Loading (50 kb)...'
(continued)
(2) The minimum quantity of air in cubic feet per minute necessary to be laterally exhausted per square foot of tank area shall be determined from the following Table. The total quantity of air to be exhausted shall not be less than the product of the area of tank surface times the ventilation rate determined from Table V-10.
TABLE V-10
REQUIRED VENTILATION RATES IN CFM
Required Minimum CubicFeet Per Minute Per Square
Control Foot to Maintain
Velocity Feet Per Required Minimum Velocities at
Minute Following
(From Table V-9) (The ratio of tank width to the
tank length, W/L) [FN1 2]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0-0.09 0.1-0.24 0.25-0.49 0.5-0.99 1.0-2.0
Hood along side or two parallel sides of tank when one hood is against a wall
or baffle (Note 2). Also for a manifold along tank centerline
(Note 3)
50......50 60 75 90 100
75......75 90 110 130 150
100....100 125 150 175 200
150....150 190 225 260 300
Hood along one side or two parallel sides of free standing tank not against
wall or baffle.
50......75 90 100 110 125
75.....110 130 150 170 190
100....150 175 200 225 250
150....225 260 300 340 375
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[FNNotes:]1 It is not practicable to ventilate across the long dimension of a
tank whose ratio W/L exceeds 2.0. It is undesirable to do so when W/L exceeds
1.0. For circular tanks with lateral exhaust aloing up to 1/2 the
circumference, use W/L = 1.0: for over 1/2 the circumference use W/L = 0.5.
[FN2] A baffle is defined as a vertical plate, the same length as the tank,
which extends above the liquid level to a height at least equal to the width
of the tank. If the exhaust hood is on the side of a tank against a building
wall or close to it, it is adequately baffled.
[FN3] Use W/2 as tank width in computing when manifold is along centerline, or
when hoods are used on two parallel sides of a tank.
[FNNote:] Tank width (W) means the effective width over which the hood must
pull air to operate (for example, where the hood face is set back from the
edge of the tank, this set must be added in measuring tank width). The
surface area of tanks can frequently be reduced, and better control obtained
(particularly on conveyorized systems) by using covers extending from the
upper edges of the slots toward the center of the tank.
(f) Push-Pull Systems Requirements. Push-pull systems shall not be used where there are obstructions between supply air streams and the exhaust slots which may interfere with the performance of the exhaust hood for more than a few seconds. When push-pull systems are used, they shall meet the following criteria:
(1) The exhaust air rate shall be at least 150 cubic feet per minute per square foot of tank surface area.
(2) The supply air rate shall not exceed 15 percent of the exhaust rate.
(3) The velocity in the effective control area shall be less than the exhaust slot velocity.
(4) The vertical height of the receiving exhaust hood shall not be less than one-quarter of the width of the tank.
(5) Methods of measuring and adjusting the supply air shall be provided and shall be fixed so that they will not be altered when satisfactory control has been achieved.
(g) Other Control Methods. In open-surface tank operations where control methods such as tank covers, foams, beads, chips, or other floating materials, surfactants, or any combination thereof, are used to prevent harmful exposure to mists and vapors, air monitoring at the operator's position shall be carried out at least quarterly to assure that allowable concentrations of airborne contaminants are not exceeded. A program shall be established to assure continued effectiveness of the control method. Records of the maintenance performed, sampling, and analyses shall be retained for at least five years.
(h) Vapor Degreasing Equipment.
(1) In vapor degreasing, the vapor level shall be maintained below the top edge of the tank by a distance at least equal to one-half the tank width, but need not exceed 36 inches. Control systems shall be designed and maintained to prevent decomposition of the solvent by overheating and to maintain the vapor-free zone specified.
(2) Tanks or machines of more than 4 square feet of surface area shall be equipped with suitable cleanout doors located near the bottom. These doors shall be designed and gasketed so there will be no leakage of solvent when they are closed.
(3) Where gas is used as a fuel for heating vapor degreasing tanks, the combustion chamber shall be of tight construction, except for such openings as exhaust flue, and those that are necessary for supplying air for combustion.Flues shall be of corrosion-resistant construction and shall discharge outdoors. Special precautions must be taken to prevent solvent vapors from entering the combustion air of this or any other heater when chlorinated or fluorinated hydrocarbons are used.
(i) Spray Cleaning and Degreasing. Wherever spraying or other mechanical means disperse a hazardous liquid above an open-surface tank, control must be provided for the airborne spray. Such operations shall be enclosed as completely as possible. The inward air velocity into the enclosure shall be sufficient to prevent the discharge of spray into the workroom. Mechanical baffles may be used to help prevent the discharge of spray.
(j) Personal Protection.
(1) All employees required to work in such a manner that any part of their person may be wet, splashed or contaminated with liquids other than water, shall be provided with appropriate protective clothing and equipment as prescribed in 8 CCR, Article 10. Such persons shall also be instructed as to hazards and safeguards of their respective jobs as required in Section 5166(b), (c), and (d), and Section 5162(c).
(2) Whenever liquids or chemicals harmful on contact to the skin or eye tissues, or poisonous liquids or chemicals which can be absorbed through the skin, may splash or otherwise contact the employee's body, means of immediate rinse or dilution with clean water shall be provided, as required in Section 3400, Medical Services and First Aid and Section 5162, Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment. (Title 24, T8-5154(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (i))
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5154.1. Ventilation Requirements for Laboratory-Type Hood Operations.
(a) Scope. When laboratory-type hoods, also known as laboratory fume hoods, as defined below are used to prevent harmful exposure to hazardous substances, such hoods shall conform to all applicable provisions of Article 107, and shall conform to provisions of this section.
ExceptionNo. 1: Inspection doors or clean-out doors in exhaust ducts required by Section 5143(a)(3) do not apply to laboratory-type hood operations.
ExceptionNo. 2: Biological safety cabinets as defined below are exempt from the requirements of this section. Class II biological safety cabinets may be used to prevent harmful exposure to cytotoxic agents during their compounding or preparation for parenteral use. Biological safety cabinets may be used to control harmful exposure to aerosols and particulate matter, provided the presence of the substance in the biological safety cabinet does not present a risk of fire or explosion. When biological safety cabinets are used to control exposure to these hazards they shall meet the requirements of Section 5154.2.
(b) Definitions.
Biohazard agent means a replication capable pathogen which is a disease causing microorganism and is capable of causing diseases in humans including viruses, microbes and sub viral agents. The agent includes the agent, products of infectious agents, or the components of infectious agents presenting a risk of illness or injury.
Biohazardous materials are any materials that would harbor biohazardous agents such as human blood, body fluids, or tissues that may be contaminated with biohazardous agents.
Biological safety cabinet. A ventilated cabinet which serves as a primary containment device for operations involving biohazard agents or biohazardous materials. Three classes of biological safety cabinets are described in Section 5154.2.
Hazardous Substance. One which by reason of being explosive, flammable, poisonous, an irritant, or otherwise harmful is likely to cause injury or illness if not used with effective control methods.
Laboratory-Type Hood. A device enclosed except for necessary exhaust purposes on three sides and top and bottom, designed to draw air inward by means of mechanical ventilation, operated with insertion of only the hands and arms of the user, and used to control exposure to hazardous substances. These devices are also known as laboratory fume hoods.
(c) Ventilation Rates.
(1) Laboratory-type hood face velocities shall be sufficient to maintain an inward flow of air at all openings into the hood under operating conditions. The hood shall provide confinement of the possible hazards and protection of the employees for the work that is performed. The exhaust system shall provide an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute with a minimum of 70 fpm at any point, except where more stringent special requirements are prescribed in other sections of the General Industry Safety Orders, such as Section 5209. The minimum velocity requirement excludes those measurements made within 1 inch of the perimeter of the work opening.
(2) When a laboratory-type hood is in use to contain airborne hazardous substances and no employee is in the immediate area of the hood opening, the ventilation rate may be reduced from the minimum average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute to a minimum average face velocity of 60 feet per minute if the following conditions are met:
(A) The reduction in face velocity is controlled by an automatic system which does not require manual intervention. The automatic system shall increase the airflow to the flow required by (c)(1) when the hood is accessed.
(B) The laboratory-type hood has been tested at the reduced flow rate according to the tracer gas method specified in Section 7, Tracer Gas Test Procedure, of ANSI/ASHRAE 110-1995, Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods, which is hereby incorporated by reference, and has a hood performance rating of 4.0 AU 0.1 or less. The test may be performed with or without the mannequin described in the ANSI/ASHRAE 110-1995 tracer gas method.
The tracer gas test need only be performed once per hood. However, if employers have chosen to perform the tracer gas test on subsequent occasions, it is the most recent record of test results and test configuration that shall be maintained pursuant to subsection (c)(2)(C).
(C) The record of the most recent tracer gas test results and the "as used" test configuration shall be maintained as long as the automatic system is operable and thereafter for five years.
(d) Operation. Mechanical ventilation shall remain in operation at all times when hoods are in use and for a sufficient time thereafter to clear hoods of airborne hazardous substances. When mechanical ventilation is not in operation, hazardous substances in the hood shall be covered or capped off.
(e) Special Requirements.
(1) The face velocity required by subsection (c) should be obtainable with the movable sashes fully opened. Where the required velocity can only be obtained by partly closing the sash, the sash and/or jamb shall be marked to show the maximum opening at which the hood face velocity will meet the requirements of subsection (c). Any hood failing to meet requirements of subsection (c) and this paragraph shall be considered deficient in airflow and shall be posted with placards, plainly visible, which prohibit use of hazardous substances within the hood.
(2) When flammable gases or liquids are used, or when combustible liquids are heated above their flashpoints, hoods shall be designed, constructed, and installed so that hood openings at all sash positions provide sufficient airflow to prevent ignitable concentrations. Concentrations in the duct shall not exceed 20% of the lower explosive limits.
(3) In addition to being tested as required by Section 5143(a)(5), hoods shall meet the following requirements:
(A) By January 1, 2008, hoods shall be equipped with a quantitative airflow monitor that continuously indicates whether air is flowing into the exhaust system during operation. The quantitative airflow monitor shall measure either the exact rate of inward airflow or the relative amount of inward airflow. Examples of acceptable devices that measure the relative amount of inward airflow include: diaphragm pressure gauges, inclined manometers, and vane gauges. The requirement for a quantitative airflow monitor may also be met by an airflow alarm system if the system provides an audible or visual alarm when the airflow decreases to less than 80% of the airflow required by subsection (c).
(B) Qualitative airflow measurements that indicate the ability of the hood to maintain an inward airflow at all openings of the hood as required by subsection (c)(1) shall be demonstrated using smoke tubes or other suitable qualitative methods. This demonstration shall be performed:
1. Upon initial installation;
2. On an annual basis;
Exception to Subsection (3)(B)2.: The frequency of the tests may be reduced to every two years if a calibration and maintenance program is in place for the quantitative airflow monitor or alarm system.
3. After repairs or renovations of the hood or the ventilation system in that part of the facility where the hood is located; or
4. After the addition of large equipment into the hood.
(4) Exhaust stacks shall be located in such a manner with respect to air intakes as to preclude the recirculation of laboratory-type hood emissions within a building. To protect employees on the roof, any one of the follow methods shall be utilized:
(A) Chemical treatment, absorption on activated charcoal, or scrubbers;
(B) Dilution of toxic materials below prescribed exposure limits prior to discharge;
(C) Locked gates, doors or other equivalent means acceptable to the Division which prevent employee access to exhaust stack discharge areas while hoods are in operation unless personnel are provided with appropriate respirators and other personal protection; or
(D) Exhaust stacks extending at least 7 feet above the roof and discharging vertically upward. Where rain protection is desired, high velocity discharge or concentric-duct, self-draining stacks (Figure V-9) or equivalent may be used. Rain caps which divert the exhaust toward the roof are prohibited.
FIGURE V-9 EXAMPLE OF A CONCENTRIC-DUCT SELF-DRAINING STACK
(5) Where emissions from the exhaust stack are likely to cause harmful exposure to employees, an effective air cleaning system shall be provided. Where virulent pathogens are likely to be released in the hood, incinerators or equally effective means of disposal shall be provided in the exhaust system to prevent employee exposure. See Section 5154.2 for requirements for biological safety cabinets.
(6) Blowers exhausting laboratory-type hoods in which hazardous substances are used shall be mounted outside the building or in service rooms outside the working area. For hoods with single, independent exhaust systems, blowers may be mounted inside the building provided that corrosion-resistant, sealed-joint duct-work is used.
(7) When perchloric acid is evaporated in laboratory-type hoods, the provisions of Section 5143(a)(4) shall apply. The materials of construction shall be inert, smooth, and nonabsorbent. Organic polymers shall not be used except for inert fluoropolymers, such as polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE] and tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer [Teflon FEP], or similar nonreactive material. The hood and exhaust system shall be washed down with water for decontamination and prior to opening for maintenance.
Exception: Portable laboratory scrubbing apparatus for perchloric acid digestions may be used in lieu of the special requirements of this paragraph.
(f) Operator Qualifications. The employer shall ensure that employees who use laboratory-type hoods are trained to:
(1) Use the hood and its features safely;
(2) Determine the date of the last performance test conducted pursuant to subsection (c)(2)(B) and if the hood performance met the requirements of this section;
(3) Understand the general hood purpose, airflow characteristics, and potential for turbulent airflow and escape of hazardous substances from the hood; and,
(4) Know where the quantitative airflow monitor or alarm system is located on the hood and how it is used to indicate an inward airflow during hood operation.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5154.2. Ventilation Requirements for Biological Safety Cabinets.
(a) Scope and Application. When biological safety cabinets, as defined below, are used to prevent harmful exposure from biohazard agents or biohazardous materials or hazardous substances they shall conform to the provisions of this Section and Section 5143.
Exception: Inspection doors or clean-out doors in exhaust ducts required by Section 5143(a)(3) do not apply to exhaust systems used in conjunction with biological safety cabinets.
(b) Definitions.
Biohazard agent means a replication capable pathogen which is a disease causing microorganism and is capable of causing diseases in humans including viruses, microbes and sub viral agents. The agent includes the agent, products of infectious agents, or the components of infectious agents presenting a risk of illness or injury.
Biohazardous materials are any materials that would harbor biohazardous agents such as human blood, body fluids, or tissues that may be contaminated with biohazardous agents.
(3) Biosafety level. Biosafety levels consist of laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment, and laboratory facilities appropriate for the operations performed and the hazard posed by the particular biohazard material. The National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control defines four levels of biosafety in HHS publication No. 93-8395, "Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories", 1993. The publication states criteria for the determination of appropriate biosafety levels for microorganisms not listed.
(4) Biological safety cabinet. A ventilated cabinet which serves as a primary containment device for operations involving biohazard agents or biohazardous materials. Three classes of biological safety cabinets are described below:
Class I. The Class I biological safety cabinet is an open-fronted, negative pressure, ventilated cabinet. Exhaust air from the cabinet is filtered by a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and discharged without internal recirculation. This cabinet may be used in three operational modes; with a full width open front, with an installed front closure panel not equipped with gloves, and with an installed front closure panel equipped with arm-length protective gloves.
Class II. The Class II vertical laminar flow biological safety cabinet is an open fronted, ventilated cabinet. Exhaust air is filtered with a high efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA). This cabinet provides HEPA-filtered downward air flow within the workspace. Class II biological safety cabinets are further classified as type A, type B1, type B2, and type B3. Class II type A cabinets may have positive pressure contaminated internal ducts and may exhaust HEPA filtered air into the laboratory. Class II type B1 cabinets have all biologically contaminated internal ducts or plenums under negative pressure or surrounded by negative pressure ducts or plenums, exhaust HEPA filtered air through external ducts to space outside the laboratory, and have HEPA filtered downflow air composed largely of unrecirculated inflow air. Class II type B2 cabinets (also know as "total exhaust" cabinets) have all biologically contaminated internal ducts or plenums under negative pressure or surrounded by negative pressure ducts or plenums, exhaust HEPA filtered air through external ducts to space outside the laboratory, and have HEPA filtered downflow air drawn from the laboratory or outside air. Class II type B3 cabinets (also known as "convertible" cabinets) have all biologically contaminated internal ducts or plenums under negative pressure or surrounded by negative pressure ducts or plenums, exhaust HEPA filtered air through external ducts to space outside the laboratory, and have HEPA filtered downflow air that is a portion of the mixed downflow and inflow air from a common exhaust plenum.
Note: Design, construction, and performance standards are available from the NSF International (the National Sanitation Foundation), Ann Arbor, Michigan. That standard is "National Sanitation Foundation Standard 49 Class II (Laminar Flow) Biohazard Cabinetry".
Class III. The Class III biological safety cabinet is a totally enclosed, negative pressure, ventilated cabinet of gas-tight construction. Operations within the Class III cabinet are conducted through attached protective gloves. Supply air is drawn into the cabinet through high efficiency particulate air filters. Exhaust air is filtered by two high efficiency particulate air filters placed in series or by high efficiency particulate air filtration and incineration, and discharged to the outdoor environment without re-circulation.
(5) Hazardous Substance. One which by reason of being explosive, flammable, poisonous, an irritant, or otherwise harmful is likely to cause injury or illness.
(6) High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. A filter capable of trapping and retaining at least 99.97 percent of all mono-dispersed particles 0.3 micrometers in diameter.
(c) Use. Where biological safety cabinets are used to prevent exposure to biohazard materials they shall be used according to the biosafety level assigned by the National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control, in HHS publication No. 93-8395, "Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories", 1993, to the particular microorganism, HHS publication No. 93- 8395, "Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories", 1993, is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 and is hereby incorporated by reference. When a particular microorganism is not assigned a level or listed, the criteria given in that publication shall be used to determine the appropriate biosafety level.
Class II biological safety cabinets may be used to prevent harmful exposure to cytotoxic agents during their compounding or preparation for parenteral use. Biological safety cabinets may be used to control harmful exposure to aerosols and particulate matter, provided the presence of the substance in the biological safety cabinet does not present a risk of fire or explosion. When biological safety cabinets are used to control exposure to these hazards they shall meet the requirements of this Section.
Note: The U.S. Department of Labor recommends the use of externally vented biological safety cabinets for the preparation of cytotoxic drugs in its work practice guidelines for cytotoxic drugs, OSHA Instruction PUB 8-1.1, January 29, 1986.
(d) Operation. In addition to the operation requirements of Section 5143(b) the mechanical ventilation system used to provide air flow and or negative pressures shall be operated until readily accessible interior surfaces are decontaminated. The manufacturers' recommendations for start-up and shut-down should also be followed. In the absence of such procedures, Appendix B contains a suggested start up and shut down procedure for Class II biological safety cabinets, the manufacturers' recommendations should also be followed.
(e) Ventilation rates and negative pressure. All Class I and II biological safety cabinet face velocities shall be sufficient to maintain an inward flow of air at all openings into the cabinet under operating conditions.
(1) The mechanical ventilation system in a Class I biological safety cabinet shall provide a minimum inward average face velocity of 75 linear feet per minute at the work opening.
(2) The mechanical ventilation system in a Class II type A biological safety cabinet shall provide a minimum inward average face velocity of at least 75 linear feet per minute at the work opening.
(3) The mechanical ventilation system in a Class II type B1, type B2, and type B3 biological safety cabinet shall provide a minimum inward average face velocity of at least 100 linear feet per minute at the work opening.
(4) The mechanical ventilation system in a Class III biological safety cabinet shall provide sufficient air flow to maintain a constant purging of the work area of hazardous vapors, gases or particulate generated within the cabinet and to dilute flammable dusts, gases, or vapors to below 20% of the lower explosive limit (LEL) at a minimum negative pressure inside the cabinet of 0.5 inches of water gauge.
(f) Airflow measurements and HEPA filter leak testing. Biological safety cabinets shall be tested after installation, alterations, or maintenance, and at least annually. Records of tests performed shall be retained for at least five years.
(1) The ventilation test requirements for Class I biological safety cabinets are as follows:
(A) Velocity measurements shall be made at the work opening of the cabinet with a calibrated anemometer.
(B) A quantitative aerosol challenge test shall be performed on each high-efficiency particulate air filter. The test must be capable of detecting penetrations exceeding 0.005% of particles 0.3 micrometers or larger while the cabinet is in normal operation. Any measurement exceeding 0.03% penetration shall establish a failure of the test. Appendix A contains a recommended high efficiency particulate air filter test protocol.
(C) The ability of the hood to maintain an inward flow as required by subsection (e) above shall be demonstrated using smoke tubes or other suitable qualitative methods.
(2) The ventilation test requirements for the Class II biological safety cabinets are as follows:
(A) For type A and B3 cabinets the average intake face velocity at the normal operating work access opening shall be determined by measuring the exhaust air velocity, calculating the cabinet's exhaust air volume, and dividing this volume by the open area of the work access opening. Average face velocity is calculated by the following equation: (average exhaust velocity X open area of HEPA filter or exhaust port) / (area of normal work access opening) = average face velocity.
Exception: Cabinets in which the exhaust filter is not accessible can be measured directly at the work access opening using a calibrated total capture air flow hood to measure the air volume entering the cabinet, and dividing this measurement by the area of the work access opening to determine the average face velocity.
(B) For type B1 cabinets the average intake velocity shall be determined by directly measuring the inflow velocity at the normal operating work access opening with the cabinet recirculating blower turned off. A calibrated total captured airflow hood may be used for type B1 cabinets as in (A) above.
(C) For type B2 cabinets the average face velocity shall be calculated based on total exhaust air volume (velocity measurement at exhaust port), supply airflow volume, and work access area. Average face velocity is calculated by the following equation: [(average exhaust velocity X area of exhaust port) - (average supply downflow velocity X open area of supply HEPA filter)] / (area of normal work access opening) = average face velocity.
Exception: Average intake velocity can also be measured directly at the work access opening using a calibrated total capture air flow hood to measure the air volume entering the cabinet, and dividing this measurement by the area of the work access opening to determine the average face velocity.
(D) A quantitative aerosol challenge test shall be performed on each high-efficiency particulate air filter. The test must be capable of detecting penetrations exceeding 0.005% of particles 0.3 micrometers or larger while the cabinet is in normal operation. Any measurement exceeding 0.03% penetration shall establish a failure of the test. Appendix A contains a recommended high efficiency particulate air filter test protocol.
(E) The ability of the hood to maintain an inward flow as required by subsection (e) above shall be demonstrated using smoke tubes or other suitable qualitative methods.
(3) The ventilation test requirements for Class III biological safety cabinets are as follows:
(A) The airflow through the Class III biological safety cabinet shall be determined by measuring the exhaust velocity at the exhaust port. Total air volume is calculated by the following equation: (exhaust velocity) X (area of exhaust port) = total air volume. The air change rate for a class III biological safety cabinet shall be a minimum of 1 air change in 3 minutes or airflow required to maintain flammable gases/vapors below 20% of the LEL whichever is greater. The measurement of the negative pressure inside the cabinet shall be made with a calibrated gauge. The accuracy of the gauge shall be +5% at the required 0.5 inches of water gauge.
(B) A quantitative aerosol challenge test shall be performed on exhaust HEPA filters. The test must be capable of detecting penetrations exceeding 0.005% of particles, 0.3 micrometer or larger while the cabinet is in normal operation. Any measurement exceeding 0.03% penetration shall establish a failure of the test. Appendix A contains a recommended high efficiency particulate air filter test protocol.
(g) Special requirements.
(1) All test or maintenance activities requiring access to potentially contaminated interior spaces of the cabinet shall be performed after appropriate decontamination.
(2) A warning placard shall be placed on the front of the cabinet requiring decontamination prior to opening any service panel or other interior access.
(3) Where biological safety cabinets are attached to external duct systems with a blower and the cabinet system also contains a blower, or where the cabinet uses an external blower, an audible and visual alarm system to alert the user indicating the loss of exhaust flow in the external duct shall be used. Biological safety cabinets which are served with a canopy or thimble connected exhaust system shall have a ribbon streamer or like device attached to the edge of the canopy or thimble to indicate the direction of flow and are exempt from the requirement for flow alarms.
(h) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices is not intended, by itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or detract from any existing obligation.
(i) Implementation. The requirements of subsection (g)(2) and (g)(3) shall be complied with no later than one year from the effective date of this Section. All other requirements of this Section shall be complied upon the effective date of this Section.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
Appendix A - High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter Aerosol Test Protocol (Non-Mandatory)
(a) Materials and apparatus
(1) Aerosol generator producing a non-hazardous oil aerosol (generated either hot or cold) of particles with a mass median diameter of less than 0.8 micrometers.
(2) Oil suitable for use in the aerosol generator when used in accordance with the generator manufacturer's instructions.
Note 1. Suitable oil has the following properties:
white mineral oil with density of 0.869 kg/L at 15 ° C;
pour point -25 ° C;
flash point, closed cup 144 ° C;
kinematic viscosity 14.3 centistokes at 40 ° C and 3.10 centistokes at 100 ° C with 99% unsulphonated residue.
Note 2. Dioctylphthalate (DOP) may be used in controlled conditions where operator exposure is limited and complies with the requirements of Section 5155.
(3) Photometer having a threshold sensitivity specific to the test aerosol of 0.0001 m g/L t o 120 m g/L.
(b) Procedure
(1) Operate the cabinet and introduce the aerosol challenge to the clean side of the filter and seals being tested.
Ensure that the volume of aerosol produced is sufficient to give a challenge concentration of between 50 m g/L and 100 m g/L when the area of the filter under test and the manufacturers' volumetric flow rate are accounted for. Ensure that the challenge is uniformlydistributed over the filter face.
(2) Adjust the photometer to give a reading of 100 X when sampling this concentration.
(3) Using a sampling probe attached to the photometer, scan all filter faces, seals and construction joints with the probe held within 25mm of the surface and move at not more than 30 mm/s.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
Appendix B Start Up and Shut down Procedure (Non-Mandatory)
(a) Start up.
(1) Turn off ultraviolet sterilizer if so equipped.
(2) Turn on all blowers and cabinet illumination lights.
(3) Allow 5 minutes of operation to purge system, check flow alarm system audio and visual alarm function if so equipped.
(4) Decontaminate readily accessible interior surfaces with a disinfectant appropriate for the agents or suspected agents present.
(b) Shut down.
(1) Decontaminate and remove all items from interior work area.
(2) Decontaminate readily accessible interior surfaces with a disinfectant appropriate for the agents or suspected agents present.
(3) Turn on ultraviolet sterilizer if so equipped.
(4) Allow 5 minutes of operation to purge system.
(5) Turn off cabinet blower.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5155. Airborne Contaminants.
(a) Scope and Application.
(1) This section establishes requirements for controlling employee exposure to airborne contaminants and skin contact with those substances which are readily absorbed through the skin and are designated by the "S" notation in Table AC-1 at all places of employment in the state.
(2) When this section references another section for controlling employee exposures to a particular airborne contaminant, the provisions of this section for such substance shall apply only to those places of employment which are exempt from the other standard.
Exception: The provisions for strontium chromate contained in this section shall continue to apply in all workplaces and shall be in addition to the requirements stated in Sections 1532 .2, 5206, and 8359.
Note: Table AC-1 of this section presents concentration limits for airborne contaminants to which nearly all workers may be exposed daily during a 40-hour workweek for a working lifetime without adverse effect. Because of some variation in individual susceptibility, an occasional worker may suffer discomfort, aggravation of a pre-existing condition, or occupational disease upon exposure to concentrations even below the values specified in these tables. The exposure limits established by this section reflect current medical opinion and industrial hygiene practice, doubts being resolved on the side of safety, and are intended to be used in accordance with good industrial hygiene practice by qualified persons. The division recognizes the need for almost continuous review of these concentration limits and also anticipates the need for including new or additional substances. Harmful exposure to any substances not listed in this section shall be controlled in accordance with section 5141.
(b) Definitions.
Ceiling Limit. The maximum concentration of an airborne contaminant to which an employee may be exposed at any time.
Eight-Hour Time-Weighted Average Concentration (TWA). An employee's exposure, as measured or calculated by the formula in Appendix A, to an airborne contaminant during a workday.
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). The maximum permitted 8-hour time-weighted average concentration of an airborne contaminant.
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL). A 15-minute time-weighted average exposure which is not to be exceeded at any time during a workday even if the 8-hour time-weighted average is below the PEL. An averaging period other than 15 minutes may be specified in the footnotes at the end of Table AC-1.
(c) Exposure Limits.
(1) Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs).
(A) An employee exposure to an airborne contaminant in a workday, expressed as an 8-hour TWA concentration, shall not exceed the PEL specified for the substance in Table AC-1.
(B) When substances have additive health effects as described in section (B) of the Appendix to section 5155, the value of D shall not exceed unity.
(2) Short Term Limits.
(A) Short Term Exposure Limit. An employee exposure to an airborne contaminant, expressed as a 15-minute time-weighted average concentration, shall not exceed the STEL specified for the substance in Table AC-1 at any time during the workday. If another averaging period is indicated in the footnotes to Table AC-1, the time-weighted average exposure over that time period shall not exceed the specified STEL at any time during the workday.
(B) All Other Substances Without a Ceiling Limit. Employee exposure to concentrations above the PEL shall be controlled so as to prevent harmful effects such as narcosis, significant irritation of the eyes, skin or respiratory tract, or chronic or irreversible tissue change.
Note: Such substances are not known to cause adverse effects if the maximum concentration of exposure is limited in accordance with the following guidelines.
PEL Value [FNa1] Multiplication Factor
(From Table AC-1) For Maximum Concentration
0 to 1 3
>1 to 10 2
>10 1.5
[FNa1]Use ppm value unless the concentration is only expressed in mg/M [FN3]
(3) Ceiling Limits. Employee exposures shall be controlled such that the applicable ceiling limit specified in Table AC-1 for any airborne contaminant is not exceeded at any time.
(d) Skin Notation and Protective Clothing. The substances designated by "S" in the skin notation column of Table AC-1 may be absorbed into the bloodstream through the skin, the mucous membranes and/or the eye, and contribute to the overall exposure. Appropriate protective clothing shall be provided for and used by employees as necessary to prevent skin absorption.
Note: The above requirement does not remove the employer's responsibility to provide appropriate protection from corrosive or skin irritating materials which may not bear the "S" designation.
(e) Workplace Monitoring.
(1) Whenever it is reasonable to suspect that employees may be exposed to concentrations of airborne contaminants in excess of levels permitted in section 5155(c), the employer shall monitor (or cause to have monitored) the work environment so that exposures to employees can be measured or calculated.
(2) When exposures to airborne contaminants are found or are expected to exceed allowable levels, measures to control such harmful exposures shall be instituted in accordance with section 5141.
(3) For the adequate protection of employees, the person supervising, directing or evaluating the monitoring and control methods shall be versed in this standard and shall be competent in industrial hygiene practice.
Note: To facilitate the detection of conditions leading to serious overexposures, the screening of the work environment by any person authorized by the employer, using appropriate measuring devices, is encouraged.
(4) All monitoring results shall be recorded and such records shall be retained in accordance with section 3204.
(f) Medical Surveillance. A medical surveillance program approved by the division may be required to ensure satisfactory maintenance of employee health and to ascertain the effectiveness of the control method(s).
Appendix to Section 5155
(A) Computation for Exposures to Contaminants with Independent Health Effects.
The 8-hour time-weighted average concentration (TWA) of a single substance to which an individual is exposed during a workday shall be calculated using the following formula to determine compliance with the PEL specified in Table AC-1.
where T is the duration in hours of the exposure to a substance at the concentration C. For multiple substances with independent health effects, an independent comparison of each TWA with the corresponding PEL shall be made to determine compliance.
a1 Eight (8) is used as denominator regardless of total hours of workday.
EXAMPLE: To illustrate the use of this formula, assume Substance A has an 8- hour time weighted average permissible exposure limit of 100 ppm noted in Table AC-1 and an employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of Substance A of 150 ppm for 2 hours, 75 ppm for 3 hours, and 50 ppm for 4 hours during a 9-hour workday:
TWA = [(150 x 2) + (75 x 3) + (50 x 4)]/8 [FNa1] = 91 ppm.
The series of exposures in this example are equivalent to an 8-hour exposure at a concentration of 91 ppm which is below the PEL value of 100 ppm specified for Substance A.
(B) Computation for Exposures to Contaminants with Additive Health Effects.
In the absence of information to the contrary, the adverse health effects of exposure to two or more toxic materials during the workday shall be considered additive and the following formula shall be used for calculating D, the fraction of the allowable daily exposure.
where TWA is the time-weighted average concentration of a particular substances involved in the exposure (as calculated by the formula in Section (A) of this Appendix), and PEL is the corresponding permissible exposure limit for that substance as specified by Table AC-1. The value of D shall not exceed unity.
Example : To illustrate the use of this formula, consider the following exposures:
Since D is less than unity (1), the exposure to multiple contaminants is within acceptable limits.
Health effects for multiple contaminants are not considered additive when different organs of the body are affected by individual substances, or where the same effect (such as narcosis) is produced by two substances but the PEL for one substance is based on another effect. For example, vinyl chloride and toluene can both cause narcotic effects, however, the PEL for vinyl chloride is established to protect against cancer while the PEL for toluene is established to protect against non-carcinogenic effects.
TABLE AC-1
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
---------
Footnotes to Table AC-1
(a) The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number is a designation used to identify a specific compound or substance regardless of the naming system; these numbers were obtained from the Desk Top Analysis Tool for the Common Data Base and from the Chemical Abstracts Indexes.
(b) Refer to section 5155(d) for the significance of the Skin notation.
(c) Trade Names Removed from Table AC-1.
Trade Name Chemical/Generic Name
Abate see Temephos
Ammate see Ammonium Sulfamate
Aqualin see Acrolein
Arasan see Thiram
Azodrin see Moncrotophos
Baygon see Propoxur
Bidrin see Dicrotophos
Butyl Cellosolve see 2-Butoxyethanol
Cellosolve see 2-Ethoxyethanol
Cellosolve Acetate see 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate
Compound 1080 see Sodium Fluoracetate
Coyden see Clopidol
Crag Herbicide see Sesone
Cythion see Malathion
Dasanit see Fensulfothion
Delnav see Dioxathion
Dibrom see Naled
Difolatan see Captafol
Disyston see Disulfoton
Dowtherm A see Phenylether and Biphenyl
Dursban see Chloropyrifos
Dyfonate see Fonofos
Fermate see Ferbam
Freons see Fluorocarbons
Furadan see Carbofuran
Guthion see Azinphos Methyl
Korlan see Ronnel
Lannate see Methomyl
Mariate see Methoxychlor
MLT see Malathion
Moxie see Methoxychlor
Nialate see Ethion
Nankor see Ronnel
Phosdrin see Mevinphos
Pival see Pindone
Plictran see Cyhexatin
Santobrite see Pentachlorophenol
Sevin see Carbaryl
Systox see Demeton
Teflon see Polytetrafluoroethylene
Thimet see Phorate
Thiodan see Endosulfan
Tordon see Picloram
Trolene see Ronnel
Vapona see Dichlorvos
Weedone 638 see 2, 4-D
Zoalene see Dinitolmide
(d) For the definition and the application of the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), refer to section 5155(b) and (c)(1).
(e) Parts of gas or vapor per million parts of air by volume at 25 o C and 760mm Hg pressure.
(f) Milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air at 25 o C and 760mm Hg pressure.
(g) Refer to section 5155(b) and (c)(3) for the significance of the Ceiling notation. A "C" notation in this column means the values given in the PEL columns are ceiling values. A numerical entry in this column represents a ceiling value in addition to the TWA values.
(h) A number of gases and vapors, when present in high concentrations, act primarily as asphyxiants without other adverse effects. A concentration limit is not included for each material because the limiting factor is the available oxygen. (Several of these materials present fire or explosion hazards.)
(i) Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene or cyclohexane-soluble fraction) include fused polycyclic hydrocarbons (some of which are known carcinogens) which volatilize from the distillation residues of coal, petroleum (excluding asphalt), wood, and other organic matter. Asphalt (CAS 8052-42-4, and CAS 64742-93-4) is not covered under the "coal tar pitch volatiles" standard.
(j) This standard applies to the cotton waste processing operations of waste recycling (sorting, blending, cleaning, and willowing) and garnetting. It does not apply to cotton gins, cottonseed oil industry, or operations covered by section 5190.
(k) A PEL of 0.05 ppm shall apply to exposures involying a mixture of ethylene glycol dinitrate and nitroglycerin.
(l) As sampled by method that does not collect vapor.
(m) Thermal decomposition of the fluorocarbon chain in air leads to the formation of oxidized products containing carbon, fluorine and oxygen. An index of exposure to these products is possible through their alkaline hydrolysis followed by a quantitative determination of fluoride content. No particular concentration limit is specified pending evaluation of the toxicity of the products but concentrations should be kept below the sensitivity of the analytical method.
(n) The concentration and percentage of the particulate used for this limit are determined from the fraction passing a size selector with the following characteristics:
Aerodynamic Diameter
in Micrometers Percent
(unit density sphere) Passing Selector
< 2................ 90
2.5................. 75
3.5................. 50
5.0................. 25
10.................. 0
Source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLI Committee 1968 Proceedings.
(o) Refer to sections 5155(b) and (c)(2) for the definition and application of the Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL).
(p) (Reserved)
(q) Fibers per cubic centimeter of air at 25 [FNo] C and 760mm Hg pressure. To be considered a fiber for this limit the glass particle must be longer than 5mm, have a length to diameter ratio of three or more, and have a diameter less than 3mm. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Method 7400, Issue 2, August 15, 1994, which is hereby incorporated by reference, shall be used for measuring airborne fiber concentrations.
(r) Compliance with the subtilisins PEL is assessed by sampling with a high volume sampler (600-800 liters per minute) for at least 60 minutes.
(s) The concentration and percentage of the particulate used for this limit are determined from the fraction passing a size selector with the following characteristics: (continued)