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(continued)
(4) If compositing is allowed at a sampling site, by the results of a composite of four consecutive quarterly samples.
(5) If the system can provide documentation that a sample was subject to sampling or analytical errors, the Department may invalidate the result based on its review of the documentation, the sampling result, and the historical sampling data.
(6) Each system shall ensure that the laboratory analyzing its samples collected for compliance with this article calculates and reports the sample-specific Minimum Detectable Activity at the 95% confidence level (MDA95) along with the sample results. The MDA95shall not exceed the DLR and shall be calculated as described in ANSI N42.23 Measurement and Associated Instrumentation Quality Assurance for Radiobioassay Laboratories, Appendix A.7.6 (September 10, 1995).
Note: Authority cited: Sections 116325, 116350 and 116375, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116275, 116365 and 116385, Health and Safety Code.
s 64443. MCLs and Monitoring - Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity.
(a) Each community and nontransient-noncommunity water system (system) shall comply with the primary MCLs in table 64443 and use the DLRs for reporting monitoring results:
Table 64443
Radionuclide Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Detection Levels for
Purposes of Reporting (DLRs)
(b) Each system designated by the Department as vulnerable to contamination by nuclear facilities and/or a determination of vulnerability by a Source Water Assessment, as defined in section 63000.84, shall monitor to determine compliance with the MCLs in table 64443, as follows:
(1) Beginning within one quarter after being notified by the Department that the system is vulnerable, quarterly for beta/photon emitters and annually for tritium and strontium-90 at each water source, or every entry point to the distribution system that is representative of all sources being used under normal operating conditions, and shall conduct all monitoring at the same sample site(s) unless a change is approved by the Department, based on a review of the system and its historical water quality data;
(2) For quarterly monitoring, during the same month (first, second or third) of each quarter during each quarter monitored; and
(3) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally-occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity at a sampling site has a running annual average less than or equal to 50 pCi/L (screening level), reduce monitoring to a single sample for beta/photon emitters, tritium and strontium-90 once every three years (compliance monitoring period).
(c) Each system designated by the Department as utilizing waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities on the basis of analytical data and/or a Source Water Assessment, shall:
(1) Beginning within one quarter after being notified by the Department of the above designation, monitor on an ongoing basis pursuant to paragraphs (A) through (C) at each sampling site:
(A) For beta/photon emitters, quarterly by analyzing three monthly samples and averaging the results or by analyzing a composite of three monthly samples;
(B) For iodine-131, quarterly by analyzing a composite of five consecutive daily samples, unless the Department has directed the system to do more frequent monitoring based on a detection of iodine-131 in the sampled water; and
(C) For strontium-90 and tritium, annually by analyzing four quarterly samples and averaging the results or by analyzing a composite of four quarterly samples.
(2) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally-occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity at a sampling site has a running annual average (computed quarterly) less than or equal to 15 pCi/L (screening level), reduce the frequency of monitoring to a single sample for beta/photon emitters, iodine-131, strontium-90 and tritium once every three years (compliance monitoring period).
(d) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally-occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity exceeds a system's screening level pursuant to Subsection (b)(3) or (c)(2):
(1) The sample shall be analyzed to identify the primary radionuclides present and the doses shall be calculated and summed to determine compliance with the MCL for beta particle/photon radioactivity; and
(2) Except for strontium-90 and tritium for which the MCLs provide the average annual concentrations assumed to produce a total body or organ dose equivalent to 4 millirem/year, the concentration of manmade radionuclides shall be calculated on the basis of 2 liters per day drinking water intake using the 168 hour data list in "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure," NBS (National Bureau of Standards) Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S. Department of Commerce. (See Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, section 141.66(d)(2).)
(e) If a system analyzes for naturally-occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity from the same or equivalent samples used for the gross beta particle activity analysis, the potassium-40 beta particle activity shall be calculated by multiplying elemental potassium concentrations (in mg/L) by a factor of 0.82 pCi/mg.
(f) A system required to monitor under this section may use environmental surveillance data (collected by the nuclear facility to detect any radionuclide contamination) in lieu of monitoring, subject to the Department's determination that the data is applicable to the system based on a review of the data and the hydrogeology of the area. In the event that there is a release of radioactivity or radioactive contaminants from the nuclear facility, a system using environmental surveillance data shall begin the monitoring in paragraph (b)(1) or (c)(1)(A) through (C), whichever is most applicable.
(g) If a sample result is greater than an MCL:
(1) Compliance shall be determined as follows:
(A) At each sampling site, based on the analytical results for that site. Any confirmation sample result shall be averaged with the initial result.
(B) Using all monitoring results collected under this article during the previous 12 months, even if more than the minimum required number of samples was collected.
(C) By a running annual average of four consecutive quarters of sampling results where quarterly monitoring is required, or by an annual sample when applicable for tritium and strontium-90. Averages shall be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the MCL for which compliance is being determined.
1. If any sample result will cause the annual average at any sample site to exceed the MCL, the system shall be out of compliance immediately after being notified of the result;
2. If a system has not analyzed the required number of samples, compliance shall be determined by the average of the samples collected at the site during the most recent 12 months; and
3. If a sample result is less than the DLR in 64443, zero shall be used to calculate the annual average.
(D) If the system can provide documentation that a sample was subject to sampling or analytical errors, the Department may invalidate the result based on its review of the documentation, the sampling result, and the historical sampling data.
(E) Each system shall ensure that the laboratory analyzing its samples collected for compliance with this article calculates and reports the sample-specific Minimum Detectable Activity at the 95% confidence level (MDA95) along with the sample results. The MDA95shall not exceed the DLR and is calculated as described in ANSI N42.23 Measurement and Associated Instrumentation Quality Assurance for Radiobioassay Laboratories, Appendix A.7.6. (September 10, 1995).
(2) If a sample has a gross beta/photon radioactivity level greater than the MCL:
(A) A system shall monitor monthly beginning the month after receiving a result greater than the MCL and continue monthly monitoring until an average of three consecutive monthly sample results does not exceed the MCL;
(B) The system shall then monitor quarterly until the average of four consecutive quarterly sample results does not exceed the MCL; and
(C) Subsequently, the system shall conduct the monitoring in paragraph (b)(1) or (c)(1)(A) through (C), whichever is most applicable.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 116325, 116350 and 116375, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116275, 116365 and 116385, Health and Safety Code; and Section 141.66(d)(2), Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations.
s 64444. Maximum Contaminant Levels -Organic Chemicals.
The MCLs for the primary drinking water chemicals shown in Table 64444-A shall not be exceeded in the water supplied to the public.
Table 64444-A Maximum Contaminant Levels Organic Chemicals
Maximum
Contaminant
Chemical Level, mg/L
(a) Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
Benzene............................................ 0.001
Carbon Tetrachloride............................... 0.0005
1,2-Dichlorobenzene................................ 0.6
1,4-Dichlorobenzene................................ 0.005
1,1-Dichloroethane................................. 0.005
1,2-Dichloroethane................................. 0.0005
1,1-Dichloroethylene............................... 0.006
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene........................... 0.006
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene......................... 0.01
Dichloromethane.................................... 0.005
1,2-Dichloropropane................................ 0.005
1,3-Dichloropropene................................ 0.0005
Ethylbenzene....................................... 0.3
Methyl-tert-butyl ether............................ 0.013
Monochlorobenzene.................................. 0.07
Styrene............................................ 0.1
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane.......................... 0.001
Tetrachloroethylene................................ 0.005
Toluene............................................ 0.15
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene............................. 0.005
1,1,1-Trichloroethane.............................. 0.200
1,1,2-Trichloroethane.............................. 0.005
Trichloroethylene.................................. 0.005
Trichlorofluoromethane............................. 0.15
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane.............. 1.2
Vinyl Chloride..................................... 0.0005
Xylenes............................................ 1.750 [FNa1]
(b) Non-Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
Alachlor........................................... 0.002
Atrazine........................................... 0.001
Bentazon........................................... 0.018
Benzo(a)pyrene..................................... 0.0002
Carbofuran......................................... 0.018
Chlordane.......................................... 0.0001
2,4-D.............................................. 0.07
Dalapon............................................ 0.2
Dibromochloropropane............................... 0.0002
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate............................ 0.4
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.......................... 0.004
Dinoseb............................................ 0.007
Diquat............................................. 0.02
Endothall.......................................... 0.1
Endrin............................................. 0.002
Ethylene Dibromide................................. 0.00005
Glyphosate......................................... 0.7
Heptachlor......................................... 0.00001
Heptachlor Epoxide................................. 0.00001
Hexachlorobenzene.................................. 0.001
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene.......................... 0.05
Lindane............................................ 0.0002
Methoxychlor....................................... 0.03
Molinate........................................... 0.02
Oxamyl............................................. 0.05
Pentachlorophenol.................................. 0.001
Picloram........................................... 0.5
Polychlorinated Biphenyls.......................... 0.0005
Simazine........................................... 0.004
Thiobencarb........................................ 0.07
Toxaphene.......................................... 0.003
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin).............................. 3x10 [FN-8]
2,4,5-TP (Silvex).................................. 0.05
[FNa1] MCL is for either a single isomer or the sum of the isomers.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350 and 116365, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116365, 116385 and 116555, Health and Safety Code.
s 64444.5. Maximum Contaminant Levels.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 208, 4021 and 4023.1, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 4017, 4023.1 and 4024, Health and Safety Code.
s 64445. Initial Sampling -Organic Chemicals.
(a) Each community and nontransient-noncommunity water system shall collect four quarterly samples during the year designated by the Department of each compliance period beginning with the compliance period starting January 1, 1993, from each water source at a site prior to any treatment and test for all applicable organic chemicals listed in Table 64444-A. The Department will designate the year based on historical monitoring frequency and laboratory capacity. For surface sources, the samples shall be taken at each water intake. For groundwater sources, the samples shall be taken at each well head. Where multiple intakes or wells draw from the same water supply, the Department will consider sampling of representative sources as a means of complying with this section. Selection of representative sources shall be based on evidence which includes a hydrogeological survey and sampling results. Wells shall be allowed to flow for a minimum of 15 minutes before sampling to insure that the samples reflect the water quality of the source. In place of water source samples, a supplier may collect samples at sites located at the entry points to the distribution system. The samples shall be representative of each source after treatment. The system shall collect each sample at the same sampling site, unless a change is approved by the Department.
(b) For any organic chemical added to Table 64444-A, the water system shall initiate the quarterly monitoring for that chemical in January of the calendar year after the effective date of the MCL.
(c) A water system may request approval from the Department to composite samples from up to five sampling sites, provided that the number of the sites to be composited is less than the ratio of the MCL to the DLR in Section 64445.1. Approval will be based on a review of three years of historical data, well construction and aquifer information for groundwater, and intake location, similarity of sources, and watershed characteristics for surface water. Compositing shall be done in the laboratory and analyses shall be conducted within 14 days of sample collection.
(1) Systems serving more than 3,300 persons shall composite only from sampling sites within a single system. Systems serving 3,300 persons or less may composite among different systems up to the 5-sample limit.
(2) If any organic chemical is detected in the composite sample, a follow-up sample shall be analyzed within 14 days from each sampling site included in the composite for the contaminants which were detected. The water supplier shall report the results to the Department within 14 days of the follow-up sample collection. If available, duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling site used in the composite may be used instead of resampling.
(d) A water system may apply to the Department for a monitoring waiver for one or more of the organic chemicals on Table 64444-A in accordance with the following:
(1) A source may be eligible for a waiver if it can be documented that the chemical has not been previously used, manufactured, transported, stored, or disposed of within the watershed or zone of influence and, therefore, that the source can be designated nonvulnerable.
(2) If previous use of the chemical locally is unknown or the chemical is known to have been used previously and the source cannot be designated nonvulnerable pursuant to Paragraph (d)(1), it may still be eligible for a waiver based on a review related to susceptibility to contamination. The application to the Department for a waiver based on susceptibility shall include the following:
(A) Previous monitoring results;
(B) user population characteristics;
(C) proximity to sources of contamination;
(D) surrounding land uses;
(E) degree of protection of the water source;
(F) environmental persistence and transport of the chemical in water, soil and air;
(G) elevated nitrate levels at the water supply source; and
(H) historical system operation and maintenance data including previous Departmental inspection results.
(3) To apply for a monitoring waiver for VOCs, the water system shall have completed the initial four quarters of monitoring pursuant to subsection (a) or three consecutive years of monitoring with no VOCs detected. If granted a waiver for VOC monitoring, a system using groundwater shall collect a minimum of one sample from every sampling site every six years and a system using surface water shall not be required to monitor for the term of the waiver. The term of a VOC waiver shall not exceed three years.
(4) To obtain a monitoring waiver for one or more of the SOCs, the water system may apply before doing the initial round of monitoring or shall have completed three consecutive years of annual monitoring with no detection of the SOC(s) listed. If the system is granted a waiver for monitoring for one or more SOC(s), no monitoring for the waived SOC(s) shall be required for the term of the waiver, which shall not exceed three years.
(e) For water sources designated by a water supplier as standby sources, the water supplier shall sample each source for any organic chemical added to Table 64444-A once within the three-year period beginning in January of the calendar year after the effective date of the MCL.
(f) Water quality data collected prior to January 1, 1988, for VOCs, or January 1, 1990, for SOCs, and/or data collected in a manner inconsistent with this section shall not be used in the determination of compliance with the monitoring requirements for organic chemicals.
(g) Data (i.e., a single sample) collected in a manner consistent with this section after January 1, 1998 in which no MTBE is detected, along with a designation of nonvulnerability pursuant to subsection (d), may be used to satisfy the initial monitoring requirements in subsection (a). If the requirements are satisfied in this way by a water system, the system shall begin annual monitoring pursuant to Section 64445.1(b)(1).
(h) Water quality data collected in compliance with the monitoring requirements of this section by a wholesaler agency providing water to a public water system shall be acceptable for use by that system for compliance with the monitoring requirements of this section.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275 and 116375, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116385 and 116555, Health and Safety Code.
s 64445.1. Repeat Monitoring and Compliance -Organic Chemicals.
(a) For the purposes of this article, detection shall be defined by the detection limits for purposes of reporting (DLRs) in Table 64445.1-A:
Table 64445.1-A Detection Limits for Purposes of Reporting (DLRs) for Regulated
Organic Chemicals
Detection Limit for
Purposes of Reporting
Chemical (DLR) (mg/L)
(a) All VOCs, except as listed........... 0.0005
Methyl-tert-butyl ether.................. 0.003
Trichlorofluoromethane................... 0.005
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane.... 0.01
(b) SOCs
Alachlor................................. 0.001
Atrazine................................. 0.0005
Bentazon................................. 0.002
Benzo(a)pyrene........................... 0.0001
Carbofuran............................... 0.005
Chlordane................................ 0.0001
2,4-D.................................... 0.01
Dalapon.................................. 0.01
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP).............. 0.00001
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate.................. 0.005
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate................ 0.003
Dinoseb.................................. 0.002
Diquat................................... 0.004
Endothall................................ 0.045
Endrin................................... 0.0001
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)................. 0.00002
Glyphosate............................... 0.025
Heptachlor............................... 0.00001
Heptachlor epoxide....................... 0.00001
Hexachlorobenzene........................ 0.0005
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene................ 0.001
Lindane.................................. 0.0002
Methoxychlor............................. 0.01
Molinate................................. 0.002
Oxamyl................................... 0.02
Pentachlorophenol........................ 0.0002
Picloram................................. 0.001
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).........
(as decachlorobiphenyl)................. 0.0005
Simazine................................. 0.001
Thiobencarb.............................. 0.001
Toxaphene................................ 0.001
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin).................... 5x10 [FN-9]
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)........................ 0.001
(b) When organic chemicals are not detected pursuant to Table 64445.1-A.
(1) A water system, which has not detected any of the VOCs on Table 64444-A during the initial four quarters of monitoring, shall collect and analyze one sample annually. After a minimum of three years of annual sampling with no detection of a VOC in Table 64444-A, a system using groundwater may reduce the monitoring frequency to one sample during each compliance period. A system using surface water shall continue monitoring annually.
(2) A system serving more than 3,300 persons which has not detected an SOC on Table 64444-A during the initial four quarters of monitoring shall collect a minimum of two quarterly samples for that SOC in one year during the year designated by the Department of each subsequent compliance period. The year will be designated on the basis of historical monitoring frequency and laboratory capacity.
(3) A system serving 3,300 persons or less which has not detected an SOC on Table 64444-A during the initial four quarters of monitoring shall collect a minimum of one sample for that SOC during the year designated by the Department of each subsequent compliance period. The year will be designated on the basis of historical monitoring frequency and laboratory capacity.
(c) When organic chemicals are detected pursuant to Table 64445.1-A.
(1) Prior to proceeding with the requirements of paragraphs (c)(2) through (7), the water supplier may first confirm the analytical result, as follows: Within seven days from the notification of an initial finding from a laboratory reporting the presence of one or more organic chemicals in a water sample, the water supplier shall collect one or two additional sample(s) to confirm the initial finding. Confirmation of the initial finding shall be shown by the presence of the organic chemical in either the first or second additional sample, and the detected level of the contaminant for compliance purposes shall be the average of the initial and confirmation sample(s). The initial finding shall be disregarded if two additional samples do not show the presence of the organic chemical.
(2) If one or both of the related organic chemicals heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are detected, subsequent monitoring shall analyze for both chemicals until there has been no detection of either chemical for one compliance period.
(3) A groundwater sampling site at which one or more of the following chemicals has been detected shall be monitored quarterly for vinyl chloride: trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1- trichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, or 1,1- dichloroethylene. If vinyl chloride is not detected in the first quarterly sample,the sampling site shall be monitored once for vinyl chloride during each compliance period.
(4) If the detected level of organic chemicals for any sampling site does not exceed any shown in Table 64444-A, the water source shall be resampled every three months and the samples analyzed for the detected chemicals. After one year of sampling an approved surface water system or two quarters of sampling a groundwater system, the Department will consider allowing the water supplier to reduce the sampling to once per year upon request, based on a review of previous sampling data. Systems shall monitor during the quarter(s) which previously yielded the highest analytical results.
(5) If the detected level of an organic chemical for any sampling site exceeds that listed in Table 64444-A, the water supplier shall report this information to the Department within 48 hours. Unless use of the contaminated source is discontinued, the water supplier shall resample the contaminated source as follows:
(A) Water systems serving more than 3,300 persons shall sample monthly for six months and shall submit the results to the Department as specified in Section 64451(a). A water source shall be deemed to be in compliance with Section 64444 if the average concentration of the initial finding, confirmation sample(s), and six subsequent monthly samples does not exceed the MCL shown in Table 64444-A. In such cases, the water supplier may reduce the sampling frequency to once every three months. If the average annual concentration of four quarterly samples exceeds the MCL the water source shall be deemed to be in violation of Section 64444. If any sample would cause the annual average to exceed the MCL, then the system is out of compliance immediately.
(B)Water systems serving 3,300 persons or less shall sample quarterly for one year and shall submit the results to the Department as specified in Section 64451(a). Compliance with Section 64444 shall be based on the average concentration of the initial finding, confirmation sample(s) if collected, and three subsequent quarterly samples. If any sample would cause the annual average to exceed the MCL, then the system is out of compliance immediately. If the average concentration does not exceed the MCL in Table 64444-A, the water supplier may reduce the sampling frequency to once every year during the quarter that previously yielded the highest analytical result. If the average concentration exceeds the MCL in Table 64444-A, the water system shall be deemed to be in violation of Section 64444. Subsequently, compliance shall be determined on the basis of a running annual average of the most recent four quarters of sample results.
(6) If any resample, other than those taken in accordance with (c)(5) of this section, of a water sampling site shows that the concentration of any organic chemical exceeds a MCL shown in Table 64444-A, the water supplier shall proceed in accordance with (c)(1) and (c)(4), or (c)(5).
(7) If an organic chemical is detected and the concentration exceeds ten times the MCL, the water supplier shall notify the Department within 48 hours of the receipt of the results and the contaminated site shall be resampled within 48 hours to confirm the result. The water supplier shall notify the Department of the result of the confirmation sample(s) within 24 hours of the receipt of the confirmation result(s).
(A) If the average concentration of the original and confirmation sample(s) is less than ten times the MCL, the water supplier shall proceed in accordance with subsection (c)(5).
(B) If the average concentration of the original and confirmation samples exceeds ten times the MCL, use of the contaminated water source shall immediately be discontinued. Such a water source shall not be returned to service without written approval from the Department
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350 and 116375, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116385, 116450, 116460 and 116555, Health and Safety Code.
s 64445.2. Sampling of Treated Water Sources.
(a) Each water supplier utilizing treatment to comply with any MCL for an organic chemical listed in Table 64444-A shall collect monthly samples of the treated water at a site prior to the distribution system. If the treated water exceeds the MCL, the water supplier shall resample the treated water to confirm the result and report the result to the Department within 48 hours of the confirmation.
(b) The Department will consider requiring more frequent monitoring based on an evaluation of (1) the treatment process used, (2) the treatment effectiveness and efficiency, and (3) the concentration of the organic chemical in the water source.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 208 and 4023.3.3, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 4017 and 4024, Health and Safety Code.
s 64447. Best Available Technology (BAT) - Microbiological Contaminants.
The technologies identified by the Department as the best available technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the total coliform MCL are as follows:
(a) Protection of wells from coliform contamination by appropriate placement and construction;
(b) Maintenance of a disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system;
(c) Proper maintenance of the distribution system; and
(d) Filtration and/or disinfection of approved surface water, in compliance with Section 64650, or disinfection of groundwater.
Note: Authority cited: Section 4023.2, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Section 4021, Health and Safety Code.
s 64447.2. Best Available Technologies (BATs) -Inorganic Chemicals.
The technologies listed in Table 64447.2-A are the best available technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs in Table 64431-A for inorganic chemicals.
Table 64447.2-A Best Available Technologies (BATs) Inorganic Chemicals
Best Available
Chemical Technologies (BATs)
Aluminum 10
Antimony 2, 7
Arsenic 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
Asbestos 2, 3, 8
Barium 5, 6, 7, 9
Beryllium 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
Cadmium 2, 5, 6, 7
Chromium 2, 5, 6 <>a, 7
Cyanide 5, 7, 11
Fluoride 1
Mercury 2 <>b, 4, 6 <>b, 7
<>b
Nickel 5, 6, 7
Nitrate 5, 7, 9
Nitrite 5, 7
Selenium 1, 2 <>c, 6, 7, 9
Thallium 1, 5
_______
<>a BAT for Chromium III only.
<>b BAT only if influent mercury
concentrations <10 ug/L.
<>c BAT for Selenium IV only.
Key to BATs in Table 64447.2:
1 = Activated Alumina
2 = Coagulation/Filtration (not BAT for systems <500 service connections)
3 = Direct and Diatomite Filtration
4 = Granular Activated Carbon
5 = Ion Exchange
6 = Lime Softening (not BAT for systems <500 service connections)
7 = Reverse Osmosis
8 = Corrosion Control
9 = Electrodialysis
10 = Optimizing treatment and reducing aluminum added
11 = Chlorine oxidation
Note: Authority cited: Section 116370, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Section 116350, Health and Safety Code.
s 64447.3. Best Available Technologies (BATs) - Radionuclides.
The technologies listed in tables 64447.3-A, B and C are the best available technology, treatment technologies, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs for radionuclides in tables 64442 and 64443.
Table 64447.3-A
Best Available Technologies (BATs) Radionuclides
Radionuclide Best Available Technology
Combined radium-226 and radium-228 Ion exchange, reverse osmosis,
lime softening
Uranium Ion exchange, reverse osmosis,
lime softening,
coagulation/filtration
Gross alpha particle activity Reverse osmosis
Beta particle and photon radioactivity Ion exchange, reverse osmosis
Table 64447.3-B
Best Available Technologies (BATs) and Limitations for Small Water Systems
Radionuclides
Limitation Footnotes:
a The regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions, which could result in disposal issues.
b When point of use devices are used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring shall be provided by systems to ensure proper performance.
c Reject water disposal may be an issue.
d The combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex for small systems.
e Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality.
f Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and filtration, this technology is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place.
g Applies to ionized radionuclides only.
h This technology is most applicable to small systems with filtration already in place.
i Chemical handling during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without an operator trained in these procedures.
j This would involve modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.
Table 64447.3-C Best Available Technologies (BATs) for Small Water Systems by
System Size Radionuclides
Note: Authority cited: Section 116370, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Section 116350, Health and Safety Code.
s 64447.4. Best Available Technologies (BATs) -Organic Chemicals.
The technologies listed in Table 64447.4-A are the best available technology, treatment technologies, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs in Table 64444-A for organic chemicals.
Table 64447.4-A Best Available Technologies (BATs) Organic Chemicals
Chemical Best Available Technologies
Granular Packed
Activated Tower
Carbon Aeration Oxidation
(a) Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
Benzene X X
Carbon Tetrachloride X X
1,2-Dichlorobenzene X X
1,4-Dichlorobenzene X X
1,1-Dichloroethane X X
1,2-Dichloroethane X X
1,1-Dichloroethylene X X
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene X X
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene X X
Dichloromethane X
1,2-Dichloropropane X X
1,3-Dichloropropene X X
Ethylbenzene X X
Methyl- X
Monochlorobenzene X X
Styrene X X
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane X X
Tetrachlorethylene X X
Toluene X X
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene X X
1,1,1-Trichloroethane X X
1,1,2-Trichloroethane X X
Trichlorofluoromethane X X
Trichlorotrifluoroethane X X
Trichloroethylene X X
Vinyl Chloride X
Xylenes X X
(b) Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
Alachlor X X
Atrazine X
Bentazon X
Benzo(a)pyrene X
Carbofuran X
Chlordane X
2,4-D X
Dalapon X
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate X X
Dinoseb X
Diquat X
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane X X
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate X
Endothall X
Endrin X
Ethylene Dibromide X X
Glyphosate X
Heptachlor X
Heptachlor epoxide X
Hexachlorobenzene X
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene X X
Lindane X
Methoxychlor X
Molinate X
Oxamyl X
Picloram X
Pentachlorophenol X
Polychlorinated Biphenyls X
Simazine X
Thiobencarb X
Toxaphene X X
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) X
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) X
Note: Authority cited: Section 116370, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Section 116350, Health and Safety Code.
s 64448. Treatment Technique Requirements.
(a) A public water system which uses acrylamide and/or epichlorohydrin in drinking water treatment shall certify annually in writing to the Department that the combination of dose and monomer does not exceed the following levels: 0.05% monomer in polyacrylamide dosed at 1 mg/L, or equivalent. 0.01% residual of epichlorohydrin dosed at 20 mg/L, or equivalent.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 208 and 4023.3, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Section 4024, Health and Safety Code.
s 64449. Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels and Compliance.
(a) The secondary MCLs shown in Tables 64449-A and 64449-B shall not be exceeded in the water supplied to the public by community water systems.
Table 64449-A
Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels
"Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Levels"
Constituents Maximum Contaminant Levels/Units
Aluminum.......................... 0.2 mg/L
Color............................. 15 Units
Copper............................ 1.0 mg/L
Foaming Agents (MBAS)............. 0.5 mg/L
Iron.............................. 0.3 mg/L
Manganese......................... 0.05 mg/L
Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE).... 0.005 mg/L
Odor -Threshold................... 3 Units
Silver............................ 0.1 mg/L
Thiobencarb....................... 0.001 mg/L
Turbidity......................... 5 Units
Zinc.............................. 5.0 mg/L
Table 64449-B
Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels -
"Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Level Ranges"
Maximum Contaminant Level Ranges
Constituent, Units Recommended Upper Short Term
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L........ 500 1,000 1,500
or
Specific Conductance, <>S/cm.... 900 1,600 2,200
Chloride, mg/L...................... 250 500 600
Sulfate, mg/L....................... 250 500 600
(b) Each community water system shall monitor its groundwater sources or distribution system entry points representative of the effluent of source treatment every three years and its approved surface water sources or distribution system entry points representative of the effluent of source treatment annually for the following:
(1) Secondary MCLs listed in Tables 64449-A and 64449-B; and
(2) Bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, pH, and total hardness.
(c) If the level of any constituent in Table 64449-A exceeds an MCL, the community water system shall proceed as follows:
(1) If monitoring quarterly, determine compliance by a running annual average of four quarterly samples;
(2) If monitoring less than quarterly, initiate quarterly monitoring and determine compliance on the basis of an average of the initial sample and the next three consecutive quarterly samples collected;
(3) If a violation has occurred (average of four consecutive quarterly samples exceeds an MCL), inform the Department when reporting pursuant to Section 64451;
(4) After one year of quarterly monitoring during which all the results are below the MCL and the results do not indicate any trend toward exceeding the MCL, the system may request the Department to allow a reduced monitoring frequency.
(d) For the constituents shown on Table 64449-B, no fixed consumer acceptance contaminant level has been established.
(1) Constituent concentrations lower than the recommended contaminant level are desirable for a higher degree of consumer acceptance.
(2) Constituent concentrations ranging to the upper contaminant level are acceptable if it is neither reasonable nor feasible to provide more suitable waters.
(3) Constituent concentrations ranging to the Short Term contaminant level are acceptable only for existing community water systems on a temporary basis pending construction of treatment facilities or development of acceptable new water sources.
(e) New services from community water systems serving water which carries constituent concentrations between the upper and short term contaminant levels shall be approved only:
(1) If adequate progress is being demonstrated toward providing water of improved mineral quality.
(2) For other compelling reasons approved by the Department.
(f) A community water system may apply to the Department for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in subsection (b), if the system has conducted at least three rounds of monitoring (three periods for groundwater sources or three years for approved surface water sources) and these analytical results are less than the MCLs. The water system shall specify the basis for its request. A system with a waiver shall collect a minimum of one sample per source while the waiver is in effect and the term of the waiver shall not exceed one compliance cycle (i.e., nine years).
(g) Nontransient-noncommunity and transient-noncommunity water systems shall monitor their sources or distribution system entry points representative of the effluent of source treatment for bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide alkalinity, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, pH, specific conductance, sodium, and total hardness at least once. In addition, nontransient-noncommunity water systems shall monitor for the constituents in Tables 64449-A and B at least once.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275 and 116375, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116385, 116555 and 116610, Health and Safety Code.
s 64449.1. Applicability of Requirements.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 208, 4021 and 4023.3, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 4017, 4024, 4026.3 and 4026.4, Health and Safety Code.
s 64449.2. Waivers for Secondary MCL Compliance.
(a) If the average of four consecutive quarters of sample results for a constituent that does not have a primary MCL is not greater than three times the secondary MCL or greater than the State Notification Level, an existing community water system is eligible to apply for a nine-year waiver of a secondary MCL in Table 64449-A, for the following:
(1) An existing source; or
(2) A new source that is being added to the existing water system, as long as:
(A) The source is not being added to expand system capacity for further development; and
(B) The concentration of the constituent of concern in the new source would not cause the average value of the constituent's concentration at any point in the water delivered by the system to increase by more than 20%.
(b) To apply for a waiver of a secondary MCL, the community water system shall conduct and submit a study to the Department within one year of violating the MCL that includes the following:
(1) The water system complaint log, maintained pursuant to section 64453(a), along with any other evidence of customer dissatisfaction, such as a log of calls to the county health Department;
(2) An engineering report, prepared by an engineer registered in California and with experienced in drinking water treatment, that evaluates all reasonable alternatives and costs for bringing the water system into MCL compliance and includes a recommendation for the most cost-effective and feasible approach;
(3) The results of a customer survey distributed to all the water system's bill-payingbilled customers that has first been approved by the Department based on whether it includes:
(A) Estimated costs to individual customers of the most cost-effective alternatives presented in the engineering report that are acceptable to the Department based on its review of their effectiveness and feasibility;
(B) The query: "Are you willing to pay for(identify constituent) reduction treatment?";
(C) The query: "Do you prefer to avoid the cost of treatment and live with the current water quality situation?"
(D) The statement: "If you do not respond to this survey,(insert system name) will assume that you are in support of the reduction treatment recommended by the engineering report."
(4) A brief report (agenda, list of attendees, and transcript) of a public meeting held by the water system to which customers were invited, and at which both the tabulated results of the customer survey and the engineering report were presented with a request for input from the public.
(c) A community water system may apply for a waiver for iron and/or manganese if, in addition to meeting the requirements in Subsection (b), an average of four consecutive quarter results for the source has not exceeded a State Notification Level for iron and/or manganese. In addition, the system shall include sequestering, as follows:
(1) As one of the alternatives evaluated in the Engineering Report;
(2) In the customer survey as a query: "Are you willing to pay for iron and/or manganese sequestering treatment?"
(d) Unless 50% or more of the bill-payinged customers respond to the survey, the community water system shall conduct another survey pursuant to Subsections (b) or (c) within three months from the date of the survey by sending the survey out to either all the customers again, or only the customers that did not respond to the survey. The water system shall not be eligible for a waiver until it achieves at least a 50% response rate on the survey.
(e) If the customer survey indicates that the percentage of bill-payinged customers that voted for constituent reduction treatment and the number of bill-paying customers that did not respond to the survey at all exceeds 50% of the total number of bill-paying customers, the community water system shall install treatment, except as provided in Subsection (f), within three years from the date the system completed the customer survey, pursuant to a schedule established by the Department.
(f) For iron and/or manganese MCL waiver applications, if the percentage of survey respondents that voted for constituent reduction treatment plus the percentage of survey respondents that voted for sequestering exceeds the percentage that voted to avoid the cost and maintain the current water quality situation, the community water system shall implement either constituent reduction treatment or sequestering, on the basis of which was associated with the higher percentage result. If the highest percentage result is for sequestering, the system shall submit a sequestering implementation and assessment plan to the Department that includes:
(1) A description of the pilot testing or other type of evaluation performed to determine the most effective sequestering agent for use in the system's water;
(2) The sequestering agent feed rate and the equipment to be used to insure that the rate is maintained for each source;
(3) An operations plan; and
(4) The projected cost of sequestering including capital, operations and maintenance costs.
(g) To apply for renewal of a waiver for a subsequent nine years, the system shall request approval from the Department at least six months prior to the end of the current waiver period. The renewal request shall include all monitoring and treatment operations data for the constituent for which the waiver had been granted and any related customer complaints submitted to the water system. Based on its review of the data and customer complaints, the Department may require the water system to conduct another customer survey pursuant to this section before making a determination on the waiver renewal. (continued)