sample gas manifold and FIA. The sample gas manifold and connecting lines to the FIA must be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.7 Organic concentration analyzer. An FIA with a span value of 1.5 times the expected concentration as propane; however, other span values may be used if it can be demonstrated that they would provide more accurate measurements.

The system shall be capable of meeting or exceeding the following specifications:

2.1.7.1 Zero drift. Less than ±3.0 percent of the span value.

2.1.7.2 Calibration drift. Less than ±3.0 percent of the span value.

2.1.7.3 Calibration error. Less than ±5.0 percent of the calibration gas value.

2.1.7.4 Response time. Less than 30 seconds.

2.1.8 Integrator/data acquisition system. An analog or digital device or computerized data acquisition system used to integrate the FIA response or compute the average response and record measurement data. The minimum data sampling frequency for computing average or integrated values is one measurement value every 5 seconds. The device shall be capable of recording average values at least once per minute.

2.1.9 Calibration and other gases. Gases used for calibration, fuel, and combustion air (if required) are contained in compressed gas cylinders. All calibration gases shall be traceable to NIST standards and shall be certified by the manufacturer to ±1 percent of the tag value. Additionally, the manufacturer of the cylinder should provide a recommended shelf life for each calibration gas cylinder over which the concentration does not change more than ±2 percent from the certified value. For calibration gas values not generally available, alternative methods for preparing calibration gas mixtures, such as dilution systems, may be used with prior approval.

2.1.9.1 Fuel. A 40 percent H2/60 percent He or 40 percent H2/60 percent N2 gas mixture is recommended to avoid an oxygen synergism effect that reportedly occurs when oxygen concentration varies significantly from a mean value.

2.1.9.2 Carrier gas. High purity air with less than 1 ppm of organic material (as propane or carbon equivalent) or less than 0.1 percent of the span value, whichever is greater.

2.1.9.3 FIA Linearity calibration gases. Low-, mid-, and high-range gas mixture standards with nominal propane concentrations of 20–30, 45–55, and 70–80 percent of the span value in air, respectively. Other calibration values and other span values may be used if it can be shown that more accurate measurements would be achieved.

2.1.10 Particulate filter. An in-stack or an out-of-stack glass fiber filter is recommended if exhaust gas particulate loading is significant. An out-of-stack filter must be heated to prevent any condensation unless it can be demonstrated that no condensation occurs.

2.2 Captured emissions volumetric flow rate.

2.2.1 Method 2 or 2A apparatus. For determining volumetric flow rate.

2.2.2 Method 3 apparatus and reagents. For determining molecular weight of the gas stream. An estimate of the molecular weight of the gas stream may be used if it can be justified.

2.2.3 Method 4 apparatus and reagents. For determining moisture content, if necessary.

3. Determinations of Volumetric Flow Rate of Captured Emissions

3.1 Locate all points where emissions are captured from the affected facility. Using Method 1, determine the sampling points. Be sure to check each site for cyclonic or swirling flow.

3.2 Measure the velocity at each sampling site at least once every hour during each sampling run using Method 2 or 2A.

4. Determinations of VOC Content of Captured Emissions

4.1 Analysis duration. Measure the VOC responses at each captured emissions point during the entire test run or, if applicable, while the process is operating. If there are multiple captured emission locations, design a sampling system to allow a single FIA to be used to determine the VOC responses at all sampling locations.

4.2 Gas VOC concentration.

4.2.1 Assemble the sample train as shown in Figure 1. Calibrate the FIA according to the procedure in section 5.1.

4.2.2 Conduct a system check according to the procedure in section 5.3.

4.2.3 Install the sample probe so that the probe is centrally located in the stack, pipe, or duct, and is sealed tightly at the stack port connection.

4.2.4 Inject zero gas at the calibration valve assembly. Allow the measurement system response to reach zero. Measure the system response time as the time required for the system to reach the effluent concentration after the calibration valve has been returned to the effluent sampling position.

4.2.5 Conduct a system check before and a system check after each sampling run according to the procedures in sections 5.2 and 5.3. If the drift check following a run indicates unacceptable performance, the run is not valid. The tester may elect to perform system drift checks during the run not to exceed one drift check per hour.

4.2.6 Verify that the sample lines, filter, and pump temperatures are 120 ±5 °C.

4.2.7 Begin sampling at the start of the test period and continue to sample during the entire run. Record the starting and ending times and any required process information as appropriate. If multiple captured emission locations are sampled using a single FIA, sample at each location for the same amount of time (e.g., 2 minutes) and continue to switch from one location to another for the entire test run. Be sure that total sampling time at each location is the same at the end of the test run. Collect at least 4 separate measurements from each sample point during each hour of testing. Disregard the measurements at each sampling location until two times the response time of the measurement system has elapsed. Continue sampling for at least 1 minute and record the concentration measurements.

4.3 Background concentration.

4.3.1 Locate all NDO's of the TTE. A sampling point shall be centrally located outside of the TTE at 4 equivalent diameters from each NDO, if possible. If there are more than 6 NDO's, choose 6 sampling points evenly spaced among the NDO's.

4.3.2 Assemble the sample train as shown in Figure 2. Calibrate the FIA and conduct a system check according to the procedures in sections 5.1 and 5.3.

Note: This sample train shall be a separate sampling train from the one to measure the captured emissions.

4.3.3 Position the probe at the sampling location.

4.3.4 Determine the response time, conduct the system check and sample according to the procedures described in sections 4.2.4 to 4.2.7.

4.4 Alternative procedure. The direct interface sampling and analysis procedure described in section 7.2 of Method 18 may be used to determine the gas VOC concentration. The system must be designed to collect and analyze at least one sample every 10 minutes.

5. Calibration and Quality Assurance

5.1 FIA calibration and linearity check. Make necessary adjustments to the air and fuel supplies for the FIA and ignite the burner. Allow the FIA to warm up for the period recommended by the manufacturer. Inject a calibration gas into the measurement system and adjust the back-pressure regulator to the value required to achieve the flow rates specified by the manufacturer. Inject the zero- and the high-range calibration gases and adjust the analyzer calibration to provide the proper responses. Inject the low- and mid-range gases and record the responses of the measurement system. The calibration and linearity of the system are acceptable if the responses for all four gases are within 5 percent of the respective gas values. If the performance of the system is not acceptable, repair or adjust the system and repeat the linearity check. Conduct a calibration and linearity check after assembling the analysis system and after a major change is made to the system.

5.2 Systems drift checks. Select the calibration gas that most closely approximates the concentration of the captured emissions for conducting the drift checks. Introduce the zero and calibration gas at the calibration valve assembly and verify that the appropriate gas flow rate and pressure are present at the FIA. Record the measurement system responses to the zero and calibration gases. The performance of the system is acceptable if the difference between the drift check measurement and the value obtained in section 5.1 is less than 3 percent of the span value. Conduct the system drift checks at the end of each run.

5.3 System check. Inject the high range calibration gas at the inlet to the sampling probe while the dilution air is turned off. Record the response. The performance of the system is acceptable if the measurement system response is within 5 percent of the value obtained in section 5.1 for the high range calibration gas. Conduct a system check before and after each test run.

5.4 Analysis audit. Immediately before each test analyze an audit cylinder as described in section 5.2. The analysis audit must agree with the audit cylinder concentration within 10 percent.

6. Nomenclature

Ai=area of NDO i, ft 2 .

AN=total area of all NDO's in the enclosure, ft 2 .

CBi=corrected average VOC concentration of background emissions at point i, ppm propane.

CB=average background concentration, ppm propane.

CGj=corrected average VOC concentration of captured emissions at point j, ppm propane.

CDH=average measured concentration for the drift check calibration gas, ppm propane.

CDO=average system drift check concentration for zero concentration gas, ppm propane.

CH=actual concentration of the drift check calibration gas, ppm propane.

Ci=uncorrected average background VOC concentration measured at point i, ppm propane.

Cj=uncorrected average VOC concentration measured at point j, ppm propane.

G=total VOC content of captured emissions, kg.

K1=1.830×10-6 kg/ (m 3 -ppm).

n=number of measurement points.

QGj=average effluent volumetric flow rate corrected to standard conditions at captured emissions point j, m 3 /min.

TC=total duration of captured emissions sampling run, min.

7. Calculations

7.1 Total VOC captured emissions.


7.2 VOC concentration of the captured emissions at point j.


7.3. Background VOC concentration at point i.


7.4 Average background concentration.


Note: If the concentration at each point is with in 20 percent of the average concentration of all points, the terms “Ai” and “AN” may be deleted from Equation 4.

Procedure G.2—Captured VOC Emissions (Dilution Technique)

1. Introduction

1.1 Applicability. This procedure is applicable for determining the volatile organic compounds (VOC) content of captured gas streams. It is intended to be used as a segment in the development of a gas/gas protocol in which fugitive emissions are measured for determining VOC capture efficiency (CE) for surface coating and printing operations. A dilution system is used to reduce the VOC concentration of the captured emission to about the same concentration as the fugitive emission. The procedure may not be acceptable in certain site-specific situations, e.g., when: (1) Direct fired heaters or other circumstances affect the quantity of VOC at the control device inlet; and (2) particulate organic aerosols are formed in the process and are present in the captured emissions.

1.2 Principle. The amount of VOC captured (G) is calculated as the sum of the products of the VOC content (CGj), the flow rate (QGj), and the sampling time (TC) from each captured emissions point.

1.3 Estimated measurement uncertainty. The measurement uncertainties are estimated for each captured or fugitive emissions point as follows: OGj=±5.5 percent and CGj=±5 percent. Based on these numbers, the probable uncertainty for G is estimated at about ±7.4 percent.

1.4 Sampling requirements. A capture efficiency test shall consist of at least three sampling runs. The sampling time for each run should be at least 8 hours, unless otherwise approved.

1.5 Notes. Because this procedure is often applied in highly explosive areas, caution and care should be exercised in choosing appropriate equipment and installing and using the equipment. Mention of trade names or company products does not constitute endorsement. All gas concentrations (percent, ppm) are by volume, unless otherwise noted.

2. Apparatus and Reagents

2.1 Gas VOC concentration. A schematic of the measurement system is shown in Figure 1. The main components are described below:

2.1.1 Dilution system. A Kipp in-stack dilution probe and controller or similar device may be used. The dilution rate may be changed by substituting different critical orifices or adjustments of the aspirator supply pressure. The dilution system shall be heated to prevent VOC condensation.

Note: An out-of-stack dilution device may be used.

2.1.2 Calibration valve assembly. Three-way valve assembly at the outlet of sample probe to direct the zero and calibration gases to the analyzer. Other methods, such as quick-connect lines, to route calibration gases to the outlet of the sample probe are acceptable.

2.1.3 Sample line. Stainless steel or Teflon tubing to transport the sample gas to the analyzer. The sample line must be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.4 Sample pump. A leak-free pump, to pull the sample gas through the system at a flow rate sufficient to minimize the response time of the measurement system. The components of the pump that contract the gas stream shall be constructed of stainless steel or Teflon. The sample pump must be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.5 Sample flow rate control. A sample flow rate control valve and rotameter, or equivalent, to maintain a constant sampling rate within 10 percent. The flow control valve and rotameter must be heated to prevent condensation. A control valve may also be located on the sample pump bypass loop to assist in controlling the sample pressure and flow rate.

2.1.6 Sample gas manifold. Capable of diverting a portion of the sample gas stream to the flame ionization analyzer (FIA), and the remainder to the bypass discharge vent. The manifold components shall be constructed of stainless steel or Teflon. If captured or fugitive emissions are to be measured at multiple locations, the measurement system shall be designed to use separate sampling probes, lines, and pumps for each measurement location and a common sample gas manifold and FIA. The sample gas manifold and connecting lines to the FIA must be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.7 Organic concentration analyzer. An FIA with a span value of 1.5 times the expected concentration as propane; however, other span values may be used if it can be demonstrated that they would provide more accurate measurements.

The system shall be capable of meeting or exceeding the following specifications:

2.1.7.1 Zero drift. Less than ±3.0 percent of the span value.

2.1.7.2 Calibration drift. Less than ±3.0 percent of the span value.

2.1.7.3 Calibration error. Less than ±5.0 percent of the calibration gas value.

2.1.7.4 Response time. Less than 30 seconds.

2.1.7.8 Integrator/data acquisition system. An analog or digital device or computerized data acquisition system used to integrate the FIA response or compute the average response and record measurement data. The minimum data sampling frequency for computing average or integrated values is one measurement value every 5 seconds. The device shall be capable of recording average values at least once per minute.

2.1.9 Calibration and other gases. Gases used for calibration, fuel, and combustion air (if required) are contained in compressed gas cylinders. All calibration gases shall be traceable to NIST standards and shall be certified by the manufacturer to ±1 percent of the tag value. Additionally, the manufacturer of the cylinder should provide a recommended shelf life for each calibration gas cylinder over which the concentration does not change more than ±2 percent from the certified value. For calibration gas values not generally available, alternative methods for preparing calibration gas mixtures, such as dilution system, may be used with prior approval.

2.1.9.1 Fuel. A 40 percent H2/60 percent He or 40 percent H2/60 percent N2 gas mixture is recommended to avoid an oxygen synergism effect that reportedly occurs when oxygen concentration varies signficantly from a mean value.

2.1.9.2. Carrier gas and dilution air supply. High purity air with less than 1 ppm of organic material (as propane or carbon equivalent) or less than 0.1 percent of the span value, whichever is greater.

2.1.9.3 FIA linearity calibration gases. Low-, mid-, and high-range gas mixture standards with nominal propane concentrations of 20–30, 45–55, and 70–80 percent of the span value in air, respectively. Other calibration values and other span values may be used if it can be shown that more accurate measurements would be achieved.

2.1.9.4 Dilution check gas. Gas mixture standard containing propane in air, approximately half the span value after dilution.

2.1.10 Particulate filter. An in-stack or an out-of-stack glass fiber filter is recommended if exhaust gas particulate loading is significant. An out-of-stack filter must be heated to prevent any condensation unless it can be demonstrated that no condensation occurs.

2.2 Captured emissions volumetric flow rate.

2.2.1 Method 2 or 2A apparatus. For determining volumetric flow rate.

2.2.2 Method 3 apparatus and reagents. For determining molecular weight of the gas stream. An estimate of the molecular weight of the gas stream may be used if it can be justified.

2.2.3 Method 4 apparatus and reagents. For determining moisture content, if necessary.

3. Determination of Volumetric Flow Rate of Captured Emissions

3.1 Locate all points where emissions are captured from the affected facility. Using Method 1, determine the sampling points. Be sure to check each site for cyclonic or swirling flow.

3.2 Measure the velocity at each sampling site at least once every hour during each sampling run using Method 2 or 2A.

4. Determination of VOC Content of Captured Emissions

4.1 Analysis duration. Measure the VOC responses at each captured emissions point during the entire test run or, if applicable, while the process is operating. If there are multiple captured emissions locations, design a sampling system to allow a single FIA to be used to determine the VOC responses at all sampling locations.

4.2 Gas VOC concentration.

4.2.1 Assemble the sample train as shown in Figure 1. Calibrate the FIA according to the procedure in section 5.1.

4.2.2 Set the dilution ratio and determine the dilution factor according to the procedure in section 5.3.

4.2.3 Conduct a system check according to the procedure in section 5.4.

4.2.4 Install the sample probe so that the probe is centrally located in the stack, pipe, or duct, and is sealed tightly at the stack port connection.

4.2.5 Inject zero gas at the calibration valve assembly. Measure the system response time as the time required for the system to reach the effluent concentration after the calibration valve has been returned to the effluent sampling position.

4.2.6 Conduct a system check before and a system drift check after each sampling run according to the procedures in sections 5.2 and 5.4. If the drift check following a run indicates unacceptable performance, the run is not valid. The tester may elect to perform system drift checks during the run not to exceed one drift check per hour.

4.2.7 Verify that the sample lines, filter, and pump temperatures are 120 ±5 °C.

4.2.8 Begin sampling at the start of the test period and continue to sample during the entire run. Record the starting and ending times and any required process information as appropriate. If multiple captured emission locations are sampled using a single FIA, sample at each location for the same amount of time (e.g., 2 minutes) and continue to switch from one location to another for the entire test run. Be sure that total sampling time at each location is the same at the end of the test run. Collect at least 4 separate measurements from each sample point during each hour of testing. Disregard the measurements at each sampling location until two times the response time of the measurement system has elapsed. Continue sampling for at least 1 minute and record the concentration measurements.

4.3 Background concentration.

4.3.1 Locate all NDO's of the TTE. A sampling point shall be centrally located outside of the TTE at 4 equivalent diameters from each NDO, if possible. If there are more than 6 NDO's, choose 6 sampling points evenly spaced among the NDO's.

4.3.2 Assemble the sample train as shown in Figure 2. Calibrate the FIA and conduct a system check according to the procedures in sections 5.1 and 5.4.

4.3.3 Position the probe at the sampling location.

4.3.4 Determine the response time, conduct the system check and sample according to the procedures described in sections 4.2.4 to 4.2.8.

4.4 Alternative procedure. The direct interface sampling and analysis procedure described in section 7.2 of Method 18 may be used to determine the gas VOC concentration. The system must be designed to collect and analyze at least one sample every 10 minutes.

5. Calibration and Quality Assurance

5.1 FIA Calibration and linearity check. Make necessary adjustments to the air and fuel supplies for the FIA and ignite the burner. Allow the FIA to warm up for the period recommended by the manufacturer. Inject a calibration gas into the measurement system after the dilution system and adjust the back-pressure regulator to the value required to achieve the flow rates specified by the manufacturer. Inject the zero- and the high-range calibration gases and adjust the analyzer calibration to provide the proper responses. Inject the low- and mid-range gases and record the responses of the measurement system. The calibration and linearity of the system are acceptable if the responses for all four gases are within 5 percent of the respective gas values. If the performance of the system is not acceptable, repair or adjust the system and repeat the linearity check. Conduct a calibration and linearity check after assembling the analysis system and after a major change is made to the system.

5.2 Systems drift checks. Select the calibration gas that most closely approximates the concentration of the diluted captured emissions for conducting the drift checks. Introduce the zero and calibration gas at the calibration valve assembly and verify that the appropriate gas flow rate and pressure are present at the FIA. Record the measurement system responses to the zero and calibration gases. The performance of the system is acceptable if the difference between the drift check measurement and the value obtained in section 5.1 is less than 3 percent of the span value. Conduct the system drift check at the end of each run.

5.3 Determination of dilution factor. Inject the dilution check gas into the measurement system before the dilution system and record the response. Calculate the dilution factor using Equation 3.

5.4 System check. Inject the high range calibration gas at the inlet to the sampling probe while the dilution air is turned off. Record the response. The performance of the system is acceptable if the measurement system response is within 5 percent of the value obtained in section 5.1 for the high range calibration gas. Conduct a system check before and after each test run.

5.5 Analysis audit. Immediately before each test analyze an audit cylinder as described in section 5.2. The analysis audit must agree with the audit cylinder concentration within 10 percent.

6. Nomenclature

Ai=area of NDO i, ft 2 .

AN=total area of all NDO's in the enclosure, ft 2 .

CA=actual concentration of the dilution check gas, ppm propane.

CBi=corrected average VOC concentration of background emissions at point i, ppm propane.

CB=average background concentration, ppm propane.

CDH=average measured concentration for the drift check calibration gas, ppm propane.

CDO=average system drift check concentration for zero concentration gas, ppm propane.

CH=actual concentration of the drift check calibration, gas, ppm propane.

Ci=uncorrected average background VOC concentration measured at point i, ppm propane.

Cj=uncorrected average VOC concentration measured at point j, ppm propane.

CM=measured concentration of the dilution check gas, ppm propane.

DF=dilution factor.

G=total VOC content of captured emissions, kg.

K1=1.830 × 10-6 kg/(m 3 -ppm).

n=number of measurement points.

QGj=average effluent volumetric flow rate corrected to standard conditions at captured emissions point j, m 3 /min.

TC=total duration of capture efficiency sampling run, min.

7. Calculations

7.1 Total VOC captured emissions.


7.2 VOC concentration of the captured emissions to point j.


7.3 Dilution factor.


7.4 Background VOC concentration at point i.


7.5 Average background concentration.


Note: If the concentration at each point is within 20 percent of the average concentration of all points, the terms “Ai” and “AN” may be deleted from Equation 4.



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Procedure F.2—Fugitive VOC Emissions from Building Enclosures

1. Introduction

1.1 Applicability. This procedure is applicable for determining the fugitive volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions from a building enclosure (BE). It is intended to be used as a segment in the development of liquid/gas or gas/gas protocols for determining VOC capture efficiency (CE) for surface coating and printing operations.

1.2 Principle. The total amount of fugitive VOC emissions (FB) from the BE is calculated as the sum of the products of the VOC content (CFj) of each fugitive emissions point, its flow rate (QFj), and time (TF).

1.3 Measurement uncertainty. The measurement uncertainties are estimated for each fugitive emissions point as follows: QFj=±5.0 percent and CFj=±5.0 percent. Based on these numbers, the probable uncertainty for FB is estimated at about ±11.2 percent.

1.4 Sampling requirements. A capture efficiency test shall consist of at least three sampling runs. The sampling time for each run should be at least 8 hours, unless otherwise approved.

1.5 Notes. Because this procedure is often applied in highly explosive areas, caution and care should be exercised in choosing appropriate equipment and installing and using the equipment. Mention of trade names or company products does not constitute endorsement. All gas concentrations (percent, ppm) are by volume, unless otherwise noted.

2. Apparatus and Reagents

2.1 Gas VOC concentration. A schematic of the measurement system is shown in Figure 1. The main components are described below:

2.1.1 Sample probe. Stainless steel, or equivalent. The probe shall be heated to prevent VOC condensation.

2.1.2 Calibration valve assembly. Three-way valve assembly at the outlet of sample probe to direct the zero and calibration gases to the analyzer. Other methods, such as quick-connect lines, to route calibration gases to the outlet of the sample probe are acceptable.

2.1.3 Sample line. Stainless steel or Teflon tubing to transport the sample gas to the analyzer. The sample line must be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.4 Sample pump. A leak-free pump, to pull the sample gas through the system at a flow rate sufficient to minimize the response time of the measurement system. The components of the pump that contact the gas stream shall be constructed of staimust be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.5 Sample flow rate control. A sample flow rate control valve and rotameter, or equivalent, to maintain a constant sampling rate within 10 percent. The flow rate control valve and rotameter must be heated to prevent condensation. A control valve may also be located on the sample pump bypass loop to assist in controlling the sample pressure and flow rate.

2.1.6 Sample gas manifold. Capable of diverting a portion of the sample gas stream to the flame ionization analyzer (FIA), and the remainder to the bypass discharge vent. The manifold components shall be constructed of stainless steel or Teflon. If emissions are to be measured at multiple locations, the measurement system shall be designed to use separate sampling probes, lines, and pumps for each measurement location and a common sample gas manifold and FIA. The sample gas manifold must be heated to prevent condensation.

2.1.7 Organic Concentration Analyzer.An FIA with a span value of 1.5 times the expected concentration as propane; however, other span values may be used if it can be demonstrated that they would provide more accurate measurements. The system shall be capable or exceeding the following specifications: (continued)