Loading (50 kb)...'
(continued)
1,000 455 1,478 1,157 379 245
1,500 [FN(5)] 557 1,810 1,417 464 300
10,000 [FN(6)] 1,438 4,673 3,659 1,198 775
Citizens Band, Class D Transmitters, 26,965 MHz (Channel 1)-27,405 MHz (Channel
40)
Type Recommended Minimum Distance
Hand-Held Vehicle-Mounted
Double Sideband - 4 watts maximum
transmitter power 5 ft. 65 ft.
Single Sideband - 12 watts peak
envelope power 20 ft. 110 ft.
-------------
[FN1]) Power delivered to antenna.
[FN2]) Maximum power for two-way mobile units in VHF (150.8 or 161.6 MH z range) and for two-way mobile and fixed station units in UHF (450 to 460 MH z range).
[FN3]) Maximum power for major VHF two-way mobile and fixed station units in 35 to 44 MH z range.
[FN4]) Maximum power for two-way fixed station units in VHF (150.8 to 161.5 MH z range).
[FN5]) Maximum power for amateur radio mobile units.
[FN6]) Maximum power for some base stations in 42 to 44 MHz band and 1.6 to 1.8 MH z band.
Table 4 Recommended Table of Distances for VHF TV and FM Broadcasting
Transmitters
Effective Radiated Power Minimum Distance
(Feet)
(Watts) Channels 2 to 6 FM Radio Channels 7 to
13
Up to 1,000 820 667 502
10,000 1,450 1,190 892
100,000 [FN(1)] 2,580 2,115 1,585
316,000 [FN(2)] 3,450 2,820 2,130
1,000,000 4,600 3,770 2,820
10,000,000 8,190 6,690 5,020
_________
[FN(1)] Present maximum effective radiated power channels 2 to 6 and FM
-100,000 watts.
[FN(2)] Present maximum effective radiated power channels 7 to 13 -316,000
watts.
Table 5 Recommended Table of Distances from UHF TV Transmitters
Effective Radiative Power Minimum Distance
(Watts) (Feet)
Up to 10,000...................... 600
1,000,000......................... 2,000
5,000,000 [FN(1)]................. 3,000
100,000,000....................... 6,000
___________
[FN(1)] Present maximum power channels 14 to 69 -5,000,000 watts.
NOTE: RECOMMENDED TABLES OF DISTANCES
These tables of distances are designed for the convenience of the licensed blaster. The selected groupings include all the obvious types of RF transmitters that will be encountered around blasting sites.
These tables were derived from analytical worse case calculations. They are based on an assumed 40-milliwatt no-fire level of commercial blasting caps. Actual field tests have shown that these tables are conservative as would be expected. Because of the uncertainties involved in field tests as to the efficiency of RF energy pickup and its delivery to the blasting cap, we strongly recommend that these tables be followed. If these tables present distances which are operationally inconvenient to use, we suggest field tests be made by expert consultants and the procedures detailed for providing minimum RF pickup be adhered to.
The data upon which these tables are based were derived by the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories for the Institute of Makers of Explosives.
(d) The specified distances in the tables may be reduced provided special precautions, acceptable to the Division are taken.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5307. Blasting in Excavation Work Under Compressed Air.
(a) Detonators and explosives shall not be stored or kept in caissons. Detonators and explosives for each round shall be taken directly from the magazines to the blasting zone and immediately loaded. Detonators and explosives left over after loading a round shall be removed from the working chamber before the connecting wires are connected up.
(b) When detonators or explosives are brought into an air lock, no employee except the licensed blaster, lock tender and the employees necessary for carrying, shall be permitted to enter the air lock. No other material, supplies, or equipment shall be locked through with the explosives.
(c) Detonators and explosives shall be taken separately into pressure working chambers.
(d) The licensed blaster shall be responsible for the receipt, unloading, storage, and on-site transportation of explosives and detonators.
(e) The explosives suitable for use in wet holes shall be water-resistant and shall be Fume Class I.
(f) All metal pipes, rails, air locks and steel tunnel lining shall be electrically bonded together and grounded at or near the portal or shaft, and such pipes and rails shall be cross-bonded together at not less than 1,000-foot intervals throughout the length of the tunnel. In addition, each low-air supply pipe shall be grounded at its delivery end.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5308. Underwater Blasting.
(a) Loading tubes and casings of dissimilar metals shall not be used because of possible electric transient currents from galvanic action of the metals and water.
(b) Only water-resistant blasting caps and detonating cords shall be used for all marine blasting. Loading shall be done through a non-sparking metal loading tube when tube is necessary.
(c) No blast shall be fired while any vessel under way is closer than 1,500 feet to the blasting area. Those on board vessels or craft moored or anchored within 1,500 feet shall be notified before a blast is fired.
(d) No blast shall be fired while any swimming or diving operations are in progress in the vicinity of the blasting area. If such operations are in progress, signals and arrangements shall be agreed upon to assure that no blast shall be fired while any person is in the water.
(e) Blasting flags shall be displayed.
(f) The storage and handling of explosives aboard vessels used in underwater blasting operations shall be according to provisions outlined herein on handling and storing explosives.
(g) When more than one charge is placed underwater, a float device shall be attached to an element of each charge in such a manner that it will be released by the firing.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5311. Scope.
This article shall cover loading, assembly, transporting and storage, and well site use of special industrial explosive material, perforating tools, including projectile firing devices and similar explosive-actuated devices.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5312. Loading or Assembling of Industrial Explosives and Devices and/or Propellent Devices.
(a) Loading operation of projectile firing devices which would fire in other than a vertical plane shall be isolated from other operations by a partition constructed of materials capable of withstanding the explosion of the device or shall be carried on in a separate area at least 25 feet from other work areas.
(b) Loading operations of projectile firing devices which fire only in a vertical direction shall have the work areas clearly delineated to separate them from other work areas.
(c) Loading operations of other types of explosive and/or propellant-actuated power devices shall be conducted in clearly defined areas separated from other work areas.
(d) Electrical apparatus in the loading area shall conform with the wiring requirements for Class II, Division 2, Hazardous Areas, Electrical Safety Orders, except that no electrical outlets or electrical tools are permitted on the loading bench. Metal parts of loading benches and racks shall be electrically bonded and grounded.
(e) Work benches used for loading shall be smooth finished to facilitate cleaning.
(f) Materials not necessary for the operation shall not be stored in the loading area.
(g) Only personnel necessary to the loading operation shall be in the loading area.
(h) The amount of explosive materials in the loading area shall be limited to that amount required for the day's loading operations.
(i) Waste, scrap and unused explosive materials shall be kept in labeled, covered containers and be returned to the magazine immediately upon completion of the days loading activities. More than one day's accumulation of waste or scrap explosives shall be stored in at least a Type 2 magazine, located outside the loading area, or destroyed or desensitized in a safe manner.
(j) Spilled explosives shall be cleaned up promptly.
(k) Explosives shall not be subjected to excessive heat, friction, or force during loading operations.
(l) Detonators shall not be installed in explosive devices in the loading area unless assembly of the detonator is necessary at the time of loading.
(m) Explosive loading areas shall be posted with a sign reading, "EXPLOSIVES," with letters 4 inches high and a 5/8-inch stroke on a background of sharply contrasting color.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5313. Storage and Transportation of Industrial Explosive Materials.
(a) Industrial explosive charges shall be transported as explosive materials.
(b) Explosive devices shall not be transported with detonators installed unless installation of the detonator is necessary at the time of loading.
(c) Explosive charges shall be protected from mechanical damage, heat, and electric current during storage and transportation.
(d) Loaded explosive power actuated devices shall be stored in a manner which will result in the least possible hazard to employees in case of fire or premature explosion as follows:
(1) Jet charges assembled in appropriate carriers shall be stored on storage racks in designated areas or as appropriate.
(2) Projectile-type devices to be maintained in the horizontal position shall be stored in pits below ground level in an isolated part of a building at least 25 feet from work areas, in an open area at least 25 feet from any building, or surrounded by a barrier capable of withstanding the blast of the device and/or containing the projectile(s).
(3) "Armed" explosive devices (detonator installed) shall be stored in pits below ground level or compartmented steel containers.
(e) Quantities of explosive-actuated power device charges less than 50 pounds net weight of explosives, not assembled as in subsection (b)(1) or less than 500 detonators may be stored in a Type 2 magazine located in a building provided that:
(1) The storage area within the building is enclosed by walls of one-hour fire resistant construction or the enclosure is protected by an acceptable automatic sprinkler system or the magazine is located within 10 feet of an exit.
(2) The magazine is on a floor having a ground level exit.
(3) A distance of 10 feet is maintained between detonator and explosive magazines.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5314. Firing with Electricity -Well Site.
(a) Before implementing any system of electrical firing, the licensed blaster shall conduct a thorough survey for extraneous currents, and all dangerous currents shall be eliminated before any loading is accomplished.
(b) The firing circuit shall be effectively shorted following testing and remain shorted until the explosive device is lowered below the surface of the well.
(c) Well casing, service unit and rig, shall be connected and effectively bonded to minimize stray currents.
(d) Warning signs shall be posted at all entrances to the well site with lettering "RADIO TRANSMITTING PROHIBITED IN THIS AREA" or equivalent. Lettering of the sign shall be at least 4 inches high in red letters with a 5/8-inch stroke on a white background.
(e) Perforating shall not be knowingly conducted closer to any operating mobile or fixed radio, television, or radar transmitter than shown in tables in Section 5306, unless special precautions are taken that are acceptable to the Division.
(f) Employees shall be prohibited from entering the cellar after blasting until any toxic vapor/fumes, dust and gasses have been reduced to safe limits.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5319. Scope.
The orders in this Article shall apply to the manufacturing, processing and handling of explosives, blasting agents, ammunition and pyrotechnic devices upon the manufacturing site including:
(a) The assembly of raw materials.
(b) Handling activities of raw materials, such as: mixing, grinding, blending, forming, loading encasement, packaging and similar activities in the manufacturing process.
(c) On-site testing and storage of explosive materials and the packaged product through removal from storage for transportation off the manufacturing site.
(d) Packing and repacking of explosive materials for wholesale distribution.
(e) The disposal of all waste explosive materials resulting from the manufacturing process.
Exception: For the purpose of this Article, the manufacturer of explosive materials does not include any person who assembles or fabricates any sets or mechanical pieces for public display, and/or persons operating within the scope of a public display license, or a pyrotechnic operator license.
Note: Authority cited: 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5320. Reporting Requirements.
(a) Employers manufacturing explosive materials shall make available upon request by the Division the following information:
(1) The exact location of the place of manufacture.
(2) The kind or kinds of explosives, ammunition, blasting agents, or pyrotechnic devices to be manufactured or processed, and the property of hazardous materials to be used.
(3) The names and addresses of individual owners, partners, or officers of a corporation.
(4) A map of the operating premises with the operating buildings indicated in which greater than one pound of explosives is manufactured, handled, used, or stored. The maximum amount of explosives greater than one pound to be used in each building, number of persons in each operating building, barricade locations and dimensions, and the location and capacity of storage magazines.
Exception: This article shall not be construed as applying to, or prohibiting the mixing of, binary components or blasting agents such as ANFO in the loading area provided all necessary safety precautions are taken.
(5) A copy of the general safety rules which the manufacturer will enforce including plans for emergency procedures in the event of fire or explosion.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5321. Plans of Plant.
A copy of the plans of the plant shall be kept in the office on the premises of each explosives, ammunition, blasting agents, pyrotechnic devices processing facilities, or manufacturing plants, and shall be made available to the Division upon request.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5322. Training and Instruction.
Employees who handle explosive material shall be instructed in the hazards of the materials and processes in which they are to be engaged and with the safety rules governing such materials and processes.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5323. Emergency Procedure.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5324. Change Rooms and Washing Facilities.
Whenever employees are required to change from street clothes into protective clothing, change rooms shall be provided equipped with locker space suitable for employees street clothing and personal effects at each explosives, ammunition, blasting agents or fireworks manufacturing plant. Shower baths and washbasins with hot and cold running water shall be required where necessary.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5325. Food.
Employees shall not be permitted to eat at places where explosive materials or pyrotechnic devices are present.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5326. Intraline Distance.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5327. Intraline Separation of Operating Buildings.
(a) All mass detonating explosives and pyrotechnic devices manufacturing buildings, including those where explosive charges are assembled, prepared, or loaded shall be separated from all other buildings, including magazines, within the confines of the manufacturing plant at a distance not less than those shown in the following table when buildings are BARRICADED. Note:Explosives not subject to mass detonation may be processed in buildings located in accordance with other intraline distance tables of recognized authority such as DOD or ATF Tables 55.219 and 55.222 through 55.224, with footnotes.
(b) When a building or magazine containing explosives is not barricaded the intraline distances shown in the following Table shall be doubled.
Intra Plant Distance Table For Use Only Within Confines of Explosives
Manufacturing Plants
Distance in Distance in
Feet When Feet When
Pounds Pounds Building is Pounds Pounds Building is
Over Not Over Barricaded [FNa1] Over Not Over Barricaded [FNa1]
2 5 16 12,000 14,000 220
5 10 20 14,000 16,000 230
10 20 25 16,000 18,000 238
20 30 28 18,000 20,000 245
30 40 31 20,000 25,000 265
40 50 34 25,000 30,000 280
50 75 38 30,000 35,000 295
75 100 42 35,000 40,000 310
100 125 45 40,000 45,000 320
125 150 48 45,000 50,000 330
150 200 53 50,000 55,000 340
200 250 57 55,000 60,000 350
250 300 60 60,000 65,000 360
300 400 66 65,000 70,000 370
400 500 71 70,000 75,000 380
500 600 76 75,000 80,000 390
600 700 80 80,000 85,000 395
700 800 84 85,000 90,000 400
800 900 87 90,000 95,000 410
900 1,000 90 95,000 100,000 420
1,000 1,200 96 100,000 110,000 430
1,200 1,400 101 110,000 120,000 445
1,400 1,600 106 120,000 130,000 455
1,600 1,800 110 130,000 140,000 465
1,800 2,000 113 140,000 150,000 475
2,000 2,500 122 150,000 160,000 485
2,500 3,000 130 160,000 170,000 495
3,000 4,000 143 170,000 180,000 505
4,000 5,000 154 180,000 190,000 515
5,000 6,000 164 190,000 200,000 525
6,000 7,000 172 200,000 210,000 535
7,000 8,000 180 210,000 230,000 555
8,000 9,000 190 230,000 250,000 575
9,000 10,000 200 250,000 275,000 600
10,000 12,000 210 275,000 300,000 635
[FNa1] When a building or magazine containing explosives is not barricaded, the distances shown in this Table should be doubled.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5328. Operating Buildings and Equipment.
(a) Operating buildings or rooms in which more than 50 pounds of explosive materials which mass detonate are present at any time shall be constructed with at least one wall and roof of explosion-relief type. The direction of the relief wall shall be so placed as to be of least hazard to employees in adjacent buildings.
(b) When explosion pressure relief venting is required, the venting area shall be calculated on one square foot for each 35 cubic feet of building or room area.
(c) Floors and work surfaces shall be constructed to facilitate cleaning and to preclude, to the extent possible, cracks and crevices in which explosive materials can lodge/accumulate.
(d) When it is desirable to heat or cool buildings in which explosives are manufactured or charges are prepared, this shall be by steam, water, or other indirect sources. No floor registers will be permitted.
(e) All electrical wiring and equipment shall be in accordance with the Electrical Safety Orders.
(f) Bonding and grounding means shall be provided to prevent accumulation of static charges.
(g) Hydraulic or pneumatic presses and hand jacks shall be provided with pressure-relief valves so arranged and set that the material being processed will not be subjected to pressure likely to cause it to explode. Dies and plugged press equipment shall not be cleared by striking blows that may detonate or start the material burning.
Exception: Where provisions have been made to contain or preclude a fire/detonation.
(h) Explosives dust shall not be exhausted to the atmosphere. Where vacuum dust collection systems are used, they shall be designed by a qualified person, installed and maintained commensurate with the hazards involved, incorporating the following requirements:
(1) Adequate filters shall be installed between the source vacuum and the point of pick-up to prevent explosive materials from entering the vacuum pump or exhauster.
(2) The explosive material dust collection system shall be designed to prevent pinch points threaded fittings exposed to the hazardous dust and sharp turns, dead ends, pockets, etc., in which explosive materials may lodge and accumulate outside the collecting chamber.
(3) The entire vacuum collection system shall be made electrically continuous and be grounded to a maximum resistance of 5 ohms.
(4) Chambers in which the dust is collected shall not be located in the operating area unless protective shields adequate for the maximum quantity of material in the collector are furnished for personnel protection.
(5) No more than two rooms shall be serviced by a common connection to a vacuum collection chamber. Where interconnections are used, means shall be employed to prevent propagation of an incident via the collection piping.
(6) When collecting sensitive explosive materials such as black powder, lead azide, etc., a "wet" collector which moistens the dust close to the point of intake and maintains the dust wet until removed for disposal shall be used. Wetting agents shall be compatible with the explosive materials.
(7) Explosive material dust shall be removed from the collection chamber as often as necessary to prevent overloading, but under no circumstances shall the material be left in the chamber overnight. The entire system shall be cleaned at a frequency that will eliminate hazardous concentrations of explosive material dust in pipes, tubing, and/or ducts.
(i) Squirrel cage blowers shall not be used for exhausting hazardous fumes, vapors, or gases. Only non-sparking fan blades shall be used for fans located within the ductwork and through which hazardous materials are exhausted. Motors shall be located outside the duct.
(j) Work stations for explosive materials shall be separated by distance, barrier, or other means, so fire/initiation in one station will not initiate explosive materials in the next work station. When necessary, each operator shall be protected by a protective shield located between the operator and the explosive device or explosive materials being processed. This shield shall be designed to safely withstand a blast from the maximum amount of explosive materials allowed behind it.
(k) A prototype of the shield to be used shall be tested and proven sufficient for the anticipated conditions prior to an operational model being placed in service.
(l) If the personnel protection wall for the required operation becomes so large that it is impractical, the operator shall perform the operations by remote control or be protected by a suitably constructed shelter designed with a safety factor of not less than 4 to withstand the overpressure from the maximum amount of explosive materials in process.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5329. Explosives Operations.
(a) Process hazard analysis shall be performed in accordance with Section 5189 of these Orders on all operations involving explosive materials including such factors as: (1) initiation sensitivity; (2) quantity of explosive materials; (3) blast output; (4) thermal output; (5) rate of burning; (6) potential ignition and initiation sources; (7) separation barricades; (8) personal protective equipment; and, (9) personnel exposure with special consideration given to the respiratory and circulatory damage to be expected by inhalation of hot vapors and the toxicological effects due to inhalation of combustion products.
(b) Workers shall be provided protection from potential blast overpressures, hazardous fragments and thermal effects when hazard assessments indicate the probability of an accidental explosion.
(c) A fire detection and extinguishing system that is quick-acting and of adequate capacity to extinguish potential flash fires in their incipient state shall be installed. Such system shall maximize speed of detection and application of the extinguishing agent.
(d) The working area where the screening, grinding, blending, and other processing of static-sensitive explosive materials is done shall be maintained above 20 percent relative humidity. Except for controlled environments where it is necessary to maintain the humidity below 20%, when the relative humidity drops below 20 percent, the above operations shall be stopped and secured (personnel removed) until the relative humidity can be raised above 20 percent.
(e) Means shall be provided and used to discharge static electricity from hand trucks, buggies, and similar equipment before they enter buildings containing static-sensitive explosive materials.
(f) Bulk explosive materials shall be kept in covered containers when not being used or processed. In no case shall explosive materials be stored or transported in open containers.
(g) The quantity of explosive materials at any particular work station shall be limited in accordance with the quantity distance table in 5327, and not to exceed 4 hours supply of material or 4 hours supply of product, except that when this quantity would introduce a serious hazard, such quantities shall be limited to a lesser amount.Exceptions: Quantities required for a unit of production for the following:
(1) Propellant processing;
(2) Explosive casting operations; or
(3) Batch processing of explosive materials.
(h) Appropriate receptacles with covers shall be provided for each station for disposing of waste material and debris. These waste receptacles shall be emptied and cleaned as often as necessary, but not less than once each day or at the end of each shift.
(i) General safety rules and operating instructions governing the particular operation or process carried on at that location, shall be available at each work station. The rules shall include requirements for bonding and grounding, compatible cleaning agents to use and other precautions deemed necessary for safe operation.
(j) Personnel and explosive load limits shall be conspicuously posted.
(k) Major repairs or changes to the building or equipment shall not be undertaken in an explosives location during regular operations without removing the explosive materials. This does not prohibit minor adjustments or emergency repairs to secure immediate safety. Before beginning repairs, the consent of the competent person in immediate charge of the building or location shall be obtained. Any other personnel in the location shall be notified of the work to be performed; the area shall be inspected for the presence of residue explosive materials and dusts; and all such material shall be removed from equipment, crevices beneath floors, from walls and pipes, and under fittings where explosive materials may accumulate. The area shall be washed down thoroughly and maintained wet during repairs.
(l) Tools and equipment used near explosive materials shall be compatible with the explosive materials.
(m) Spilled explosive materials shall be cleaned up immediately.
(n) Shipping containers, cleaning rags, and other materials contaminated with explosive materials shall be removed daily and disposed of in a safe manner.
(o) Explosive materials shall not be placed near any source of ignition.
(p) A warning system shall be provided to alert persons approaching a hazardous operation or area. The warning system shall be activated when operations are being conducted.
(q) Employees working in processing facilities shall wear flame retardant, non-static generating, pocketless coveralls or coats. Footwear having waffle or similar soles which can capture and retain explosive materials shall not be worn.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5330. Testing of Explosive Materials.
(a) Detonation or ignition of explosive charges or pyrotechnic devices for testing shall be done only in a location isolated by distances or barriers/shelters shall be provided so all personnel will be protected.
(b) When tests are being conducted or explosive materials are being detonated, only authorized persons shall be present. Areas where explosive materials are regularly or frequently detonated or burned shall be fenced or provided with controlled access and posted with warning signs. Warning devices shall be used before burning or detonating explosive materials to warn persons who might approach from any direction that they are approaching a danger zone.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5331. Disposal of Waste Explosives and Fireworks.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5340. General.
(a) Unless otherwise set forth in these Orders, blasting agents shall be transported, stored, and used in the same manner as explosive materials.
(b) Unless otherwise set forth in these Orders, water gels, slurries, and emulsions shall be transported, stored, and used in the same manner as explosives or blasting agents in accordance with the classification of the product.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5341. Mixing of Blasting Agents -Location.
(a) Buildings or other facilities used for mixing blasting agents, including mobile equipment, shall be located in accordance with the Quantity and Distance Table, Section 5252, unless the mobile equipment is in the process of loading blast holes.
(1) Smoking, matches, open flames, spark-producing devices, and firearms shall not be permitted inside of or within 50 feet of any building or facility used for the mixing of blasting agents. The land surrounding the mixing plant shall be kept clear of brush, dried grass, leaves, and other combustible materials for a distance of at least 50 feet.
(b) If ammonium nitrate is stored at a closer distance to blasting agents than recommended by Section 5253, then 1/2 the ammonium nitrate weight shall be added to the quantity of blasting agents to calculate the total quantity involved for the application of the aforementioned table.
(c) Liquid oxidizers shall be stored in a manner to prevent them from contaminating blasting agents or fuels.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5342. Mixing Buildings.
(a) Buildings used for the mixing of blasting agents shall conform to the requirements of this section. Buildings constructed after May 21, 1971, shall be noncombustible construction or of sheet metal on wood studs.
(b) The layout of the mixing building shall provide physical separation between the finished product storage and the mixing and packaging operation in accordance with applicable intraline distances contained in Section 5327.
(c) Floors in the processing plant shall be of concrete or of nonabsorbent material and free of cracks and crevices.
(d) Floors shall be constructed to eliminate open floor drains and piping into which molten materials could flow and be confined in case of fire.
(e) Liquid fuel shall be stored outside the mix building and away from the oxidizer area. The storage area shall be designed and located in such a manner that in case of tank rupture, the oil fuel shall be retained or be drained away from the mixing plant building. The shut-off valves shall be at the tank. Suitable means shall be provided to prevent the flow of oil fuel to the mixer in case of fire. In gravity flow systems, an automatic spring-loaded shut-off valve with fusible link shall be installed.
(f) The building shall be well ventilated. Note:The recommendation for ventilation as contained in SLP No. 1, Institute of Makers of Explosives, 1993 Edition, is evidence of good practice.
(g) Heat shall be provided exclusively from a unit outside of the building or electric heat at a safe distance from combustible material.
(h) Personnel limits shall be established, posted, and enforced while operations involving blasting agents are underway at the mix house.
(i) Blasting agents and fuels shall be removed from the mix house and the equipment or area completely washed down before major work, other than routine maintenance, or open flame repairs are made.
(j) Before welding or repairs to hollow shafts, all oxidizer material shall be removed from the outside and inside of the shaft and the shaft vented.
(k) All internal combustion engines used for electric power generation shall be located outside the mixing plant building at least 50 feet from any opening in the building or shall be properly ventilated and isolated by a fire wall having a minimum one hour fire-resistance rating. The exhaust system on all such engines shall be equipped with a spark arrestor and shall be located so any spark emission cannot be a hazard to any material in or adjacent to the plant.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5344. Mix Room Equipment.
(a) Mixing facilities shall comply with the fire prevention requirements of this Section. The mixing equipment shall be designed to minimize the possibility of friction, heating, compaction, overloading, confinement, and the accumulation of static electricity.
(b) Bearings and gears shall be of the outboard type and protected from accumulation of explosive materials.
(c) All surfaces shall be accessible for cleaning. Mixers, pumps, valves and related equipment shall be designed to permit regular and periodic flushing, cleaning, dismantling and inspection.
(d) Mixing and packaging equipment shall be constructed of materials that are compatible with blasting agents.
(e) All electrical equipment in the mixing room shall conform to the requirements of the Electrical Safety Orders. The frame of the mixer and all other equipment used shall be effectively bonded.
(f) An automatic water-deluge system with adequate capacity shall be provided to protect mixers and the finished blasting agents storage area in the plant. The floors and equipment of the mixing and packaging room shall be washed down frequently to prevent accumulation of oxidizers, fuels, or sensitizers. The entire mixing and packaging plant shall be washed down periodically to prevent excessive accumulation of dust.
(g) Empty oxidizer bags shall be disposed of daily in a safe manner.
(h) Not more than 4 hours production of blasting agents or the limit determined by the Quantity and Distance Table, TABLE EX-1, Section 5252, whichever is less, shall be permitted in or near the mixing and packaging area. The total amount of oxidizer and blasting agents in the mix house shall be considered blasting agents in process.
(i) Equipment and handling procedures shall be designed to prevent the introduction of foreign objects or materials into the mix.
(j) Each day prior to starting operations, a visual inspection shall be made of the mixing, conveying, and electrical equipment to establish that such equipment is in good operating condition. A program of systematic maintenance sufficient to maintain the equipment in proper working order shall be conducted.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5345. Composition.
(a) The sensitivity of the blasting agent shall be determined by means of a No. 8 test blasting cap or equivalent at regular intervals and after every change in formulation. Note:Oxidizers of small particle size, such as crushed ammonium nitrate prills or fines, may be more sensitive than coarser products and therefore, should be handled with greater care.
(b) No hydrocarbon liquid fuel with flash point lower than that of No. 2 diesel fuel oil (125 ° F minimum or legal) shall be used.
(c) Waste oil, including crankcase oil shall not be used.
Exception: The requirements of subsections (b) and (c) do not apply to compositions made under the supervision of qualified personnel capable of determining the overall hazards of the resulting product in its manufacture, storage, transportation and use.
(d) Metal powders such as aluminum shall be kept dry and shall be stored in containers or bins which are moisture-resistant or weather-tight. Fuels shall be used in such manner as to minimize dust explosion hazards.
(e) Peroxides and chlorates shall not be used.
(f) Ingredients shall be measured or proportioned to ensure control of sensitivity and oxygen balance.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5346. Blasting Agent Storage.
(a) Blasting agents or ammonium nitrate, when stored in conjunction with explosive materials, shall be stored in the manner set forth in Article 114 for explosives. The mass of blasting agents and one-half the mass of ammonium nitrate shall be included when computing the total quantity of explosive materials for determining distance requirements.
(b) The front, both sides, and rear of the trailer or truck shall be posted with a warning sign reading: "EXPLOSIVES" in red letters, at least 4 inches high with a 5/8-inch stroke, on a white background.
(c) Blasting agents and blasting agent slurries may be stored in a noncombustible bin or tank, provided they comply with storage requirements of Article 114. All openings shall be designed to provide a tight closure and shall be locked except during use. Storage containers shall be constructed of materials compatible with the blasting agents being stored, shall be waterproof, and adequately supported and braced to withstand the combination of all loads, including impact forces arising from product movement within the bin and accidental vehicle contact. Bins containing blasting agents shall be located, with respect to inhabited buildings in accordance with Table EX-1, and with respect to other blasting agent storage and explosive storage, in conformity with Table EX-2.
(d) Good housekeeping practices shall be maintained around any bin containing ammonium nitrate or blasting agent. This includes keeping weeds and other combustible materials cleared within 50 feet of such bin. Accumulation of spilled product on the ground shall be prevented.
(e) Any electrically driven conveyors for loading or unloading bins shall conform to the requirements of the Electrical Safety Orders. They shall be designed to minimize damage from corrosion.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5347. Transportation of Blasting Agents.
(a) Blasting agents shall be transported in compliance with Article 115.
(b) Bulk blasting agents and water gels may be transported in tank or hopper trucks provided that the pump or conveyor equipment, including electrical equipment, is equivalent to on-site mix trucks.
(c) The front, both sides, and rear of the truck or trailer shall be posted with warning signs reading: "EXPLOSIVES" in red letters at least 4 inches high, with a 5/8-inch stroke on a white background.
(d) Matches, fire arms, acids or other corrosive liquids, oils, greases or other similar hydrocarbons shall not be carried in the cargo carrying space of any vehicle containing blasting agents, unless the blasting agents are in an unopened shipping container.
(e) A bulk vehicle body for delivering and mixing blasting agents shall comply with the following:
(1) The body shall be constructed of noncombustible materials.
(2) Vehicles used to transport bulk premixed blasting agents shall have closed bodies.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5348. On-Site Mixed Water Gels, Slurries, Emulsions, and Blasting Agents.
(a) The composition of field mixed blasting agents and water gels shall comply with Section 5340.
(b) Liquid fuels shall be stored in separate tanks with shut-off valves. Solid fuels shall be stored in separate containers until mixed.
(c) Ingredients in themselves classified as explosive materials, shall be stored in compliance with Article 114.
(d) Liquid ammonium nitrate spills or leaks shall be cleaned up immediately.
(e) Mixing equipment shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) If electric power is used, it may be furnished by cable from an outside source or by a self-contained motor generator. In case of a self-contained power source, it shall be located at the end of the storage container opposite that which the blasting agent is discharged. It shall have adequate capacity for the loads to be expected and be equipped with suitable overload protection devices.
(2) Electric wiring and motors shall conform to the requirements of the Electrical Safety Orders.
(3) All exposed metal parts, electric equipment and personnel shall be placed at the same potential by electrical bonding.
(4) All moving parts of the mixing system shall be designed to prevent a heat build up. Shafts or axles which contact the product shall have outboard bearings with one-inch minimum clearance between the bearings and the outside of the product container. Particular attention shall be given to the clearances on all moving parts.
(5) Mixing equipment and other transfer equipment shall be compatible with blasting agents.
(f) Sensitized blasting agents shall not be pulverized or crushed.
(g) Each mixer unit shall be equipped with an operable, UL approved fire extinguisher, 4-A:20-B:C or equivalent.
(h) All unused explosives shall be returned to their proper magazines or designated storage area, upon completion of loading operations.
(i) A warning sign shall be posted on the front, sides, and rear of the mixing unit reading: "EXPLOSIVES" in red letters at least 4 inches high, with a 5/8- inch stroke, on a white background.
(j) Repairs to bulk delivery and/or mixing vehicles shall conform with the following requirements:
(1) No welding or open flames shall be used on or around any part of the delivery equipment unless it has been completely washed down and all oxidizer material removed.
(2) Before welding or repairs to hollow loading shafts, the shaft shall be thoroughly cleaned inside and out and vented.
(k) The entire loading and mixing equipment shall be cleaned to prevent hazardous accumulations of ingredients and before open flame work is performed on the unit.
(l) Intransit mixing of blasting agents shall not be performed.
(m) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment and shall be familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations.
(n) Caution shall be exercised in the movement of the vehicle in the blasting area to avoid driving the vehicle over or dragging hoses over firing lines, detonator wires, or explosive materials. The driver in moving the vehicle shall obtain the assistance of a second person to guide the movements.
(o) The location chosen for water gel or ingredient transfer from a support vehicle into the borehole loading vehicle shall be away from the blast hole site when the bore holes are loaded or in the process of being loaded.
(p) No person shall smoke, carry matches or any flame-producing device, or carry any fire arms while in or about bulk vehicles effecting the mixing transfer or down-the-hole loading of blasting agents at or near the blasting site.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5355. Scope.
The provisions found in Article 121, Snow Avalanche Blasting, take precedence when in conflict with other applicable safety orders.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5356. Safety Fuse.
(a) Water resistant safety fuse shall be used in snow avalanche blasting.
(b) Safety fuse used in snow avalanche blasting shall be of sufficient length to provide a minimum burning time of 90 seconds from ignition to detonation.
(c) An approved fuse lighter shall be used for lighting safety fuse. The lighter shall not be attached to the safety fuse until just prior to time of ignition.
(d) Cut ends of fuses shall be protected from damage.
(e) Fuse igniters shall not be installed on a damaged fuse.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5357. Placing Explosives Charges.
(a) Charges shall be placed, thrown or propelled to the desired location from a safe position or by one of the following methods:
(1) Lowered by rope, cord or a long pole to the designated location if there is danger that the charge may slide down hill.
(2) Hand placed on or in the snow. When performing this operation, the crewmen will be belayed from behind.
(b) Licensed avalanche blasters shall be instructed to seek a position of safety behind a terrain barrier or a position not less than 100 feet from the ignited charge.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5358. Misfires -Snow Avalanche Blasting.
(a) Where a suspected misfire occurs, the slope shall be closed and the licensed blaster shall wait at least one hour before approaching the blast site. After the one hour has elapsed, one of the following shall be accomplished to abate the condition:
(1) Relight the original charge.
(2) Place another charge alongside and detonate.
(3) Retrieve and disarm the misfire.
(b) If subsections (a)(1), (a)(2), or (a)(3) above are not immediately possible due to terrain or storm conditions, the location of the misfire must be carefully noted and marked so a search for the misfire can be undertaken as soon as conditions permit.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5359. Scope.
(a) This Article applies to storing, having or keeping ammonium nitrate in quantities of 1,000 pounds or more.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c), this Section applies to the storage of ammonium nitrate in the form of crystals, flakes, grains or prills including fertilizer grade, dynamite grade, nitrous oxide grade, technical grade and other mixtures containing 60 percent or more ammonium nitrate by weight but does not apply to blasting agents.
(c) The storage of ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate mixtures which are more sensitive than allowed by the Fertilizer Institute's publication, "Definition and Test Procedures for Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer", dated August 1984, pages 1 - 12, which is hereby incorporated by reference, shall be stored in accordance with TABLE EX-1 in Section 5252. Note:For further guidance see: "Definition and Test Procedures for Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer" available from The Fertilizer Institute, 501 2nd Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002. This definition limits the contents of organic materials, metals, sulfur, etc., in a product that may be classified ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code. (continued)