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(2) Tactical military motor vehicles that are not subject to a national security exemption from motor vehicle emission standards but for national security purposes (for purposes of readiness for deployment overseas) need to be fueled with the same fuel as motor vehicles for which EPA has granted a national security exemption, provided that such fuel is:
(A) Used only in vehicles identified in section (a)(1) or this section (a)(2);
(B) Segregated from non-exempt vehicle diesel fuel at all points in the distribution system; and
(C) Dispensed from a fuel pump stand or tank that is prominently labeled as containing fuel that is not lawful for use in diesel vehicles other than excluded military vehicles, or from a fueling truck. Any such fuel pump stand or tank may also be labeled with the appropriate designation of the fuel, such as "JP-8."
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39500, 39515, 39516, 41511, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2290. Definitions.
(a) For the purposes of this article, the following definitions apply:
(1) "Alternative fuel" means any fuel which is commonly or commercially known or sold as one of the following: M-100 fuel methanol, M-85 fuel methanol, E-100 fuel ethanol, E-85 fuel ethanol, compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or hydrogen.
(2) "ASTM" means the American Society for Testing Materials.
(3) "Motor vehicle" has the same meaning as defined in section 415 of the Vehicle Code.
(4) "Supply" means to provide or transfer a product to a physically separate facility, vehicle, or transportation system.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018, and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2291. Basic Prohibitions.
(a) Starting January 1, 1993, no person shall sell, offer for sale or supply an alternative fuel intended for use in motor vehicles in California unless it conforms with the applicable specifications set forth in this article 3.
(b) An alternative fuel shall be deemed to be intended for use in motor vehicles in California if it is:
(1) stored at a facility which is equipped and used to dispense that type of alternative fuel to motor vehicles, or
(2) delivered or intended for delivery to a facility which is equipped and used to dispense that type of alternative fuel to motor vehicles, or
(3) sold, offered for sale or supplied to a person engaged in the distribution of motor vehicle fuels to motor vehicle fueling facilities, unless the person selling, offering or supplying the fuel demonstrates that he or she has taken reasonably prudent precautions to assure that the fuel will not be used as a motor vehicle fuel in California.
(c) For the purposes of this section, each retail sale of alternative fuel for use in a motor vehicle, and each supply of alternative fuel into a motor vehicle fuel tank, shall also be deemed a sale or supply by any person who previously sold or supplied such alternative fuel in violation of this section.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018, and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2292.1. Fuels Specifications for M100 Fuel Methanol.
The following standards apply to M-100 fuel methanol
(The identified test methods are incorporated herein by reference):
Specifications for M-100 Fuel Methanol
Specification Value Test Method
Methanol 96 vol. % (min.) As determined by the
distillation range below
Distillation 4.0 ° C (range) ASTM D 1078-86. At 95%
by volume distilled. Must
include 64.6 + 0.1 ° C
Other alcohols and ethers 2 mass % (max.) ASTM D 4815-89
Hydrocarbons, gasoline
or diesel fuel derived 2 mass % (max.) ASTM D 4815-89, and then
subtract concentration of
alcohols, ethers and water
from 100 to obtain percent
hydrocarbons
Specific gravity 0.792 + 0.002 ASTM D 891-89
@ 20 ° C
Acidity as acetic acid 0.01 mass % (max.) ASTM D 1613-85
Total chlorine as chloride 0.0002 mass % ASTM D 2988-86
(max.)
Lead 2 mg/1 (max.) [FNa] ASTM D 3229-88
Phosphorus 0.2 mg/1 (max.) [FNb] ASTM D 3231-89
Sulphur 0.002 mass % ASTM D 2622-87
(max.)
Gum, heptane washed 5 mg/1 (max.) ASTM D 381-86
Total particulates 5 mg/1 (max.) ASTM D 2276-89, modified
to replace cellulose acetate
filter with a 0.8 micron
pore size membrane filter
Water 0.3 mass % (max.) ASTM E 203-75
Appearance Free of turbidity, Visually determined at
suspended matter 25 ° C by proc. A of
and sediment ASTM D 4176-86
Bitterant [FNc]
Odorant [FNd]
[FNa] No added lead.
[FNb] No added phosphorous.
[FNc] The M-100 fuel methanol at ambient conditions must have a a distinctive and noxious taste, for purposes of preventing purposeful or inadvertent human consumption. Applicable 1/1/95.
[FNd] The M-100 fuel methanol upon vaporization at ambient conditionions must have a distinctive odor potent enough for its presence to be detected down to a concentration in air of not over 1/5 (one-fifth) of the lower limit of flammability. Applicable 1/1/95.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018, and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2292.2. Specifications for M-85 Fuel Methanol.
The following standards apply to M-85 fuel methanol
(The identified test methods are incorporated herein by reference):
Specifications for M-85 Fuel Methanol
Specification Value Test Method
Methanol plus higher
alcohols 84 vol. % (min.) Annex A1 to the
ASTM-D-2 Proposal
P-232, Draft 8-9-91
Higher alcohols (C2-C8) 2 vol. % (max.) ASTM D 4815-89
Hydrocarbons + ASTM D 4815-89, and
aliphatic ethers [FNa] 13-16 vol. % then subtract concentration of
alcohols, ethers and water
from 100 to obtain percent
hydrocarbons
Vapor pressure, dry Methods contained in Title
[FNb]
13, Section 2262 are pre-
ferred. ASTM D 4953-90
is an alternative method,
however, in case of dispute
about the vapor pressure,
the value determined by the
methods contained in Title
13, Section 2262 shall pre-
vail over the value
calculated by ASTM D
4953-90, including its pre-
cision statement
Luminosity Shall produce a luminous
flame, which is visible un-
der maximum daylight
conditions, throughout the
entire burn duration
Acidity as acetic acid 0.005 mass % ASTM D 1613-85
(max.)
Total chlorine 0.0002 mass % ASTM D 3120-87
as chloride (max.) modified for the det. of
organic chlorides, and
ASTM D 2988-86
Lead 2 mg/1 (max.) [FNc] ASTM D 3229-88
Phosphorous 0.2 mg/1 (max.) [FNd] ASTM D 3231-89
Sulfur 0.004 mass % ASTM D 2622-87
(max.)
Gum, heptane washed 5 mg/100 ml (max.) ASTM D 381-86
Total particulates 0.6 mg/1 (max.) ASTM D 2276-89,
modified to replace cellu-
lose acetate filter with a 0.8
micron pore size mem-
brane filter
Water 0.5 mass % (max.) ASTM E 203-75
Appearance Free of turbidity, Visually determined
suspended matter at 25 degrees C by Proc. A of
and sediment ASTM D 4176-86
_________
[FNa] Hydrocarbon fraction shall have a final maximum boiling point of 225 degrees C by ASTM method D 86-90, oxidation stability of 240 minutes by ASTM test method D 525-88 and No. 1 maximum copper strip corrosion by ASTM method D 130-88. Ethers must be aliphatic. No manganese added. Adjustment of RVP must be performed using common blending components from the gasoline stream. Starting on 4/1/96, the hydrocarbon fraction must also meet specifications for benzene, olefin content, aromatic hydrocarbon content, maximum T90 and maximum T50 found in California Code of Regulations, Title 13 sections 2262.3, 2262.4, 2262.7 and 2262.6 (T90 & T50), respectively.
[FNb] RVP range of 7.0 to 9.0 psi for those geographical areas and times indicated for A, A/B, B/A and B volatility class fuels in Table 2 of ASTM D 4814-91b. RVP range of 9.0 to 13.1 psi for those geographical areas and times indicated for B/C, C/B, C, C/D and D/C volatility fuels. RVP range of 10.9 to 13.1 psi for those geographical areas and times indicated for D, D/E, E/D and E volatility fuels. Geographical areas referenced in this note shall be adjusted to reflect the air basin boundaries set forth in Title 17, California Code of Regulations, sections 60100 through 60113.
[FNc] No added lead.
[FNd] No added phosphorus.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018, and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2292.3. Specifications for E-100 Fuel Ethanol.
The following standards apply to E-100 fuel ethanol
(The identification test methods are incorporated herein by reference):
Specifications for E-100 Fuel Ethanol
Specification Value Test Method
Ethanol 92 vol. % (min.) ASTM D 3545-90 [FNa]
Other alcohols and ethers 2 mass % (max.) ASTM D 4815-89
Hydrocarbons, gasoline 5 mass % (max.) ASTM D 4815-89, and then
or diesel fuel derived subtract concentration of
alcohols, ethers and water
from 100 to obtain percent
hydrocarbons
Acidity as acetic acid 0.007 mass % ASTM D 1613-85
(max.)
Total chlorine as 0.0004 mass % ASTM D 3120-87
chloride
(max.) modified for the determi-
nation of organic chlorides,
and ASTM D 2988-86
Copper 0.07 mg/1 (max.) ASTM D 1688-90 as modi-
fied in ASTM D 4806-88
Lead 2 mg/1 (max.) [FNb] ASTM D 3229-88
Phosphorus 0.2 mg/1 (max.) [FNc] ASTM D 3231-89
Sulfur 0.002 mass %
(max.) ASTM D 2622-87
Gum, heptane washed 5 mg/1 (max.) ASTM D 381-86
Total particulates 5 mg/1 (max.) ASTM D 2276-89, modified
to replace cellulose acetate
filter with a 0.8 micron
pore size membrane filter
Water 1.25 mass % (max.) ASTM E 203-75
Appearance Free of turbidity, Visually determined
suspended matter at 25 degrees C by Proc. A of
and sediment ASTM D 4176-86
[FNa] The denaturant must meet the ASTM D 4806-88 specification for denatured fuel ethanol, except the denaturant cannot be rubber hydrocarbon solvent. The final blend specifications for E-100 take precedence over the ASTM D 4806-88 specifications.
[FNb] No added lead.
[FNc] No added phosphorus.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2292.4. Specifications for E-85 Fuel Ethanol.
The following standards apply to E-85 fuel ethanol
(The identified test methods are incorporated herein by reference):
Specifications for E-85 Fuel Ethanol
Specification Value Test Method
Ethanol 79 vol. % (min.) ASTM D 3545-90 [FNa]
Other alcohols 2 vol. % (max.) ASTM D 4815-89
Hydrocarbons + 15-21 vol. % ASTM D 4815-89, and then
aliphatic ethers [FNb] subtract concentration of
alcohols, ethers and water
from 100 to obtain percent
hydrocarbons. The denatu-
rant is included in this per-
centage.
Vapor pressure, dry Methods contained in Title
[FNc]
13, Section 2262 must be
used. ASTM D 4953-90 is
an alternative method,
however, in case of dispute
about the vapor pressure,
the value determined by the
methods contained in Title
13, Section 2262 shall pre-
vail over the value calcu-
lated by ASTM D
4953-90, including its pre-
cision statement
Acidity as acetic acid 0.007 mass % ASTM D 1613-85
(max.)
Total chlorine as 0.0004 mass % ASTM D 3120-87 modified
chloride
(max.) for the det. of organic chlo-
rides, and ASTM D
2988-86
Copper 0.07 mg/1 (max.) ASTM D 1688-90 as modi-
fied in ASTM D 4806-88
Lead 2 mg/1 (max.) [FNd] ASTM D 3229-88
Phosphorus 0.2 mg/1 (max.) [FNe] ASTM D 3231-89
Sulfur 0.004 mass % ASTM D 2622-87
(max.)
Specification Value Test Method
Gum, heptane washed 5 mg/100 ml (max.) ASTM D 381-86
Total particulates 5 mg/1 (max.) ASTM D 2276-89, modified
to replace cellulose acetate
filter with a 0.8 micron
pore size membrane filter
Water 1.25 mass % (max.) ASTM E 203-75
Appearance Free of turbidity, Visually determined
suspended matter at 25 degrees C by Proc. A of
and sediment ASTM D 4176-86
_________
[FNa] The denaturant must meet the ASTM D 4806-88 specification for denatured fuel ethanol, except the denaturant cannot be rubber hydrocarbon solvent. The final blend specifications for E-85 take precedence over the ASTM D 4806-88 specifications.
[FNb] Hydrocarbon fraction shall have a final maximum boiling point of 225 degrees C by ASTM method D 86-90, oxidation stability of 240 minutes by ASTM test method D 525-88 and No. 1 maximum copper strip corrosion by ASTM method D 130-88. Ethers must be aliphatic. No manganese added. Adjustment of RVP must be performed using common blending components from the gasoline stream. Starting 4/1/96, the hydrocarbon fraction must also meet specification for benzene, olefin content, aromatic hydrocarbon content, maximum T90 and maximum T50 found in California Code of Regulations, Title 13 sections 2262.3, 2262.4, 2262.7 and 2262.6 (T90 & T50), respectively.
[FNc] RVP range of 6.5 to 8.7 for those geographical areas and times indicated for A, A/B, B/A and B volatility class fuels in Table 2 of ASTM D 4814-91b. RVP range of 7.3 to 9.4 for those geographical areas and times indicated for B/C, C/B, C, C/D and D/C volatility fuels. RVP range of 8.7 to 10.2 for those geographical areas and times indicated for D, D/E, E/D and E volatility fuels. Geographical areas referenced in this note shall be adjusted to reflect the air basin boundaries set forth in Title 17, California Code of Regulations, section 60100 through 60113.
[FNd] No added lead.
[FNe] No added phosphorus.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2292.5. Specifications for Compressed Natural Gas.
The following standards apply to compressed natural gas
(The identified test methods are incorporated herein by reference):
Specifications for Compressed Natural Gas
Specification Value Test Method
Hydrocarbons (expressed as mole percent)
Methane 88.0% (min.) ASTM D 1945-81
Ethane 6.0% (max.) ASTM D 1945-81
C 3 and higher HC 3.0% (max.) ASTM D 1945-81
C 6 and higher HC 0.2% (max.) ASTM D 1945-81
Other Species (expressed as mole percent unless otherwise indicated)
Hydrogen 0.1% (max.) ASTM D 2650-88
Carbon monoxide 0.1% (max.) ASTM D 2650-88
Oxygen 1.0% (max.) ASTM D 1945-81
Inert gases
Sum of CO 2 and N 2 1.5-4.5 % ASTM D 1945-81
(range)
Water [FNa]
Particulate matter [FNb]
Odorant [FNc]
Sulfur 16 ppm by Title 17 CCR Section 94112
vol. (max.)
_________
[FNa] The dewpoint at vehicle fuel storage container pressure shall be at least 10 degrees F below the 99.0% winter design temperature listed in Chapter 24, Table 1, Climatic Conditions for the United States, in the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineer's (ASHRAE) Handbook, 1989 fundamentals volume. Testing for water vapor shall be in accordance with ASTM D 1142-90, utilizing the Bureau of Mines apparatus.
[FNb] The compressed natural gas shall not contain dust, sand, dirt, gums, oils, or other substances in an amount sufficient to be injurious to the fueling station equipment or the vehicle being fueled.
[FNc] The natural gas at ambient conditions must have a distinctive odor potent enough for its presence to be detected down to a concentration in air of not over 1/5 (one-fifth) of the lower limit of flammability.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2292.6. Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
The following standards apply to liquefied petroleum gas
(The identified test methods are incorporated herein by reference):
Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Specification Value Test Method
Propane 85.0 vol. % ASTM D 2163-87
(min.) [FNa]
Vapor pressure at 100<>o F 208 psig (max.) ASTM D 1267-89
ASTM D 2598-88 [FNb]
Volatility residue:
evaporated temp., 95% -37<>o F (max.) ASTM D 1837-86
or
butanes 5.0 vol. % (max.) ASTM D 2163-87
Butenes 2.0% (max.) ASTM D 2163-87
Pentenes and heavier 0.5 vol. % (max.) ASTM D 2163-87
Propene 10.0 vol. % (max.) ASTM D 2163-87
Residual matter: residue
on evap. of 100 ml 0.05 ml (max.) ASTM D 2158-89
oil stain observ. pass [FNc] ASTM D 2158-89
Corrosion, copper strip No. 1 (max.) ASTM D 1838-89
Sulfur 80 ppmw (max.) ASTM D 2784-89
Moisture content pass ASTM D 2713-86
Odorant [FNd]
[FNa] Propane shall be required to be a minimum of 80.0 volume percent starting on January 1, 1993. Starting on January 1, 1999, the minimum propane content shall be 85.0 volume percent.
[FNb] In case of dispute about the vapor pressure of a product, the value actually determined by Test Method ASTM D 1267-89 shall prevail over the value calculated by Practice ASTM D 2598-88.
[FNc] An acceptable product shall not yield a persistent oil ring when 0.3 ml of solvent residue mixture is added to a filter paper, in 0.1 ml increments and examined in daylight after 2 min. as described in Test Method ASTM 2158-89.
[FNd] The liquefied petroleum gas upon vaporization at ambient conditions must have a distinctive odor potent enough for its presence to be detected down to a concentration in air of not over 1/5 (one-fifth) of the lower limit of flammability.
Within five years from the effective date of adoption or implementation, whichever comes later, of the amendments approved December 11, 1998, the Air Resources Board, in consultation with the Secretary for Environmental Protection, shall review the provisions of this chapter to determine whether it should be retained, revised or repealed.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District , 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43013, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District , 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2292.7. Specifications for Hydrogen.
The following standards apply for hydrogen
(The identified test methods are incorporated herein by reference):
Specifications for Hydrogen
Specification Value Test Method
Hydrogen 98.0 mole % ASTM D 1946-90
(min.)
Combined hydrogen, 99.9 mole % ASTM D 1946-90
water, oxygen and (min.) for hydrogen, nitrogen
nitrogen and nitrogen oxygen;
ASTM D 1142-90 for wa-
ter using the Bureau of
Mines apparatus
Total hydrocarbons 0.01 mole % ASTM D 1946-90
(max.)
Particulate matter [FNa]
Odorant [FNb]
_________
[FNa] The hydrogen shall not contain dust, sand, dirt, gums, oils, or other substances in an amount sufficient to be injurious to the fueling station equipment or the vehicle being fueled.
[FNb] Starting 1/1/95, the hydrogen fuel at ambient conditions must have a distinctive odor potent enough for its presence to be detected down to a concentration in air of not over 1/5 (one-fifth) of the lower limit of flammability. This requirement applies only to hydrogen which is introduced into the vehicle fuel storage system in gaseous form.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500, 40000, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2293. Equivalent Test Methods.
(a) Whenever sections 2292.1 thru 2292.7 provide for the use of a specified test method, another test method may be used following a determination by the Executive Officer that the other test method produces results equivalent to the results obtained with the specified method.
s 2293.5. Exemptions for Alternative Motor Vehicle Fuel Used in Test Programs.
The executive officer shall consider and grant test program exemptions from the requirements of this Article in accordance with section 2259.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal.3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975). Reference: Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39500, 39515, 39516, 39606, 41511, 43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal.3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).
s 2296. Motor Fuel Sampling Procedures.
(a) "Scope." This method covers procedures for obtaining representative samples of motor fuel and blending components used to make motor fuel.
(b) "Summary of method." It is necessary that the samples be truly representative of the product in question. The precautions required to ensure the representative character of the samples are numerous and depend upon the tank, carrier, container or line from which the sample is being obtained, the type and cleanliness of the sample container, and the sampling procedure that is to be used. A summary of the sampling procedures and their application is presented in Table 1. Each procedure is suitable for sampling a material under definite storage, transportation, or container conditions. The basic principle of each procedure is to obtain a sample in such manner and from such locations in the tank or other container that the sample will be truly representative of the product.
(c) "Description of terms."
(1) "Average sample" is one that consists of proportionate parts from all sections of the container.
(2) "All-levels sample" is one obtained by submerging a stoppered beaker or bottle to a point as near as possible to the draw-off level, then opening the sampler and raising it at a rate such that it is about3/4 full (maximum 85 percent) as it emerges from the liquid. An all-levels sample is not necessarily an average sample because the tank volume may not be proportional to the depth and because the operator may not be able to raise the sampler at the variable rate required for proportionate filling. The rate of filling is proportional to the square root of the depth of immersion.
(3) "Running sample" is one obtained by lowering an unstoppered beaker or bottle from the top of the liquid to the level of the bottom of the outlet connection or swing line, and returning it to the top of the liquid at a uniform rate of speed such that the beaker or bottle is about3/4 full when withdrawn from the liquid.
(4) "Spot sample" is one obtained at some specific location in the tank by means of a thief bottle, or beaker.
(5) "Top sample" is a spot sample obtained 6 inches (150 mm) below the top surface of the liquid (Figure 1).
(6) "Upper sample" is a spot sample taken at the mid-point of the upper third of the tank contents (Figure 1).
(7) "Middle sample" is a spot sample obtained from the middle of the tank contents (Figure 1).
(8) "Lower sample" is a spot sample obtained at the level of the fixed tank outlet or the swing line outlet (Figure 1).
(9) "Clearance sample" is a spot sample taken 4 inches (100 mm) below the level of the tank outlet (Figure 1).
(10) "Bottom sample" is one obtained from the material on the bottom surface of the tank, container, or line at its lowest point.
(11) "Drain sample" is one obtained from the draw-off or discharge valve. Occasionally, a drain sample may be the same as a bottom sample, as in the case of a tank car.
(12) "Continuous sample" is one obtained from a pipeline in such manner as to give a representative average of a moving stream.
(13) "Mixed sample" is one obtained after mixing or vigorously stirring the contents of the original container, and then pouring out or drawing off the quantity desired.
(14) "Nozzle sample" is one obtained from a motor fuel service station pump nozzle which dispenses motor fuel from a underground storage tank.
(15) "Motor fuel" shall mean, for the purpose of this sampling procedure, gasoline (including gasoline containing oxygenates), diesel fuel, or any blending components that are used to make such fuel.
(d) "Sample containers."
(1) Sample containers may be clear or brown glass bottles, or cans. The clear glass bottle is advantageous because it may be examined visually for cleanliness, and also allows visual inspection of the sample for free water or solid impurities. The brown glass bottle affords some protection from light. The only cans permissible are those with the seams soldered on the exterior surface with a flux of rosin in a suitable solvent. Such a flux is easily removed with gasoline, whereas many others are very difficult to remove.
(2) "Container closure." Cork or glass stoppers, or screw caps of plastic or metal, may be used for glass bottles; screw caps only shall be used for cans to provide a vapor-tight closure seal. Corks must be of good quality, clean and free from holes and loose bits of cork. Never use rubber stoppers. Contact of the sample with the cork may be prevented by wrapping tin or aluminum foil around the cork before forcing it into the bottle. Glass stoppers must be a perfect fit. Screw caps must be protected by a disk faced with tin or aluminum foil, or other material that will not affect petroleum or petroleum products.
(3) "Cleaning procedure." All sample containers must be absolutely clean and free of water, dirt, lint, washing compounds, naphtha, or other solvents, soldering fluxes or acids, corrosion, rust, and oil. Before using a container, rinse it with Stoddard solvent or other naphtha of similar volatility. (It may be necessary to use sludge solvents to remove all traces of sediment and sludge from containers previously used.) Then wash the container with strong soap solution, rinse it thoroughly with tap water, and finally with distilled water. Dry either by passing a current of clean, warm air through the container or by placing it in a hot dust-free cabinet at 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees centigrade) or higher. When dry, stopper or cap the container immediately.
(e) "Sampling apparatus." The sampling apparatus is described in detail under each of the specific sampling procedures. Clean, dry, and free all sampling apparatus from any substance that might contaminate the material, using the procedure described in (d)(3).
(f) "Time and place of sampling." When loading or discharging product, take samples from both shipping and receiving tanks, and from the pipeline if required.
(1) "Ship or barge tanks." Sample each product after the vessel is loaded or just before unloading.
(2) "Tank cars." Sample the product after the car is loaded or just before unloading.
Note:When taking samples from tanks suspected of containing flammable atmospheres, precautions should be taken to guard against ignitions due to static electricity. Metal or conductive objects, such as gage tapes, sample containers, and thermometers, should not be lowered into or suspended in a compartment or tank which is being filled or immediately after cessation of pumping. A waiting period of approximately one minute will generally permit a substantial relaxation of the electrostatic charge; under certain conditions a longer period may be deemed advisable.
(g) "Obtaining samples."
(1) Directions for sampling cannot be made explicit enough to cover all cases. Extreme care and good judgment are necessary to ensure samples that represent the general character and average condition of the material. Clean hands are important. Clean gloves may be worn but only when absolutely necessary, such as in cold weather, or when handling materials at high temperature, or for reasons of safety. Select wiping cloths so that lint is not introduced, contaminating samples.
(2) As many petroleum vapors are toxic and flammable, avoid breathing them or igniting them from an open flame or a spark produced by static.
(3) When sampling relatively volatile products (more than 2 pounds (0.14 kgf/cm 2) RVP), the sampling apparatus shall be rinsed and allowed to drain before drawing the sample. If the sample is to be transferred to another container, this container shall also be rinsed with some of the volatile product and then drained. When the actual sample is emptied into this container, the sampling apparatus should be upended into the opening of the sample container and remain in this position until the contents have been transferred so that no unsaturated air will be entrained in the transfer of the sample.
(h) "Handling samples."
(1) "Volatile samples." It is necessary to protect all volatile samples of product from evaporation. Transfer the product from the sampling apparatus to the sample container immediately Keep the container closed except when the material is being transferred. When samples of more than 16 pounds (1.12 kgf/cm 2) RVP are being obtained, be sure to use containers strong enough to meet local safety regulations. After delivery to the laboratory, volatile samples should be cooled before the container is opened.
(2) "Container outage." Never completely fill a sample container, but allow adequate room for expansion, taking into consideration the temperature of the liquid at the time of filling and the probable maximum temperature to which the filled container may be subjected.
(i) "Shipping samples." To prevent loss of liquid and vapors during shipment, and to protect against moisture and dust, cover the stoppers of glass bottles with plastic caps that have been swelled in water, wiped dry, placed over the tops of the stoppered bottles, and allowed to shrink tightly in place. The caps of metal containers must be screwed down tightly and checked for leakage. Postal and express office regulations applying to the shipment of flammable liquids must be observed.
(j) "Labeling sample containers."
(1) Label the container immediately after a sample is obtained. Use waterproof and oilproof ink or a pencil hard enough to dent the tag, since soft pencil and ordinary ink markings are subject to obliteration from moisture, oil smearing, and handling. Include the following information:
(A) Date and time (the period elapsed during continuous sampling),
(B) Name of the sample,
(C) Name or number and owner of the vessel, car, or container,
(D) Brand and grade of material, and
(E) Reference symbol or identification number.
(k) "Sampling procedures." The standard sampling procedures described in this method are summarized in Table 1. Alternative sampling procedures may be used if a mutually satisfactory agreement has been reached by the parties involved and such agreement was put in writing and signed by authorized officials.
(1) "Bottle or beaker sampling." The bottle or beaker sampling procedure is applicable for sampling liquids of 16 pounds (1.12 kgf/cm 2) RVP or less in tank cars, tank trucks, shore tanks, ship tanks, and barge tanks.
(A) "Apparatus." A suitable sampling bottle or beaker as shown in Figure 2 is required. Recommended diameter of opening in the bottle or beaker is3/4 inch (19 mm).
(B) "Procedure."
1. "All-levels sample." Lower the weighted, stoppered bottle or beaker as near as possible to the draw-off level, pull out the stopper with a sharp jerk of the cord or chain and raise the bottle at a uniform rate so that it is about 3/4 full as it emerges from the liquid.
2. "Running sample." Lower the unstoppered bottle or beaker as near as possible to the level of the bottom of the outlet connection or swing line and then raise the bottle or beaker to the top of the liquid at a uniform rate of speed such that it is about 3/4 full when withdrawn from the liquid.
3. "Upper, middle, and lower samples." Lower the weighted, stoppered bottle to the proper depths (Figure 1) as follows:
Upper sample............ middle of upper third of the tank contents
Middle sample........... middle of the tank contents
Lower sample............ level of the fixed tank outlet
or the swing-line outlet
Pull out the stopper with a sharp jerk of the cord or chain and allow the bottle or beaker to fill completely at the selected level, as evidenced by the cessation of air bubbles. When full, raise the bottle or beaker, pour off a small amount, and stopper immediately.
4. "Top sample." Obtain this sample (Figure 1) in the same manner as specified in (k)(1)(B)3. but at 6 inches (150 mm) below the top surface of the tank contents.
5. "Handling." Stopper and label bottle samples immediately after taking them, and deliver to the laboratory in the original sampling bottles.
(2) "Tap sampling." The tap sampling procedure is applicable for sampling liquids of 26 pounds (1.83 kgf/cm 2)RVP or less in tanks which are equipped with suitable sampling taps or lines. This procedure is recommended for volatile stocks in tanks of the breather and balloon roof type, spheroids, etc. (Samples may be taken from the drain cocks of gage glasses, if the tank is not equipped with sampling taps.) When obtaining a sample for RVP or distillation analysis, use the assembly as shown in Figure 3. When obtaining a sample for other than RVP or distillation analysis, the assembly as shown in Figure 3 need not be used.
NOTE: If RVP is more than 16 pounds (1.12 kgf/cm 2) but not more than 26 pounds (1.83 kgf/cm 2) a cooling bath as shown in section (l)(6), Figure 5, shall be used between the tank tap and the sample container to cool the sample and prevent volatilization of low-boiling components.
(A) "Apparatus."
1. "Tank taps." The tank should be equipped with at least three sampling taps placed equidistant throughout the tank height. On tanks that are not equipped with floating roofs, each sample tap should extend into the a minimum of 10 cm (4 in.). A standard 1/4 inch pipe with suitable valve is satisfactory.
2. "Tube." A delivery tube that will not contaminate the product being sampled and long enough to reach to the bottom of the sample container is required to allow submerged filling. When a cooling bath is used while tap sampling, a similar suitable tube should be used between the tank tap and the cooler inlet.
3. "Sample containers." Use clean, dry glass bottles of convenient size and strength to receive the samples. In some cases, metal containers may be used instead of glass bottles.
(B) "Procedure."
1. Before a sample is drawn, flush the tap (or gage glass drain cock) and line until they are purged completely. Connect the clean delivery tube to the tap. Draw upper, middle, or lower samples directly from the respective taps after the flushing operation. Stopper and label the sample container immediately after filling, and deliver it to the laboratory.
2. When a sample cooler is used during the tap sampling operation, flush the tap (or gage glass drain cock). Then, using a section of clean tubing, connect the tap to the cooler inlet. Flush the cooler thoroughly, after which connect the clean delivery tube to the cooler outlet and proceed with the sampling operation.
(3) "Continuous sampling." The continuous sampling procedure is applicable for sampling liquids of 16 pounds (1.12 kgf/cm 2) RVP or less and semiliquids in pipelines, filling lines, and transfer lines. The continuous sampling may be done manually or by using automatic devices.
(A) "Apparatus."
1. "Sampling probe." The function of the sampling probe is to withdraw from the flow stream a portion that will be representative of the entire stream. The apparatus assembly for continuous sampling is shown in Figure 4. Probe designs that are commonly used are as follows:
a. A tube extending to the center of the line and beveled at a 45 degree angle facing upstream (Figure 4(a)).
b. A long-radius forged elbow or pipe bend extending to the center line of the pipe and facing upstream. The end of the probe should be reamed to give a sharp entrance edge (Figure 4(b)).
c. A closed-end tube with a round orifice spaced near the closed end which should be positioned in such a way that the orifice is in the center of the pipeline and is facing the stream as shown in Figure 4(c).
2. Since the fluid pumped may not in all cases be homogeneous, the position and size of the sampling probe should be such as to minimize stratification or dropping out of heavier particles within the tube or the displacement of the product within the tube as a result of variation in gravity of the flowing stream. The sampling probe should be located preferably in a vertical run of pipe and as near as practicable to the point where the product passes to the receiver. The probe should always be in a horizontal position.
a. The sampling lines should be as short as practicable and should be cleared before any samples are taken.
b. A suitable device for mixing the fluid flow to ensure a homogeneous mixture at all rates of flow and to eliminate stratification should be installed upstream of the sampling tap. Some effective devices for obtaining a homogeneous mixture are as follows: Reduction in pipe size; a series of baffles; orifice or perforated plate; and a combination of any of these methods.
c. The design or sizing of these devices is optional with the user, as long as the flow past the sampling point is homogeneous and stratification is eliminated.
3. To control the rate at which the sample is withdrawn, the probe or probes should be fitted with valves or plug cocks.
4. "Automatic sampling devices" that meet the standards set out in (3)(A)5. may be used in obtaining samples of gasoline. The quantity of sample collected must be of sufficient size for analysis, and its composition should be identical with the composition of the batch flowing in the line while the sample is being taken. An automatic sampler installation necessarily includes not only the automatic sampling device that extracts the samples from the line, but also a suitable probe, connecting lines, auxiliary equipment, and a container in which the sample is collected. Automatic samplers may be classified as follows:
a. "Continuous sampler, time cycle (nonproportional) types." A sampler designed and operated in such a manner that it transfers equal increments of liquid from the pipeline to the sample container at a uniform rate of one or more increments per minute is a continuous sampler.
b. "Continuous sampler, flow-responsive (proportional) type." A sampler that is designed and operated in such a manner that it will automatically adjust the quantity of sample in proportion to the rate of flow is a flow-responsive (proportional) sampler. Adjustment of the quantity of sample may be made either by varying the frequency of transferring equal increments of sample to the sample container, or by varying the volume of the increments while maintaining a constant frequency of transferring the increments to the sample container. The apparatus assembly for continuous sampling is shown in Figure 4.
c. "Intermittent sampler." A sampler that is designed and operated in such a manner that it transfers equal increments of liquid from a pipeline to the sample container at a uniform rate of less than one increment per minute is an intermittent sampler.
5. "Standards of installation." Automatic sampler installations should meet all safety requirements in the plant or area where used, and should comply with American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping, and other applicable codes (ANSI B31.1). The sampler should be so installed as to provide ample access space for inspection and maintenance.
a. Small lines connecting various elements of the installation should be so arranged that complete purging of the automatic sampler and of all lines can be accomplished effectively. All fluid remaining in the sampler and the lines from the preceding sampling cycle should be purged immediately before the start of any given sampling operation.
b. In those cases where the sampler design is such that complete purging of the sampling lines and the sampler is not possible, a small pump should be installed in order to circulate a continuous stream from the sampling tube past or through the sampler and back into the line. The automatic sampler should then withdraw the sample from the sidestream through the shortest possible connection.
c. Under certain conditions, there may be a tendency for water and heavy particles to drop out in the discharge line from the sampling device and appear in the sample container during some subsequent sampling period. To circumvent this possibility, the discharge pipe from the sampling device should be free of pockets or enlarged pipe areas, and preferably should be pitched downward to the sample container.
d. To ensure clean, free-flowing lines, piping should be designed for periodic cleaning.
6. "Field calibration." Composite samples obtained from the automatic sampler installation should be verified for quantity performance in a manner that meets with the approval of all parties concerned, at least once a month and more often if conditions warrant. In the case of time-cycle samplers, deviations in quantity of the sample taken should not exceed+ 5 percent for any given setting. In the case of flow-responsive samplers, the deviation in quantity of sample taken per 1,000 barrels of flowing stream should not exceed+5 percent. For the purpose of field-calibrating an installation, the composite sample obtained from the automatic sampler under test should be verified for quality by comparing on the basis of physical and chemical properties, with either a properly secured continuous nonautomatic sample or tank sample. The tank sample should be taken under the following conditions: (continued)