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(continued)
(e) A small or medium-size system that is required to comply with subsections (c) or (d) may cease completing the steps whenever the system does not have an action level exceedance during each of two consecutive periods. If any such system thereafter has an exceedance during any period, the system shall:
(1) Resume completion of the applicable steps, beginning with the first step that was not previously completed. The Department may require a system to repeat steps previously completed if the Department determines that this is necessary to implement the requirements of this section, based on a review of the system's data and treatment status.
(2) Resume standard tap sampling pursuant to 64675 (General Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper).
(3) Conduct WQP monitoring during the period in which the system exceeded the action level, pursuant to section 64682, (WQP Monitoring After CCT Installation) or 64684 (CCT Installation and Operation).
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365 and 116375, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64674. Large Water System Requirements.
(a) The requirements in this section are applicable to all large water systems.
(b) Each large system shall conduct standard tap sampling pursuant to section 64675 (General Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper), and monitor for WQPs pursuant to section 64681 (Initial WQP Monitoring). Tap sampling frequency may be reduced pursuant to section 64675.5 (Tap Sampling Frequency).
(c) Each large system shall complete a corrosion control study, pursuant to section 64683 (Corrosion Control Study Procedure), unless it can meet one of the following criteria:
(1) The system submits the following documentation to the Department and the Department determines in writing that the system has optimized corrosion control based on its review of the submittal:
(A) The results of all test samples collected for each of the WQPs in section 64683(a)(3) (Corrosion Control Study Procedure);
(B) A report explaining the test methods used by the water system to evaluate corrosion control treatment alternatives pursuant to section 64683 (Corrosion Control Study Procedure), the results of all tests conducted, and the basis for the system's selection of CCT;
(C) A report explaining how CCT has been installed and is being operated pursuant to section 64684 (CCT Installation and Operation); and
(D) The results of tap sampling for lead and copper for two consecutive periods after corrosion control has been installed; or
(2) The system demonstrates for two consecutive periods that the difference between the 90th percentile tap sampling lead level and the highest source water monitoring result for each period is less than the reporting level for purposes of reporting (DLR), pursuant to subsections 64678 (a), (b) and (c) (Determination of Exceedances of Lead and Copper Action Levels), or that the source water lead levels are below the method detection level of 0.001 mg/L and the 90th percentile lead level is equal to or less than the DLR for each period. In either case, the system shall also not have a copper action level exceedance. If such a system ceases to meet this criteria, it shall conduct a corrosion control study, pursuant to section 64683 (Corrosion Control Study Procedure) within eighteen months of not meeting the criteria, and proceed thereafter pursuant to subsection (e).
(d) Each large system that conducts a corrosion control study will be notified of the Department's designation for CCT within 6 months of the study's completion and shall comply with the following timeframes:
(1) Begin CCT installation within 12 months of being notified of the Department's designation for CCT.
(2) Complete CCT installation within 24 months of the Department's designation.
(3) Complete two periods of WQP monitoring and tap sampling for lead and copper within 36 months of the Department's designation.
(4) Operate in compliance with the WQP levels specified by the Department pursuant to section 64684 (CCT Installation and Operation), beginning no later than within 42 months of the Department's designation. WQP tap monitoring may be reduced as follows:
(A) Pursuant to section 64682(c) (WQP Monitoring After CCT Installation), if the system has no action level exceedance; or
(B) To once every three years at the reduced number of sites pursuant to table 64680-A, if the system has 90th percentile levels that do not exceed 0.005 mg/L for lead and 0.65 mg/L for copper for two consecutive periods.
(5) If source water treatment has been installed, conduct source sampling for lead and copper pursuant to section 64685 (Source Water Monitoring and Treatment Designation).
(e) A large system with an action level exceedance for lead shall:
(1) Monitor source waters, pursuant to article 6 (Source Water Requirements) of this chapter;
(2) Complete a lead public education program, pursuant to article 7 (Public Education Program for Action Level Exceedances) of this chapter; and
(3) Replace lead service lines, pursuant to article 8 (Lead Service Line Requirements) of this chapter.
(f) A large system with an action level exceedance for copper shall monitor source waters pursuant to article 6 (Source Water Requirements) of this chapter.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365 and 116375, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64675. General Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper.
(a) During each period, each system shall conduct standard tap sampling by collecting one sample from the number of sites based on the number of people served specified in table 64675-A under Standard Tap Sampling.
(b) During each period, each system conducting reduced tap sampling shall collect at least one sample from the number of sites based on the number of people served specified in table 64675-A under Reduced Tap Sampling, as follows:
(1) The sites shall be representative of the sites required for standard tap sampling.
(2) The samples shall be collected during the months of June, July, August, or September, unless the Department approves an alternate set of four months based on a review of the system's operations and lead and copper data, in which case the system shall initiate sampling during the alternate set of four months when directed in writing to do so by the Department, as follows:
(A) No later than 21 months after the previous period, if sampling annually, or
(B) No later than 45 months after the previous period, if sampling triennially.
Table 64675-A Lead and Copper Tap Sampling Sites
System Size Standard Tap Sampling Reduced Tap Sampling
(Minimimum Number of Sites)
>100,000 100 50
10,001 to 100,000 60 30
3,301 to 10,000 40 20
501 to 3,300 20 10
101 to 500 10 5
<101 5 5
(c) Sample sites shall be selected pursuant to section 64676 (Sample Site Selection).
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64675.5. Tap Sampling Frequency.
(a) A system shall conduct standard tap sampling for two consecutive periods; thereafter, tap sampling frequency may be reduced pursuant to section 64675 (General Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper) as follows:
(1) If a system has 90th percentile levels that do not exceed 0.005 mg/L for lead and 0.65 mg/L for copper for two consecutive periods, it may reduce the sampling to once every three years at the reduced number of sites;
(2) For systems that do not meet the criteria in paragraph (1), after two consecutive periods with no action level exceedance, the frequency may be reduced to annually at the reduced number of sites, if the system receives written approval from the Department based on its review of the system's data. After sampling for three years (including the initial sampling year) with no action level exceedance, the frequency may be reduced to once every three years at the reduced number of sites, if the system receives written approval from the Department.
(b) If a system demonstrates for two consecutive periods that the difference between the 90th percentile tap sampling lead level and the highest source water monitoring result for each period is less than the reporting level for purposes of reporting (DLR), pursuant to subsections 64678(a), (b), and (c) or that the source water lead levels are below the method detection level of 0.001 mg/L and the 90th percentile lead level is equal to or less than the DLR for each period, the system shall conduct tap sampling once every three years.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64676. Sample Site Selection.
(a) Each system shall identify a pool of sampling sites that:
(1) Is large enough to ensure that the water system can collect the number of lead and copper tap samples required in section 64675 (General Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper);
(2) Meets the criteria in subsections (c) or (d), as applicable; and
(3) Does not include faucets that have point-of-use or point-of-entry treatment devices designed to remove inorganic contaminants.
(b) Prior to identifying sampling sites, each system shall conduct an evaluation of its distribution system to determine the construction materials (lead, copper, and galvanized steel) exposed to the water. If necessary to ensure the sample site criteria is met, the system shall collect additional information during the course of its normal operations (e.g., checking service line materials when reading water meters, or performance maintenance activities) and from the following:
(1) All plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files of the building department(s) that indicate the plumbing materials installed within publicly and privately owned structures connected to the distribution system;
(2) All inspections and records of the distribution system that indicate the material composition of the service connections connecting a structure to the distribution system; and
(3) All existing water quality information, which includes the results of prior analyses of the system or individual structures connected to the system, indicating locations that may be particularly susceptible to high lead or copper concentrations.
(c) Each community water system shall:
(1) Identify a sampling pool of "tier 1" sampling sites consisting of single-family structures except that, when multiple-family residences comprise at least 20 percent of the structures served by a water system, the system may include these types of structures as "tier 1" sites in its sampling pool. The "tier 1" sampling sites shall
(A) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982; or
(B) Contain lead pipes; or
(C) Be served by a lead service line.
(2) If there is an insufficient number of "tier 1" sites, complete its sampling pool with "tier 2" sampling sites, consisting of buildings, including multiple-family residences that:
(A) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982; or
(B) Contain lead pipes; or
(C) Are served by a lead service line.
(3) If there is an insufficient number of "tier 1" and "tier 2" sampling sites, complete its sampling pool with "tier 3" sampling sites, consisting of single-family structures that contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983. A system with an insufficient number of tier 1, 2 and 3 sites shall complete its sampling pool with representative sites (i.e., plumbing materials commonly found at other sites) throughout the distribution system.
(d) Each nontransient-noncommunity water system shall:
(1) Identify a pool of "tier 1" sampling sites consisting of buildings that:
(A) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982; or
(B) Contain lead pipes; or
(C) Are served by a lead service line.
(2) If there is an insufficient number of "tier 1" sites that meet the criteria in paragraph (1), complete its sampling pool with sites that contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983. If additional sites are needed to complete the sampling pool, the system shall use representative sites (i.e., plumbing materials commonly found at other sites) throughout the distribution system.
(e) Each system whose distribution system contains lead service lines shall draw 50 percent of the samples it collects during each period from sites that contain lead pipes, or copper pipes with lead solder, and 50 percent of the samples from sites served by a lead service line. A system that cannot identify a sufficient number of sites served by a lead service line shall collect first draw samples from all of the sites identified as being served by such lines.
(f) A system that does not have enough taps that can provide first-draw samples shall submit written documentation to the Department identifying standing times and locations for enough non-first-draw samples to make up its sampling pool by the start of its next monitoring period.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64677. Sample Collection Methods for Taps.
(a) All tap samples for lead and copper collected pursuant to this chapter, with the exception of lead service line samples collected under section 64689 (Lead Service Line Sampling) and samples collected under subsection (d), shall be first-draw samples, pursuant to subsection (b).
(b) A first-draw sample shall be one liter in volume and have stood motionless in the plumbing system of each site for at least six hours, but not more than twelve. Samples from residential housing shall be collected from the cold-water kitchen tap or bathroom sink tap. Samples from a non-residential building shall be collected at an interior tap from which water is typically drawn for consumption. Samples may be collected by the system or the system may allow residents to collect tap samples after instructing the residents of the sampling procedures specified in this section. To avoid problems of residents handling nitric acid, acidification of samples may be done up to 14 days after collection. After acidification to resolubilize the metals, the sample shall stand in the original container for the time specified by the method used pursuant to section 64670(c) before it can be analyzed. If a system allows residents to perform sampling, the system may not challenge, based on alleged errors in sample collection, the accuracy of sampling results.
(c) A system shall collect each tap sample from the same site from which it collected a sample during the previous period. If the system cannot gain entry to a site in order to collect a tap sample, it may collect the tap sample from another site in its sampling pool as long as the new site meets the same criteria, and is as close as possible to the original site.
(d) A system that does not have enough taps to supply first-draw samples may apply to the Department in writing to substitute non-first-draw samples. Such systems shall collect as many first-draw samples as possible and identify sampling times and locations that would likely result in the longest standing time for the remaining sites.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64677.5. Sample Invalidation.
(a) A lead or copper sample may be invalidated by the Department if at least one of the following conditions is met and documented in writing:
(1) The laboratory establishes that improper sample analysis caused erroneous results;
(2) The Department determines that the sample was taken from a site that did not meet the site selection criteria in section 64676 (Sample Site Selection);
(3) The sample container was damaged in transit;
(4) The Department determines the sample does not meet the requirements in section 64677 (Sample Collection Methods for Taps); or
(5) There is substantial reason to believe that the sample was subject to tampering.
(b) To apply for invalidation of one or more samples, a system shall report the results of all samples for the period to the Department, including written documentation to support the system's belief that one or more samples should be invalidated.
(c) A sample invalidated pursuant to subsection (a) shall not count toward determining lead or copper 90th percentile levels or toward meeting any monitoring requirements in this chapter.
(d) The system shall collect replacement samples for any invalidated samples if, after the invalidation of one or more samples, the system has too few samples to meet the monitoring requirements of this chapter. Replacement samples taken after the end of the applicable period shall not be used to meet the monitoring requirements of a subsequent period. Replacement samples shall be collected as follows:
(1) As soon as possible, but no later than 20 days after the system receives notification from the Department that it has invalidated the sample, or by the end of the applicable period, whichever occurs later; and
(2) At the same locations as the invalidated samples or, if that is not possible, at locations other than those already used for sampling during the monitoring period.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64678. Determination of Exceedances of Lead and Copper Action Levels.
(a) The detection limits for purposes of reporting (DLRs) for lead and copper are as follows:
Table 64678-A. DLRs for Lead and Copper
Contaminant DLR (mg/L)
Lead....... 0.005
Copper..... 0.050
(b) For purposes of determining the difference in concentration between the source water and the 90th percentile tap results, the following shall apply:
(1) Analytical results for lead greater than or equal to 0.001 mg/L and less than 0.005 mg/L shall be as measured or 0.0025 mg/L, whichever is greater.
(2) Analytical results for copper greater than or equal to 0.001 mg/L and less than 0.050 mg/L shall be as measured or 0.025 mg/L, whichever is greater.
(3) Analytical results below 0.001 mg/L for lead and copper shall be considered zero.
(c) Analytical results below the DLRs for lead and copper specified shall be reported as zero.
(d) The lead action level is exceeded if the concentration of lead in more than 10 percent of the tap water samples collected during any period is greater than 0.015 mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" lead level is greater than 0.015 mg/L).
(e) The copper action level is exceeded if the concentration of copper in more than 10 percent of the tap water samples collected during any period is greater than 1.3 mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" copper level is greater than 1.3 mg/L).
(f) The 90th percentile lead and copper levels shall be computed as follows:
(1) The results of all lead or copper samples collected during a period shall be placed in ascending order from the sample with the lowest concentration to the sample with the highest concentration. Each sampling result shall be assigned a number, ascending by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample with the lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample with the highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total number of samples taken.
(2) The number of samples taken during the period shall be multiplied by 0.9.
(3) The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample identified by the calculation in paragraph (f)(2) is the 90th percentile contaminant level.
(4) For water systems serving less than or equal to 100 people that collect 5 samples per period, the 90th percentile is computed by taking the average of the highest and second highest concentrations.
(g) The results of any monitoring conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall be considered by the system and submitted to the department for making any determinations.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64678.5. Monitoring Waivers for Small Systems.
(a) A small water system may apply to the Department for a waiver to reduce the tap sampling frequency for lead and copper to once every nine years, and shall continue tap sampling as required by this chapter until it receives written notification from the Department that the waiver has been approved.
(b) A system that meets the following materials and monitoring criteria for both lead and copper will be granted a full waiver, while a system that meets both sets of criteria for only one of the chemicals will be granted a partial waiver that covers only that chemical.
(1) To meet the materials criteria, a system shall provide certification and documentation that its distribution system and service lines and all drinking water supply plumbing, including plumbing conveying drinking water within all residences and buildings connected to the system, satisfy the following:
(A) For lead, the system shall be free of the following lead-containing materials:
1. Plastic pipes that contain lead plasticizers, or plastic service lines that contain lead plasticizers; and
2. Lead service lines, lead pipes, lead soldered pipe joints, and leaded brass or bronze alloy fittings and fixtures, unless the utility can demonstrate to the Department that such fittings and fixtures will not leach lead into the drinking water.
(B) For copper, the system shall be free of copper pipes and copper service lines.
(2) To meet the monitoring criteria, the system shall have completed at least one period of standard tap sampling and demonstrate that the 90th percentile levels for all periods of tap sampling conducted since the system became free of all lead-containing and/or copper-containing materials, as appropriate, do not exceed the following:
(A) For lead, 0.005 mg/L.
(B) For copper, 0.65 mg/L.
(c) If granted a waiver, the system shall
(1) Comply with any requirements that the Department includes as conditions of the waiver, such as limited monitoring, periodic outreach to customers to remind them to avoid installation of materials that might void the waiver;
(2) Conduct tap sampling at the reduced number of sites for one period every nine years for the chemical(s) for which the waiver has been granted;
(3) Provide the materials certification specified in paragraph (b)(1) for the chemical(s) for which the waiver has been granted, along with the monitoring results; and
(4) If the waiver was granted for only one chemical, continue to monitor pursuant to this chapter for the other chemical.
(d) If the system continues to satisfy the requirements of subsections (b) and (c), the waiver will be renewed automatically, unless the Department notifies the system in writing that the waiver has been revoked and why. A system whose waiver has been revoked may re-apply for a waiver at such time as it again meets the appropriate materials and monitoring criteria in subsection (b) and (c).
(e) If a system with a waiver adds a new source of water or changes any water treatment, the Department may require the system to add or modify waiver conditions (e.g., require recertification that the system is free of lead-containing and/or copper-containing materials, require additional tap sampling periods), if it deems such modifications are necessary to address treatment or source water changes at the system.
(f) If a system with a waiver becomes aware that it is no longer free of lead-containing or copper-containing materials, it shall notify the Department in writing no later than 60 days after becoming aware of such a change.
(g) If a system with a waiver that has been collecting samples during the months of June, July, August and September receives Department approval for an alternate set of months pursuant to section 64675(b)(2) (General Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper), it shall conduct its next tap sampling before the waiver expires.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64679. Supplemental Monitoring.
A water system with a lead action level exceedance shall offer to sample the tap water of any customer who requests it. The system is not required to pay for collecting or analyzing the sample.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64680. General WQP Monitoring Requirements.
(a) WQP tap monitoring shall be:
(1) Representative of water quality throughout the distribution system, by considering the number of persons served, the different sources of water and treatment methods employed, and seasonal variability;
(2) Not restricted to sites targeted for lead and copper sampling; and
(3) Include two samples for each applicable WQP during each period, from the standard number of sites, based on the number of persons served, specified in table 64680-A.
Table 64680-A WQP Tap Monitoring Sites
System Size Standard Tap Sampling Reduced Tap Sampling
(Minimimum Number of Sites)
>100,000 25 10
10,001 to 100,000 10 7
3,301 to 10,000 3 3
501 to 3,300 2 2
101 to 500 1 1
<101 1 1
(b) Initial WQP monitoring at the entry point(s) to the distribution system shall be two samples for each applicable WQP at each entry point from locations representative of each source after treatment. After the installation of CCT, only one sample is required at each entry point. If a system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system shall sample at each entry point during normal operating conditions.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64681. Initial WQP Monitoring.
For initial WQP monitoring, each system shall monitor for the following WQPs, pursuant to section 64680 (General WQP Monitoring Requirements):
(a) pH;
(b) Alkalinity;
(c) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used;
(d) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used;
(e) Calcium;
(f) Conductivity; and
(g) Water temperature.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64682. WQP Monitoring After CCT Installation.
(a) Each system that installs CCT shall monitor the following WQPs, pursuant to section 64680 (General WQP Monitoring Requirements), as applicable:
(1) At taps:
(A) pH;
(B) Alkalinity;
(C) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used;
(D) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used;
(E) Calcium, when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control.
(2) At each entry point to the distribution system every two weeks as a minimum:
(A) pH;
(B) When alkalinity is adjusted as part of CCT, a reading of the dosage rate of the chemical used to adjust alkalinity, and the alkalinity concentration; and
(C) When a corrosion inhibitor is used as part of CCT, a reading of the dosage rate of the inhibitor used, and the concentration of the active ingredient(s).
(b) A ground water system may use entry points that are representative of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the system for the monitoring required in paragraph (a)(2) as follows:
(1) If waters from untreated and treated groundwater sources mix, the system shall monitor entry points representative of each;
(2) Prior to monitoring, the system shall submit written documentation to the Department identifying the sites and demonstrating that they are representative.
(c) Subject to the Department's written approval, a system that has no action level exceedance and meets the Department-specified WQP values or ranges may reduce tap monitoring as follows:
(1) After two consecutive periods during which it has met the WQP values or ranges, the system shall monitor each period at the reduced number of sites, pursuant to table 64680-A;
(2) After three consecutive years (including the initial sampling year) during which it has met the WQP values or ranges, the system shall monitor annually at the reduced number of sites at evenly-spaced intervals throughout the year; and
(3) After three consecutive years of annual monitoring during which the system meets the WQP values or ranges, the system shall monitor once every three years at the reduced number of sites at evenly-spaced intervals throughout the monitoring year.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64683. Corrosion Control Study Procedure.
(a) Each system conducting a corrosion control study shall:
(1) Evaluate the effectiveness of each of the following treatments, and, if appropriate, combinations of the following treatments to identify the CCT for that system:
(A) Alkalinity and pH adjustment;
(B) Calcium hardness adjustment; and
(C) The addition of a corrosion inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an effective residual concentration throughout the distribution system.
(2) Evaluate each of the corrosion control treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, metal coupon tests, partial-system tests, or analyses based on documentation of such treatments from systems of similar size, water chemistry and distribution system configuration.
(3) Measure the following WQPs in any tests conducted under this subsection before and after evaluating the corrosion control treatments listed above:
(A) Lead;
(B) Copper;
(C) pH;
(D) Alkalinity;
(E) Calcium;
(F) Conductivity;
(G) Corrosion control inhibitor active ingredient (when an inhibitor is used);
(H) Water temperature.
(4) Identify all chemical or physical constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion control treatment and document such constraints with at least one of the following:
(A) Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment processes when used by another water system with comparable water quality characteristics; and/or
(B) Data and documentation demonstrating that the water system has previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely affects other water quality treatment processes.
(5) Evaluate the effect of the chemicals used for corrosion control treatment on other water treatment processes.
(6) Recommend to the Department in writing the treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate constitutes CCT for that system on the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each evaluation. The water system shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along with all supporting documentation specified in paragraphs (a)(1) through (5) of this section.
(b) Based on the study conducted pursuant to subsection (a), and a system's recommended treatment alternative, the Department will either approve the corrosion control treatment option recommended by the system, or designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from among those listed in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, notify the system of its decision on CCT in writing and explain the basis for its determination. If the Department requests additional information to aid its review, the water system shall provide the information.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64684. CCT Installation and Operation.
(a) Each system shall install and operate throughout its distribution system the CCT designated by the Department in subsection 64683(b) (Corrosion Control Studies) or paragraph 64673(c)(3) (Small and Medium-size Water System Requirements) and monitor WQPs pursuant to section 64682 (WQP Monitoring After CCT Installation). When the system completes its installation of CCT, it shall submit a letter to the Department certifying that it has done so.
(b) After the system installs CCT, the Department will review the treatment and pre- and post-treatment tap sampling and WQP monitoring data and specify WQPs in writing within 42 months of its CCT designation as follows:
(1) A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each entry point to the distribution system;
(2) A minimum pH value of 7.0 or greater, measured in all tap samples, unless the Department determines that meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control;
(3) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for the inhibitor, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples, that the Department determines is necessary to maintain a passivating film on the interior walls of the pipes of the distribution system;
(4) If alkalinity is adjusted as part of CCT, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for alkalinity, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples;
(5) If calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for calcium, measured in all tap samples; and
(6) Values for additional WQPs determined by the Department to reflect CCT for the system.
(c) After the Department specifies WQP values and ranges, each system shall monitor pursuant to section 64680 (General WQP Monitoring Requirements) and maintain WQPs as specified by the Department.
(d) A system shall be out of compliance with the WQP values and ranges specified by the Department pursuant to subsection (b) for any period during which it has excursions for more than nine days.
(1) An excursion occurs when a "daily value" at one or more sample sites for one or more WQPs in a day is below the minimum value or outside the range of Department-specified WQPs.
(2) A "daily value" for a WQP at a site is determined as follows:
(A) If sampling is more than once a day by continuous monitoring, grab sampling or both, the daily value shall be the average of all the day's results at the sampling site.
(B) If sampling is once a day, the daily value shall be the day's result.
(C) If sampling is less than once a day, the daily value shall apply to the day that the water supplier receives the result from the laboratory or the 30th day after the sample is collected, whichever comes first.
(3) When an excursion occurs, within 48 hours of being notified of the results of the initial sample(s), the system shall investigate the cause and collect a followup sample at each affected site for each WQP that did not meet the Department-specified values. The criteria in paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) shall be applied to the followup sample results to determine if another excursion has occurred.
(e) A system conducting reduced WQP tap monitoring that fails to meet the Department-specified WQPs shall resume standard WQP tap monitoring pursuant to section 64680 (General WQP Monitoring Requirements).
(f) The results of any monitoring conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall be considered by the system and submitted to the Department for making any determinations (i.e., determining concentrations of WQPs).
(g) Upon its own initiative or in response to a request by a system, the Department may modify in writing its designation of CCT or its specified WQP values and ranges if it determines that modification is necessary to ensure that the system continues to maintain CCT. Any request shall be in writing, explain the reason for the requested modification, and include supporting documentation.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64685. Source Water Monitoring and Treatment Designation.
(a) Within six months of an action level exceedance, a system shall:
(1) Collect one lead and copper source water sample from each entry point to the distribution system that is representative of the source or combined sources and is collected after any treatment, if treatment is applied before distribution;
(2) In writing, either recommend to the Department the installation and operation of a source water treatment (ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening, or coagulation/filtration) or demonstrate that source water treatment is not needed to minimize lead and copper levels at users' taps; and
(3) Submit any additional information requested by the Department to aid in its determination of whether source water treatment is necessary to minimize lead and copper levels in water delivered to users' taps.
(b) The Department will make a determination regarding source water treatment within six months after submission of monitoring results under subsection (a).
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64686. Requirements Subsequent to the Department's Designation.
(a) If the Department determines that source water treatment is required pursuant to subsection 64685(b), the system shall comply with the following within the specified timeframes that begin with the Department's determination regarding source water treatment:
(1) Install the treatment within 24 months and submit a letter to the Department certifying that installation has been completed;
(2) Collect an additional source water sample from each entry point to the distribution system during two consecutive periods within 36 months;
(3) Complete two consecutive periods of standard monitoring for lead and copper pursuant to section 64675 (General Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper) within 36 months.
(b) Within 6 months after the system installs source water treatment, based on its review of the data collected pursuant to subsection (a) and the contaminant removal capability of the installed treatment when properly operated, the Department will specify maximum permissible lead and copper levels for water entering the distribution system. The water system shall comply with these maximum permissible levels.
(c) After the Department specifies maximum permissible levels or determines that source water treatment is not needed, the system shall conduct standard monitoring related to source water pursuant to table 64686-A, according to source water type. If approved by the Department based on a review of source water data, the system may reduce monitoring pursuant to table 64686-A.
Table 64686-A. Standard and Reduced Monitoring Related to Source Water
Surface water with or
Type of monitoring Ground water without groundwater
Standard monitoring 1 sample at each entry 1 sample at each entry
point every 3 years, as point every year, as
a minimum a minimum
_________________________________________________________________________
Reduced monitoring, after 1 sample at each entry 1 sample at each entry
3 consecutive rounds of point every 9 years point every 9 years
standard monitoring in
compliance with maximum
permissible levels.
_________________________________________________________________________
(d) If a system does not have an action level exceedance for lead and/or copper during three consecutive years for groundwater or one year for surface water with or without groundwater, the system is not required to conduct sampling related to source water for the specific chemical.
(e) If the results of sampling indicate an exceedance of the maximum permissible levels specified pursuant to subsection (b), one additional sample may be collected at the same sampling point as soon as possible within 14 days of the initial sample to confirm the result. If a confirmation sample is collected, then the average of the initial and confirmation sample results shall be used to determine compliance with the maximum permissible levels.
(f) A water system that begins using a new water source shall reinitiate standard monitoring pursuant to subsection (c) and conduct three rounds of monitoring with the new source online before reducing the monitoring frequency.
(g) Upon its own initiative or in response to a request by a system, the Department may modify its determination of the source water treatment, or maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for treated source water. Any request shall be in writing, explain the reason for the requested modification, and include supporting documentation.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 100275, 116350, 116365, 116375 and 116385, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 116325-116750, Health and Safety Code.
s 64687. Lead Public Education Program Content and Delivery.
(a) Each system with a lead action level exceedance shall conduct a lead public education program that includes delivery of the following public education materials pursuant to subsection (d). Within 10 days after the period during which the program was required, the system shall submit a letter to the Department demonstrating that it has delivered the public education materials as required and include a list of all the newspapers, radio stations, television stations, facilities and organizations to which the system delivered the materials during the previous year.
(1) Except as provided in subsection (b), a community water system shall include the following text in all of the printed materials it distributes through its lead public education program:
(A) Introduction. The California Department of Health Services (DHS), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and [insert name of water supplier] are concerned about lead in your drinking water. Although most homes have very low levels of lead in their drinking water, some homes in the community have lead levels above the state and federal action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams of lead per liter of water (mg/L). Under state and federal law we are required to have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by [insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your system]. This program includes corrosion control treatment, source water treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace the portion of each lead service line that we own if the line contributes lead concentrations of 15 ppb or more after we have completed the comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation please give us a call at [insert water system's phone number]. This brochure explains the simple steps you can take to protect you and your family by reducing your exposure to lead in drinking water.
(B) Health Effects of Lead. Lead is a common metal found throughout the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food, certain types of pottery porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body. Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won't hurt adults can slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead contamination -- like dirt and dust -- that rarely affect an adult. It is important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make sure they only put food in their mouths.
(C) Lead In Drinking Water
1. Lead in drinking water, although rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of a person's total exposure to lead.
2. Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to join copper pipe, brass and chrome plated brass faucets, and in some cases, pipes made of lead that connect your house to the water main (service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of faucets, pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0%. In California, a similar law prohibiting the use of both lead solder and lead pipe was enacted in 1985.
3. When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or later in the afternoon after returning from work or school, can contain fairly high levels of lead.
(D) Steps You Can Take in the Home to Reduce Exposure to Lead in Drinking Water
1. Despite our best efforts mentioned earlier to control water corrosivity and remove lead from the water supply, lead levels in some homes or buildings can be high. To find out whether you need to take action in your own home, have your drinking water tested to determine if it contains excessive concentrations of lead. Testing the water is essential because you cannot see, taste, or smell lead in drinking water. Some local laboratories that can provide this service are listed at the end of this booklet. For more information on having your water tested, please call [insert phone number of water system].
2. If a water test indicates that the drinking water drawn from a tap in your home contains lead above 15 ppb, then you should take the following precautions:
A. Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or cooking any time the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six hours. The longer water resides in your home's plumbing the more lead it may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet until the water gets noticeably colder, usually about 15 to 30 seconds. If your house has a lead service line to the water main, you may have to flush the water for a longer time, perhaps one minute, before drinking. Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of your home's plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your family's health. It usually uses less than one or two gallons of water and costs less than [insert a cost estimate based on flushing two times a day for 30 days] per month. To conserve water, fill a couple of bottles for drinking water after flushing the tap, and whenever possible use the first flush water to wash the dishes or water the plants. If you live in a high-rise building, letting the water flow before using it may not work to lessen your risk from lead. The plumbing systems have more, and sometimes larger pipes than smaller buildings. Ask your landlord for help in locating the source of the lead and for advice on reducing the lead level.
B. Try not to cook with, or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need hot water, draw water from the cold tap and heat it on the stove.
C. Remove loose lead solder and debris from the plumbing materials installed in newly constructed homes, or homes in which the plumbing has recently been replaced, by removing the faucet strainers from all taps and running the water from 3 to 5 minutes. Thereafter, periodically remove the strainers and flush out any debris that has accumulated over time.
D. If your copper pipes are joined with lead solder that has been installed illegally since it was banned in 1986, notify the plumber who did the work and request that he or she replace the lead solder with lead-free solder. Lead solder looks dull gray, and when scratched with a key looks shiny. In addition, notify the California Department of Health Services and your local environmental health department about the violation.
E. Determine whether or not the service line that connects your home or apartment to the water main is madeof lead. The best way to determine if your service line is made of lead is by either hiring a licensed plumber to inspect the line or by contacting the plumbing contractor who installed the line. You can identify the plumbing contractor by checking the record of building permits which should be maintained in the files of the [insert name of department that issues building permits]. A licensed plumber can at the same time check to see if your home's plumbing contains lead solder, lead pipes, or pipe fittings that contain lead. The public water system that delivers water to your home should also maintain records of the materials located in the distribution system. If the service line that connects your dwelling to the water main contributes more than 15 ppb to drinking water, after our comprehensive treatment program is in place, we are required to replace the portion of the line we own. If the line is only partially owned by the [insert name of the city, county, or water system that owns the line], we are required to provide the owner of the privately-owned portion of the service line with information on how to replace the privately-owned portion of the service line, and offer to replace that portion of the line at the owner's expense. If we replace only the portion of the line that we own, we also are required to notify you in advance and provide you with information on the steps you can take to minimize exposure to any temporary increase in lead levels that may result from the partial replacement, to take a follow-up sample at our expense from the line within 72 hours after the partial replacement, and to mail or otherwise provide you with the results of that sample within three business days of receiving the results. Acceptable replacement alternatives include copper, stainless steel, and plastic pipes. Partial replacement should avoid the creation of mixed piping systems and include the installation of approved dielectric couplings at all dissimilar metal interfaces. (continued)