CCLME.ORG - DIVISION 1. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CHAPTERS 1 through 6

(continued)
(g) Hoist towers shall be erected to a height necessary for immediate needs. However, the tower shall not be extended in height beyond the designer's recommendations and never more than 66 feet above the last (highest) guy point.
(h) An enclosure of No. 18 U. S. Standard gage wire mesh or equivalent material, which will reject a one-inch steel ball, shall be provided to prevent access into the space at the bottom of the hoist tower. The enclosure shall extend not less than 6 feet above the base of the hoist tower.
(i) Positive connections, such as those made with bolts or pins, shall join the various segments from which assembled towers are made.
(j) Diagonal bracing, or the equivalent, shall be placed on each of the four sides of the tower and between horizontal crossties, except at loading platforms, in which case bracing of equivalent strength shall be provided.
(k) Hoist towers shall only be erected and dismantled under the direct supervision of competent personnel.

s 1605.6. Guying.
(a) Towers shall be secured with guys or rigid braces at each corner at intervals not to exceed 30 feet vertically.
(b) Towers guys shall be at least 1 /2-inch diameter improved plow-steel wire rope, secured to anchorages with wire-rope clips as specified in Table 5, or the equivalent. The wire-rope fastenings and the anchorages shall withstand four times the maximum intended loadings.

s 1605.7. Cantilever Towers.
(a) The requirements outlined in 1605.5(j) of this Standard do not apply to cantilever towers.
(b) Cantilever towers shall be secured with guys or rigid braces, according to manufacturer's recommendation, at intervals not to exceed 30 feet vertically or the manufacturer's recommended spacing, whichever is the lesser.
(c) All other Sections of this Standard are applicable to cantilever towers.

s 1605.8. Requirements for Inside Hoists.
(a) The sides of the hoistways not used for entrances shall be enclosed on each floor for their entire height with wire mesh or equivalent material and reinforced to withstand a horizontal force of 100 pounds per square foot, applied to any point. The openings in the mesh shall reject a one-inch steel ball.
(b) Protective covering of heavy planking shall be provided below the cathead of all hoists to prevent objects falling down the hoistway.

s 1605.9. Hoist Platforms and Cages.
(a) Workmen shall be prohibited from riding the hoist platform except for authorized inspection and maintenance.
(b) When wheelbarrows or other rolling equipment are transported, they shall be held securely in place on the hoist platform.
(c) Overhead protective covering of two-inch planking, 3/4-inch plywood or other solid material of equivalent strength shall be provided on the top of every material hoist cage or platform to prevent objects falling on the workmen loading or unloading the hoist.
(d) The protective covering on the top of the cage or platform may be made in hinged sections that may be raised when hoisting long material.
(e) When using a cage or platform for long material, the several pieces of the material shall be securely fastened together and made fast to the cage or platform, so that no part of the load can fall or project beyond the sides of the cage or platform.
(f) Platform floors covered with metal, shall have a non-slip surface.
(g) When a hoist tower is not enclosed, the hoist platform or car shall be totally enclosed (caged) on all sides including the roof, for the full height between the floor and the cage top. The walls of the cage shall be constructed of 1/2-inch mesh of No. 14 U. S. Standard gage wire or the equivalent. The hoist-platform enclosure will include the required gates for loading and unloading.
(h) A stamped plate indicating the manufacturer's rated load of the hoist in pounds shall be conspicuously displayed in the hoist cage.
(i) Broken-rope safety devices, if and when used in conjunction with material platforms or concrete buckets, shall conform to the following conditions. However, under no circumstances shall they be construed to satisfy the requirements of Section 1604 of these Orders.
(1) The safety device when engaged shall be capable of stopping and holding the platform or bucket with its rated load.
(2) The safety device shall be securely attached to the frame of the platform, or bucket, in such manner that the platform, or bucket, will not become separated from the safety device under the conditions cited in (1) above.
(3) Any platform, or bucket, used in conjunction with safety devices shall be capable of meeting the conditions cited in (1) above without resultant failures or loss of its load.
(4) Any material hoist structure including tower components, guide rails, and their attachments, and any parts affected by the action of the safety device, when subjected to the conditions cited in (1) above shall sustain the platform or bucket with its rated load without structural failure.
(5) The safety device shall be activated by a positive means in the event of rope failure, and when engaged shall be released only by raising the platform or bucket from the stopped position.
(6) The ability of the equipment to satisfy the requirements of (1) and (2) above, shall be established by tests witnessed by the enforcing author ity, an independent testing laboratory, or registered professional engineer.

s 1605.10. Concrete Buckets.
(a) When employees are required to work in the pit, the bucket shall be shored on two sides with timbers, or their equivalent, of sufficient strength to support the bucket. Timbers shall not protrude into an adjacent hoistway.
(b) Employees shall be prohibited from riding the bucket.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1605.11. Booms.
(a) All booms mounted on a material hoist tower shall operate at fixed radii.
(b) Live booms shall be prohibited.

s 1605.12. Hoisting Wire Rope and Sheaves.
(a) Breaking Strength. All hoisting wire rope shall be of such breaking strength as to provide a minimum factor of safety of seven. The factor of safety (F) shall be calculated by the following formula:
F = SN/W
where
S = Manufacturer's rated breaking strength of one rope.
N = Number of parts of ropes under load.
W = Maximum static load imposed on all ropes with the platform, cage, or bucket, and its rated load at any position in the hoistway.
(b) Wire Rope Inspection.
(1) Inspector.
A representative of the user of the material hoist shall be appointed and this representative shall keep written reports of the rope condition on file at the work site. The representative shall have the authority to order wire rope replacements and keep unsafe wire rope from being used.
(2) Periods of Inspection.
Inspection periods shall be set-up for each material-hoist wire rope. The frequency of inspection shall be determined by consideration of environment, degree of hazard to materials, frequency of operation, and the frequency with which the rope is subjected to its capacity limits. Inspections shall be made not less often than once each 30 days.
(3) Method of Inspection.
The working length of the wire rope shall be unwound from the hoist drum. Thorough inspection shall be made of the rope sections that pass over sheaves, drums, or contact saddles, or which make opposing turns. The rope close to end attachments shall be carefully inspected.
(4) Inspection of Used Wire Rope.

A used wire rope shall be thoroughly inspected prior to installation.
(5) Inspection of Wire Rope on Idle Equipment.
The wire rope on equipment that has been idle or shutdown for a period of one month or more shall be completely inspected prior to operation.
(6) Surfaces Contacted by Wire Rope.
Sheaves, guards, guides, drums, flanges, and other surfaces contacted by wire rope during operation should be examined at the time of inspection. Any condition harmful to the rope in use at the time should be corrected.
(c) Wire Rope Removal and Replacement.
Wire rope with one or more of the following defects shall be removed or replaced immediately:
(1) Corrosion. Severe corrosion shall be cause for replacement. Any development of slight corrosion should be noted and watched closely.

(2) Broken Wires. One or more valley breaks shall be cause for replacement. (A valley break is a wire break occurring in the valley between two adjacent strands.)
Six randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or three broken wires in one strand in one rope lay, shall be cause for replacement. (A rope lay is the length along the rope in which one strand makes a complete revolution around the rope.)
(3) End Attachments. Development of broken wires in the vicinity of attachments shall be cause for replacement. If this condition is localized in an operating rope and the section in question can be eliminated by making a new attachment, this can be done rather than replacing the entire rope.
(4) Abrasion. Abrasion, scrubbing, flattening, or peening causing loss of more than one-third of the original diameter of the outside wires shall be cause for replacement.
(5) Kinking. Severe kinking, crushing, birdcaging, or other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure shall be cause for replacement.

(6) Heat. Evidence of any heat damage resulting from a torch, or any caused by contact with electrical wires shall be cause for replacement.
(7) Reduction of Rope Diameter. Reduction from nominal diameter of more than 3/64-inch for diameters up to and including 3/4-inch; 1/16-inch for diameters 7/8 to 1 1/8 inches; and 3/22-inch for diameter 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 inches shall be causes for replacement. Marked reduction in diameter indicates deterioration of the core.
(d) Wire Rope Installation. Hoisting ropes shall be installed in accordance with the wire rope manufacturer's recommendations. The hoisting ropes shall be secured to the drum by clamps or by an approved equivalent means.
(e) Drums and Sheaves.
(1) Pitch diameters of drums shall be a minimum of 24 times the nominal rope diameter. The drum flange shall extend at least 2 inches radially beyond the last layer of rope when all rope is coiled on the drum.
(2) The winding drum shall have not less than three turns of rope when the platform, cage, or bucket is at the lowest point of travel.

(3) All hoisting wire rope shall be improved plow steel grade or stronger, and equal in flexibility to 6 x 19 classification wire rope. The joining of hoisting ropes by splicing is prohibited.
(4) There shall be at least 4 feet of clearance between the cathead sheave and the hoisting-rope fastening on the platform, cage, or bucket when either is at the uppermost terminal or landing.
(5) The arc of the bottom of the sheave groove shall be smooth and concentric with the bore or shaft of the sheave. The center line of the groove shall be in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the bore or shaft of the above sheave.
(6) Sheave grooves shall be machined or cast, providing the bottom of the groove has a radius subtending an arc of 150 degrees and conforms to Table 1.

Table 1
Groove Radii for New and Reconditioned Sheave Grooves
___________________________________________________________
Wire Rope, ............................. Root

Nominal ............ Groove ............ Radius
Diameter ........... Minimum ........... Maximum-
___________________________________________________________
1/4 .............. .140 .............. .150
5/16 ............. .170 .............. .180
3/8 .............. .205 .............. .215
1/2 .............. .265 .............. .275
5/8 .............. .330 .............. .340
3/4 .............. .390 .............. .400
7/8 .............. .460 .............. .475
1 .................. .525 .............. .540
1 1/8 .............. .585 .............. .600
1 1/4 .............. .655 .............. .670
___________________________________________________________

(7) Load-bearing sheaves for wire rope shall be grooved to accommodate the rope and shall have a diameter at least 20 times that of the wire rope. For minimum tread diameter of sheaves see Table 2. (The diameter of a sheave is measured at the bottom of the grooves.)

(8) Sheaves intended for use with fiber rope shall not be used with wire rope.
(9) Defective and worn sheaves that may cause equipment failure or damage to the wire rope shall be replaced. If pillow blocks are used, they shall be mounted on top of beams and securely bolted. Open bearings shall not be used.
(10) No snatch blocks or hood-type sheaves shall be used on any hoist tower.
Table 2

Minimum Ratio of Rope Diameter to Sheave Tread Diameter

___________________________________________
Diameter ............. Minimum
of Hoisting ........ Tread Diameter
Rope .......... of Sheaves [FNa1]
(Inches) ............. (Inches)
___________________________________________
1/4 .................. 5
5/16 ................ 6 1/2

3/8 ................ 7 1/2
1/2 .................. 10
5/8 ................ 12 1/2
3/4 .................. 15
7/8 ................ 17 1/2
1 ................... 20
1 1/8 ............... 22 1/2
1 1/4 ................. 25
___________________________________________
[FNa1] Based on 20 times rope diameter.

(11) All sheaves shall be of iron or steel.
(12) All sheave bearings shall be lined with babbit, or other equivalent bearing metal, or have ball or roller bearings.
(13) Sheave bearings shall be provided with adequate means for lubrication.

s 1605.13. Wire Rope Fastenings.
(a) Hoisting ropes shall be attached by means of zinc-coated or galvanized drop forged fist grips or equal and wire rope thimbles, or by approved special fastening devices. When fist grips are used, the minimum number, spacing, and tightening torque shall be in accordance with the instructions of the grip manufacturer. Grips shall be periodically checked and retightened to the recommended torque.
(b) When extra wire rope is carried on top of the frame of the hoisting platform, a drum and clamp tie down or equivalent type anchor device, which will not damage the wire rope, shall be used.

s 1605.14. Hoisting Machines.
(a) Hoisting machines shall be designed, installed, and maintained to vertically raise and lower the rated load plus the weight of equipment and ropes.
(b) The hoisting machine shall be equipped with brakes capable of stopping and holding 125 percent of rated hoisting capacity under all operating conditions.
(c) The hoisting machine shall be secured in position so as to prevent lateral movement, shifting, or dislodgement.
(d) The location and arrangement of the hoisting machine, tower, and related sheaves shall be such that proper wrapping of the wire rope on the drum will be assured to prevent "overriding," fouling, improper spacing, or any other condition which will cause damage to the wire rope or hoisting machine.
(e) Hoisting machines shall not be left unattended with the load suspended.
(f) Adequate blocking and bracing shall be provided between the hoisting machine and the tower to prevent the transmission of any unbalanced lateral forces to the tower resulting from the pull of the hoisting ropes.
(g) When hoisting machinery is set on an elevated platform, such platforms shall be of substantial construction, properly engineered, and provided with guardrails and toeboards which conform to these Orders.
(h) Wire hoisting ropes within 7 feet of floor or ground shall be guarded by an enclosure or fence.
(i) All gears on hoisting machines shall be completely guarded.
(j) Not more than one platform winch head, boom, or bucket shall be operated at the same time by any one hoisting machine.
(k) Brake drums shall be kept free of oil, grease, or any other substance which reduces their efficiency.
( l) Mechanical brakes shall be so installed as to stop movement of the winding drum, and equipped with a positive acting latch or other mechanical device, designed as part of the hoist, which will hold the brake in the engaged position.
(m) Each manually operated hoisting machine shall be equipped with an effective pawl and ratchet capable of holding the rated load capacity when it is suspended.
(n) Internal-combustion-engine exhaust pipes shall be arranged to exhaust away from workmen so the gases will be dissipated harmlessly. A muffler shall be installed to reduce the noise.
(o) Only approved safety cans shall be used for fueling internal-combustion engines. When gravity-type fuel systems are used, a cutoff valve shall be installed between the internal-combustion engine and the fuel-supply tank.
(p) Open light, flames, or spark-producing devices shall be kept at a safe distance while refueling internal-combustion engines, and no person shall smoke or carry lighted smoking materials in the immediate area. The engine shall be stopped during refueling.
(q) A fire extinguisher which meets the requirements of the General Industry Safety Orders shall be part of the hoisting equipment.
(r) The operation of every hoist shall be controlled by an electrically or mechanically designed signal system. Manual signals may only be used when visibility and distance permit, and the signals can be relayed directly to the hoist operator. See Section 1605.21 for recommended signal systems.
(s) The platform, cage, or bucket shall be brought to its lowest position, the hoisting machine shall be shutdown and positively secured against accidental start-up when men climb the hoist tower or work on any part of the tower below the cathead. The platform, cage, or bucket may be used to raise workmen for authorized maintenance and repairs that cannot be done otherwise.
(t) All hoisting equipment, including brakes, gears, levers, and wire rope, shall be visually inspected daily. All broken, worn, or defective parts shall be repaired or replaced when discovered.
(u) Electrical equipment shall be effectively grounded. Ground cables shall be enclosed or shielded as necessary, and shall be tagged for identification.
(v) Each automatically operated electrical-motor-driven hoist shall be provided with a mechanical automatic motor brake, or equivalent device, to hold the load automatically in case of power failure.

s 1605.15. Protection of Operator.
(a) See Article 4, Construction Safety Orders for protection of operator from dust and airborne material.
(b) The operator station of a hoisting machine shall be provided with overhead protection equivalent to tight planking not less than 2 inches thick. The support for the overhead protection shall be of equal strength.
(c) The area occupied by the hoisting machine and its operator shall be protected from the elements and shall be heated in cold weather.
(d) No open-flame heaters shall be allowed inside any operator's enclosure. All other types shall be properly vented.
(e) Heating systems using liquefied petroleum gases shall be installed in compliance with the Unfired Pressure Vessel Safety Orders.

s 1605.16. Signal Systems.
(a) Hoisting machines shall be operated in response to manual signals, telephone communications, or to a visible or audible code signal. Any of these may be used separately or in combination. Refer to Section 1605.21.
(b) Operators and signalmen shall be able to comprehend signals readily and to execute them properly. Refer to Section 1605.21.

s 1605.17. Indicators.
Hoisting ropes shall be accurately marked, or equivalent means taken, to indicate when the load has reached specific positions, including top and bottom landings.

s 1605.18. Electric Motors.
(a) Motor installations shall be made in accordance with provisions of applicable local codes and the Electrical Safety Orders.
(b) Only enclosed switches with grounded cases and fuses or circuit breakers shall be used.
(c) Control panels shall be enclosed and unauthorized persons shall not be permitted access to such panels.
(d) An emergency means shall be provided within reach of the operator to cutoff the electric power.

s 1605.19. Landings and Runways.
(a) Landing platforms and runways that connect the hoistway or tower to the building shall be designed and constructed to sustain safely the maximum intended load. If floors or platforms are covered with metal, they shall have non-slip surfaces.
(b) Railings and toeboards which conform to these Orders shall be placed on the open sides of runways connecting the tower to the structure.
(c) All landing platforms where employees may be exposed to falling objects shall be provided with a solid overhead protection composed of 2-inch planking or the equivalent.
(d) A barricade shall be required at the building face which extends a minimum distance of 6 feet laterally along the outer edge of the building, from each side of the landing or runway. The barricade shall extend a minimum distance of 36 inches above the level of the landing, runway or structure floor. The material used for the barricade shall be the equivalent of No. 18 U. S. Standard gage wire with openings not exceeding 1/2-inch mesh or equivalent.
(e) Working platforms of ample size and strength, and railings and toeboards which conform to these Orders, shall be built at each level where employees are required to work, such as bucket dumps, hopper headers, and similar places.
(f) Access to and around landings and the area around the hoisting machine shall be kept clear of rubbish and waste material.
(g) Materials shall not be stored on landing platforms or landing runways.
(h) All hoistway entrance barriers and gates shall be painted with diagonal black and yellow stripes.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1605.20. Capacity Statement and Design.
(a) All material hoist towers, masts, etc., shall be substantially constructed and of such design that maximum intended loads will not stress any members beyond safe limits established by applicable engineering formulas.
(b) The design shall also provide ample strength for loads imposed by the use of booms attached to a tower or mast. Where auxiliary equipment or other load-bearing devices, in addition to that of the loaded platform or bucket, is supported by the tower, the tower shall be built to withstand these additional loads and stresses safely. The rated load, specified by the manufacturer, shall not be exceeded.

s 1605.21. Introduction.
One or a combination of several types of signal systems may be used: manual signals, audible signals, or electrical signals. Whatever the system in use, a copy of the signals shall be posted in a conspicuous place on or near each landing and at the hoist operator's position. The height of the tower and the number of wells in the tower shall be the determining factor in selecting the type of signals for safe operation.
(a) One-Hand Signals to Hoist Operators.

(1) Hoist: Forearm vertical and forefinger pointing upward, move hand in small horizontal circle.
(2) Lower: Arm extended and palm down, move hand in small vertical circle.
(3) Stop: Arm extended horizontally and palm down, hold position rigidly.
(4) Emergency Stop: Both arms extended horizontally but move hands rapidly right and left.
(5) Dog Off Load: With forearms extended vertically, clasp and unclasp fists several times.
(b) Two-Hand Signals to Hoist Operators.
(1) Hoist: Hold both arms horizontal at sides, fully extended, move upward and return.
(2) Lower: Let arms hang at sides, fully extended, move out and return.
(3) Stop: Hold both arms horizontal at sides, fully extended; hold position rigidly.
(4) Emergency Stop: Hold both arms horizontal at sides, fully extended; move both arms rapidly from back to front.
(5) Dog Off Load: Clasp fingers of one hand with fingers of the other, palms facing each other.
(c) Audible Signals.
Audible signals shall not be used when there are surrounding noises of the same, or nearly the same, frequency and octave level. Signals given by means of a whistle, bell, horn, or other audible means are as follows:
(1) Hoist: Two short blasts or gongs.
(2) Lower: Three short blasts or gongs.
(3) Slow: Four long blasts or gongs.
(4) Stop: One short blast or gong.

(5) Emergency Stop: Series of short blasts or gongs.
(6) Dog Off Load: One long blast or gong.
(d) Electrical Signals.
An electrical signal system utilizing bells or lights may be used. A bell signal system that does not register landing calls shall use the signals indicated in the preceding paragraph to control movement of the platform or bucket. One of two types of light systems, either a general system or a specific call system, may be installed.
(1) General Light Systems.
The necessary light or lights shall be so located at the hoist operator's station that they are readily visible to him at all times. A call button must be installed at each landing. Control of the hoist platform or bucket is governed by the following light signals:
(A) Hoist: Two lights or two light flashes.

(B) Lower: Three lights or three light flashes.
(C) Stop: One light or one light flash.
(D) Emergency Stop: Series of light flashes.
(E) Dog Off Load: One long light or lighting of separate dog-off light.
(2) Specific Call Light Systems.
A light to indicate each floor landing shall be installed in the most visible position at the hoist operator's station. A call signal button shall be installed at each landing. When the platform or bucket is needed at a certain floor, the call signal button registers that location on the proper light at the operator's station. Signals for movement may be given by audible or visible means.
(e) Electrical Intercommunication Systems.
(1) Electrical intercommunication systems may be installed. The wiring for such systems shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the Electrical Safety Orders.
(2) Speakers shall be so located at the hoist operator's position that he can communicate with all stations. A speaker shall also be located at each landing so that communication can be maintained with the hoist operator.
(3) Mechanical and electrical signal systems shall be inspected daily. Excessively worn or damaged parts shall be replaced immediately.
(4) All wires, cords, or other devices used in connection with signal systems shall be protected against unauthorized or unintentional use, breakage, or interference.

s 1610. Operator.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1611. Hoisting Operations.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1612. Construction Hoisting Signals.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1613. Mobile Towers, Hoists, and Similar Equipment.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1614. Mast Towers and Hoists.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615. Limit Device.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.1. Brakes.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.2. Hoist Trolley Frames.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.3. Capacity Marking.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.4. Stops.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.5. Control Equipment.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.6. Warning Device.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.7. Hoisting Chains, Ropes, and Slings.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.8. Defective Hoist or Sling Hooks, Rings, and Chain Links.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.9. Rope Safety Factors for Boom-Type Mobile Cranes.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.10. Ropes.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1615.11. Hoisting Rope Guards (Hoists).

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1616. Tramways.
Note: For permanent guardrails see Section 3209 of the General Industry Safety Orders.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

NOTE: For permanent guardrails see Section 3209 of the General Industry Safety
Orders.

s 1620. Design of Temporary Railing.
Railings required by these Orders, except as otherwise provided, shall conform to the following standards:
(a) Railings shall be constructed of wood, as follows, or in an equally substantial manner from other materials, and shall consist of a top rail not less than 42 inches or more than 45 inches in height measured from the upper surface of the top rail to the floor, platform, runway or ramp level and a midrail. The midrail shall be halfway between the top rail and the floor, platform, runway or ramp. "Selected lumber" (see definitions), free from damage that affects its strength, shall be used for railings constructed of wood.
(b) Wooden posts shall be not less than 2 inches by 4 inches in cross section, spaced at 8-foot or closer intervals.
(c) Wooden toprailings shall be smooth and of 2-inch by 4-inch or larger material. Double, 1-inch by 4-inch members may be used for this purpose, provided that one member is fastened in a flat position on top of the posts and the other fastened in an edge-up position to the inside of the posts and the side of the top member. Midrails shall be of at least 1-inch by 6-inch material.
(d) The rails shall be placed on that side of the post which will afford the greatest support and protection.
(e) Light wood barrier members resting on barrels, boxes, or other makeshift supports shall not be used as a railing substitute.
(f) All guardrails, including their connections and anchorage, shall be capable of withstanding a load of 13 pounds per linear foot applied either horizontally or vertically downward at the top rail.
(g) Railings receiving heavy stresses from employees trucking or handling materials shall be provided additional strength by the use of heavier stock, closer spacing of posts, bracing, or by other means.
(h) Other types, sizes, and arrangements of railing construction are acceptable, provided they meet the following conditions:
(1) A smooth-surfaced top rail at a height above floor, platform, runway, or ramp level of not less than 42 inches or more than 45 inches.
(2) Protection between top rail and floor, platform, runway, ramp, or stair treads, equivalent at least to that afforded by a standard midrail.
(3) Elimination of overhang of rail ends unless such overhang does not constitute a hazard.
(i) Handrails that are not a permanent part of the structure being built shall have a minimum clearance of three (3) inches between the handrail and walls or other objects.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1621. Railings and Toeboards.
(a) Unless otherwise protected, railings as set forth in Section 1620 shall be provided along all unprotected and open sides, edges and ends of all built-up scaffolds, runways, ramps, rolling scaffolds, elevated platforms, surfaces, wall openings, or other elevations 7 1/2 feet or more above the ground, floor, or level underneath.
Exceptions:

(1) Float and ladder jack scaffolds.
(2) Bricklayers' and masons' scaffolds used in accordance with Sections 1641(e) and 1644(a)(6).
(3) During demolition on the floor or surface being demolished.
(b) A standard toeboard shall be 4 inches (nominal) minimum in vertical height from its top edge to the level of the floor, platform, runway, or ramp. It shall be securely fastened in place and have not more than 1/4-inch clearance above floor level. It may be made of any substantial material, either solid, or with openings not over one inch in greatest dimension. Toeboards shall be provided on all open sides and ends of railed scaffolds at locations where persons are required to work or pass under the scaffold and at all interior floor, roof, and shaft openings.
Note: Except for structural steel crafts.
(c) Where material is piled to such height that a standard toeboard does not provide protection, paneling or screening from floor to intermediate rail or top rail shall be provided. Where such paneling or screening extend to the toprail, midrails may be omitted.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1623. Wheelbarrow Runways.
Ramps or runways over three feet high, used for wheelbarrows, shall be not less than two feet, six inches wide and secured at each end to prevent ramp from sliding. Platform planks shall be firmly cleated together.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1624. Runways for Foot Traffic.
(a) Except as provided elsewhere, ramps or runways erected for the use of workmen shall be not less than 20 inches in width, and shall be secured and supported so as to avoid deflection and springing action.
(b) Securely fastened cleats or other means shall be used on inclined runways sloped two feet in 10 feet or more to improve the footing. Where cleats are used, they shall be eight inches or more in length and not more than 16 inches apart.
(c) When planks are used for raised walkways, runways, or sidewalks, they shall be secured against displacement. Planks shall be uniform in thickness and all exposed ends shall be provided with beveled cleats to prevent tripping.
Exception: The use of beveled cleats on scaffold platforms is not required.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1625. Powered Buggy Runways.
Ramps or runways erected for the use of power-driven concrete buggies shall be capable of supporting at least four times the maximum load to be imposed. Curbs of four inch by four inch lumber, or a member of similar size made from laminated two inch by four inch members, shall be securely fastened on the runway edges. Such runways shall be at least five feet wide between the curbs and, where necessary, shall provide turn-outs sufficiently wider to permit safe meeting or passing of buggies.
Note: See Plate B-17, Appendix, for required slope of ramps; and Article 29, Section 1717 (a)(2) for design load requirements.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1626. Stairwells and Stairs.
(a) Handrailings, when used in connection with stairs, shall be not less than thirty-four (34) inches or more than thirty-eight (38) inches above the tread nosing, constructed in substantial manner, and free from protruding nails and splinters. The uprights shall be not less than two (2) inches by four (4) inches or equivalent in cross section, spaced not more than eight (8) feet apart, and properly anchored. The rail cross section shall be not less than two (2) inches by four (4) inches or equivalent.
(b) Railings and toeboards shall be installed around stairwells.
(c) Sufficient illumination on all stairways, providing at least five (5) foot candles of light on the steps, shall be maintained. All lamps providing stairway illumination shall be substantially guarded either mechanically or by location.
(d) Stairways and landings shall be kept clear of debris, loose material, and equipment not in use.
(e) Stairways, until permanently enclosed, shall be guarded on all open sides with stair railings. Open sides of stairway landings, porches, balconies, and similar locations shall be guarded with standard railings.
(f) Temporary Stair and Landing Treads.
(1) Pan stairs. Before permitting foot traffic, stairways on which treads and/or landings are to be filled in later with concrete or other material shall be temporarily fitted with secured wooden pieces long and wide enough to cover the entire tread and/or landing area and supported to prevent undue deflection. Temporary treads and/or landings shall be replaced when worn below the level of the metal nosing.
(2) Skeleton Iron Stairs. Before permitting foot traffic, skeleton iron stairs upon which permanent treads and/or landings are to be installed at a later date shall be temporarily fitted with secured wooden pieces long and wide enough to cover the entire tread and/or landing area and of sufficient thickness to prevent undue deflection. Other materials of equivalent strength may be used.
(g) All parts of stairways, including the treads and landings, shall be free of hazardous projections, such as protruding nails, etc.
(h) Slippery conditions on stairways shall be eliminated.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1629. Stairways and Ladders.
(a) General.
(1) In all buildings or structures 2 or more stories or 24 feet or more in height or depth, suitable permanent or temporary stairways shall be installed as required in Section 1629(b).
Exception: At those locations where unusual site conditions prevail, an alternate effective means of access acceptable to the Division may be afforded.

(2) For the purpose of this Section, scaffolds shall not be considered to be structures. Stairways shall be at least 24 inches in width and shall be equipped with handrails, treads and landings. Temporary stairs shall have a landing not less than 30 inches wide in the direction of travel at each floor, or level, but never less than 1 landing for every 12 feet of vertical rise. Exceptions: 1. Stairways 44 inches or less in width may have 1 handrail, except that stairways open on 1 or both sides shall have handrails provided on the open side or sides. 2. Prefabricated metal scaffold stairway systems.
(3) Stairways, ramps or ladders shall be provided at all points where a break in elevation of 18 inches or more occurs in a frequently traveled passageway, entry or exit.
(4) A minimum of 1 stairway shall be provided for access and exit for buildings and structures to 3 stories or 36 feet; if more than 3 stories or 36 feet, 2 or more stairways shall be provided. Where 2 stairways are provided and work is being performed in the stairways, 1 shall be maintained clear for access between levels at all times.
Note: For stairway access at demolition projects, refer to Article 31. Exceptions: 1. At those locations where unusual site conditions prevail, an alternate effective means of access acceptable to the Division may be afforded. 2. For the purpose of this section, scaffolds shall not be considered to be structures.
(5) Stairways shall conform to the criteria shown in Plate B-17, Appendix and Article 17 of these orders.
(6) Spiral stairways that are not part of the permanent structure shall not be used.
(b) Buildings.
(1) Wood Frame Buildings.
(A) The stairway to a second or higher floor shall be completed before studs are raised to support the next higher floor.
(B) Roof and attic work areas of all buildings shall be provided with a safe means of access and egress, such as stairways, ramps or ladders that conform to the provisions of Article 25.

(C) Cleats shall not be nailed to studs to provide access to and egress from roof or other work areas.
(2) Steel Frame Buildings. Stairways shall extend to the uppermost floor that has been planked or decked. Ladders may be used above that point.
(3) Reinforced Concrete or Composite Steel -Concrete Buildings. Stairways shall extend to the lowermost floor upon which a complete vertical shoring system is in place. A minimum of two ladders at different locations for each floor may be used above this floor but not to exceed three floors.
(c) Ladder Use.
(1) Single cleat ladders shall not exceed 30 feet in length.
(2) Where ladders are allowed as primary access or exit as in (b) above from a working area for 25 or more employees, or simultaneous two-way traffic is expected, double cleat ladders shall be installed. Double cleat ladders shall not exceed 24 feet in length.

(3) Side rails of all ladders shall extend at least 3 feet above the landing or level they serve.
(4) Ladders and their use shall also conform to Article 25 of these Safety Orders.

Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1630. Elevators for Hoisting Workers.
(a) In addition to the stairways required in Section 1629, a construction passenger elevator for hoisting workers shall be installed and in operation on or in any building, or structure, 60 feet or more in height above or 48 feet in depth below ground level. The building or structure height shall be determined by measuring from ground level to the highest structural level including the parapet walls, mechanical rooms, stair towers and elevator penthouse structures but excluding antennas, smokestacks, flag poles and other similar attachments.
The building or structure depth shall be determined by measuring from ground level to the lowest floor level excluding local depression such as sumps and elevator pits.
Ground level, for the purposes of this section, is defined as the level of the primary construction entrance to the building or structure.
When computing the height, the depth shall not be considered; and when computing the depth of the building or structure, the height shall not be considered. If the height is at 60 feet or more above or at 48 feet or more below ground level, a construction elevator(s) shall be installed to serve both locations.
Exceptions: (1) Scaffolds and falsework. (2) At work locations where unusual site conditions or unusual structure configurations exist, alternate means of access in conformance with Section 1630(c) shall be permitted.
Note: For the purposes of this Section, unusual site conditions and structure configurations are considered to exist at those work locations where the installation of a construction passenger elevator is not feasible.
EXAMPLES:
Unusual site conditions or structure configurations are bridges, steel tank erection, dams, water towers, antennas, cooling towers, refinery towers, stacks, prefabricated parking structures, tower cranes, etc.
(b) Construction passenger elevators shall be installed, operated and maintained in compliance with Article 14 of the Construction Safety Orders.
(c) At unusual site conditions or structure configurations, the Division shall permit alternate means of access, consisting of one or more, but not limited to, the following:
(1) Use of personnel platforms designed, constructed, and operated as specified by Section 5004 of the General Industry Safety Orders, and only under the conditions permitted by the general requirements of that section.
(2) Use of suspended power-driven scaffolds where employees are protected by safety belts secured to independent safety lines by means of a descent control device acceptable to the Division.

(3) Use of appropriate vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms.
(4) Use of other means, such as inclined elevators, etc. acceptable to the Division, presented in written form and acceptance granted prior to use.
(d) Landings shall be provided for the passenger elevator on or in buildings or structures at the upper-most floor and at intervals not to exceed 3 floors or 36 feet.
Note: Other landing locations acceptable to the Division may be substituted where the design of the building or structure make the above impractical.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 1631. Ladders.

s 1632. Floor, Roof, and Wall Openings to Be Guarded.
(a) This section shall apply to temporary or emergency conditions where there is danger of employees or materials falling through floor, roof, or wall openings, or from stairways or runways.
(b)(1) Floor, roof and skylight openings shall be guarded by either temporary railings and toeboards or by covers.
Note: Requirements for guarding existing skylights are found in Section 3212(e) of the General Industry Safety Orders.Requirements for guarding existing skylights are found in Section 3212(e) of the General Industry Safety Orders.
(2) Temporary railing and toeboards shall meet the requirements of Sections 1620 and 1621. The railing shall be provided on all exposed sides, except at entrances to stairways.
(3) Covers shall be capable of safely supporting the greater of 400 pounds or twice the weight of the employees, equipment and materials that may be imposed on any one square foot area of the cover at any time. Covers shall be secured in place to prevent accidental removal or displacement, and shall bear a pressure sensitized, painted, or stenciled sign with legible letters not less than one inch high, stating: "Opening -Do Not Remove." Markings of chalk or keel shall not be used.
(c) Ladderway floor openings or platforms shall be guarded by standard railings with standard toeboards on all exposed sides, except at entrance to opening, with the passage through the railing either provided with a swinging gate or so offset that a person cannot walk directly into the opening.
(d) Hatchways and chute floor openings shall be guarded by one of the following:
(1) Hinged covers of standard strength and construction and a standard railing with only one exposed side. When the opening is not in use, the cover shall be closed or the exposed side shall be guarded at both top and intermediate positions by removable standard railings.
(2) A removable standard railing with toeboard on not more than two sides of the opening and fixed standard railings with toeboards on all other exposed sides. The removable railing shall be kept in place when the opening is not in use and should preferably be hinged or otherwise mounted so as to be conveniently replaceable.
(e) Pits and trap-door floor openings shall be guarded by floor opening covers of standard strength and construction. While the cover is not in place the pit or trap openings shall be protected on all exposed sides by movable standard railings.
(f) Manhole floor openings shall be guarded by standard covers which need not be hinged in place. While the cover is not in place, the manhole opening shall be protected by standard railings.
(g) Temporary floor openings shall have standard railings.
(h) Floor holes, into which persons can accidentally walk, shall be guarded by either a standard railing with standard toeboard on all exposed sides, or a floor hole cover of standard strength and construction that is secured against accidental displacement. While the cover is not in place, the floor hole shall be protected by standard railing.
(i) Where doors or gates open directly on a stairway, a platform shall be provided and the swing of the door shall not reduce the effective width of the platform to less than 20 inches.
(j) Wall openings, from which there is a drop of more than 4 feet, and the bottom of the opening is less than 3 feet above the working surface, shall be guarded as follows:
(1) When the height and placement of the opening in relation to the working surface is such that either a standard rail or intermediate rail will effectively reduce the danger of falling, one or both shall be provided;

(2) The bottom of a wall opening, which is less than 4 inches above the working surface, regardless of width, shall be protected by a standard toeboard or an enclosing screen either of solid construction or as specified in this section.
(k) An extension platform outside a wall opening onto which materials can be hoisted for handling shall have side rails or equivalent guards of standard specifications. One side of an extension platform may have removable railings in order to facilitate handling materials.
(l) When a chute is attached to an opening, the provisions of this section shall apply, except that a toeboard is not required.
(m) Wall opening protection shall meet the following requirements:
(1) Barriers shall be of such construction and mounting that, when in place at the opening, the barrier is capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied in any direction (except upward).
(2) Screens shall be of such construction and mounting that they are capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied horizontally at any point on the near side of the screen. They may be of solid construction, of grill work with openings not more than 8 inches long, or of slat work with openings not more than 4 inches wide with length unrestricted.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s1633. Elevator Shafts to Be Guarded. (continued)