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B. The application must include a detailed description of the proposed new fit test protocol. This application must be supported by either:
1. A test report prepared by an independent government research laboratory (e.g., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the National Institute for Standards and Technology) stating that the laboratory has tested the protocol and had found it to be accurate and reliable; or
2. An article that has been published in a peer-reviewed industrial hygiene journal describing the protocol and explaining how test data support the protocol's accuracy and reliability.
C. If OSHA determines that additional information is required before the Agency commences a rulemaking proceeding under this section, OSHA will so notify the applicant and afford the applicant the opportunity to submit the supplemental information. Initiation of a rulemaking proceeding will be deferred until OSHA has received and evaluated the supplemental information. Note:Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
Appendix B-1 to Section 5144: User Seal Check Procedures (Mandatory)
The individual who uses a tight-fitting respirator is to perform a user seal check to ensure that an adequate seal is achieved each time the respirator is put on. Either the positive and negative pressure checks listed in this appendix, or the respirator manufacturer's recommended user seal check method shall be used. User seal checks are not substitutes for qualitative or quantitative fit tests.
I. Facepiece Positive and/or Negative Pressure Checks.
A. Positive pressure check. Close off the exhalation valve and exhale gently into the facepiece. The face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up inside the facepiece without any evidence of outward leakage of air at the seal. For most respirators this method of leak testing requires the wearer to first remove the exhalation valve cover before closing off the exhalation valve and then carefully replacing it after the test.
B. Negative pressure check. Close off the inlet opening of the canister or cartridge(s) by covering with the palm of the hand(s) or by replacing the filter seal(s), inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses slightly, and hold the breath for ten seconds. The design of the inlet opening of some cartridges cannot be effectively covered with the palm of the hand. The test can be performed by covering the inlet opening of the cartridge with a thin latex or nitrile glove. If the facepiece remains in its slightly collapsed condition and no inward leakage of air is detected, the tightness of the respirator is considered satisfactory.
II. Manufacturer's Recommended User Seal Check Procedures. The respirator manufacturer's recommended procedures for performing a user seal check may be used instead of the positive and/or negative pressure check procedures provided that the employer demonstrates that the manufacturer's procedures are equally effective.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
Appendix B-2 to Section 5144: Respirator Cleaning Procedures (Mandatory)
These procedures are provided for employer use when cleaning respirators. They are general in nature, and the employer as an alternative may use the cleaning recommendations provided by the manufacturer of the respirators used by their employees, provided such procedures are as effective as those listed here in Appendix B-2. Equivalent effectiveness simply means that the procedures used must accomplish the objectives set forth in Appendix B-2, i.e., must ensure that the respirator is properly cleaned and disinfected in a manner that prevents damage to the respirator and does not cause harm to the user.
I. Procedures for Cleaning Respirators.
A. Remove filters, cartridges, or canisters. Disassemble facepieces by removing speaking diaphragms, demand and pressure-demand valve assemblies, hoses, or any components recommended by the manufacturer. Discard or repair any defective parts.
B. Wash components in warm (43 deg. C [110 deg. F] maximum) water with a mild detergent or with a cleaner recommended by the manufacturer. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facilitate the removal of dirt.
C. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 deg. C [110 deg. F] maximum), preferably running water. Drain.
D. When the cleaner used does not contain a disinfecting agent, respirator components should be immersed for two minutes in one of the following:
1. Hypochlorite solution (50 ppm of chlorine) made by adding approximately one milliliter of laundry bleach to one liter of water at 43 deg. C (110 deg. F); or,
2. Aqueous solution of iodine (50 ppm iodine) made by adding approximately 0.8 milliliters of tincture of iodine (6-8 grams ammonium and/or potassium iodide/100 cc of 45% alcohol) to one liter of water at 43 deg. C (110 deg. F); or,
3. Other commercially available cleansers of equivalent disinfectant quality when used as directed, if their use is recommended or approved by the respirator manufacturer.
E. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 deg. C [110 deg. F] maximum), preferably running water. Drain. The importance of thorough rinsing cannot be overemphasized. Detergents or disinfectants that dry on facepieces may result in dermatitis. In addition, some disinfectants may cause deterioration of rubber or corrosion of metal parts if not completely removed.
F. Components should be hand-dried with a clean lint-free cloth or air-dried.
G. Reassemble facepiece, replacing filters, cartridges, and canisters where necessary.
H. Test the respirator to ensure that all components work properly.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
Appendix C to Section 5144: OSHA Respirator Medical Evaluation Questionnaire (Mandatory)
To the employer: Answers to questions in Section 1, and to question 9 in Section 2 of Part A, do not require a medical examination.
To the employee:
Can you read (circle): Yes/No
Your employer must allow you to answer the questionnaire during normal working hours, or at a time and place that is convenient to you. To maintain your confidentiality, your employer or supervisor must not look at or review your answers, and your employer must tell you how to deliver or send this questionnaire to the health care professional who will review it.
Part A. Section 1. (Mandatory) The following information must be provided by every employee who has been selected to use any type of respirator (please print).
1. Today's date: __________
2. Your name: __________
3. Your age (to nearest year): __________
4. Sex (circle one): Male/Female
5. Your height: __________ ft. __________ in.
6. Your weight: __________ lbs.
7. Your job title: __________
8. A phone number where you can be reached by the health care professional who reviews this questionnaire (include the Area Code): __________ __________
9. The best time to phone you at this number: __________
10. Has your employer told you how to contact the health care professional who will review this questionnaire (circle one): Yes/No
11. Check the type of respirator you will use (you can check more than one category):
a. ___ N, R, or P disposable respirator (filter-mask, non-cartridge type only).
b. ___ Other type (for example, half- or full-facepiece type, powered-air purifying, supplied-air, self-contained breathing apparatus).
12. Have you worn a respirator (circle one): Yes/No
If "yes," what type(s): __________ __________
Part A. Section 2. (Mandatory) Questions 1 through 9 below must be answered by every employee who has been selected to use any type of respirator (please circle "yes" or "no").
1. Do you currently smoke tobacco, or have you smoked tobacco in the last month: Yes/No
2. Have you ever had any of the following conditions?
a. Seizures (fits): Yes/No
b. Diabetes (sugar disease): Yes/No
c. Allergic reactions that interfere with your breathing: Yes/No
d. Claustrophobia (fear of closed-in places): Yes/No
e. Trouble smelling odors: Yes/No
3. Have you ever had any of the following pulmonary or lung problems?
a. Asbestosis: Yes/No
b. Asthma: Yes/No
c. Chronic bronchitis: Yes/No
d. Emphysema: Yes/No
e. Pneumonia: Yes/No
f. Tuberculosis: Yes/No
g. Silicosis: Yes/No
h. Pneumothorax (collapsed lung): Yes/No
i. Lung cancer: Yes/No
j. Broken ribs: Yes/No
k. Any chest injuries or surgeries: Yes/No
l. Any other lung problem that you've been told about: Yes/No
4. Do you currently have any of the following symptoms of pulmonary or lung illness?
a. Shortness of breath: Yes/No
b. Shortness of breath when walking fast on level ground or walking up a slight hill or incline: Yes/No
c. Shortness of breath when walking with other people at an ordinary pace on level ground: Yes/No
d. Have to stop for breath when walking at your own pace on level ground: Yes/No
e. Shortness of breath when washing or dressing yourself: Yes/No
f. Shortness of breath that interferes with your job: Yes/No
g. Coughing that produces phlegm (thick sputum): Yes/No
h. Coughing that wakes you early in the morning: Yes/No
i. Coughing that occurs mostly when you are lying down: Yes/No
j. Coughing up blood in the last month: Yes/No
k. Wheezing: Yes/No
l. Wheezing that interferes with your job: Yes/No
m. Chest pain when you breathe deeply: Yes/No
n. Any other symptoms that you think may be related to lung problems: Yes/No
5. Have you ever had any of the following cardiovascular or heart problems?
a. Heart attack: Yes/No
b. Stroke: Yes/No
c. Angina: Yes/No
d. Heart failure: Yes/No
e. Swelling in your legs or feet (not caused by walking): Yes/No
f. Heart arrhythmia (heart beating irregularly): Yes/No
g. High blood pressure: Yes/No
h. Any other heart problem that you've been told about: Yes/No
6. Have you ever had any of the following cardiovascular or heart symptoms?
a. Frequent pain or tightness in your chest: Yes/No
b. Pain or tightness in your chest during physical activity: Yes/No
c. Pain or tightness in your chest that interferes with your job: Yes/No
d. In the past two years, have you noticed your heart skipping or missing a beat: Yes/No
e. Heartburn or indigestion that is not related to eating: Yes/No
f. Any other symptoms that you think may be related to heart or circulation problems: Yes/No
7. Do you currently take medication for any of the following problems?
a. Breathing or lung problems: Yes/No
b. Heart trouble: Yes/No
c. Blood pressure: Yes/No
d. Seizures (fits): Yes/No
8. If you've ever used a respirator, have you ever had any of the following problems?
(If you've never used a respirator, check the following space and go to question 9:)
a. Eye irritation: Yes/No
b. Skin allergies or rashes: Yes/No
c. Anxiety: Yes/No
d. General weakness or fatigue: Yes/No
e. Any other problem that interferes with your use of a respirator: Yes/No
9. Would you like to talk to the health care professional who will review this questionnaire about your answers to this questionnaire: Yes/No
Questions 10 to 15 below must be answered by every employee who has been selected to use either a full-facepiece respirator or a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). For employees who have been selected to use other types of respirators, answering these questions is voluntary.
10. Have you ever lost vision in either eye (temporarily or permanently): Yes/No
11. Do you currently have any of the following vision problems?
a. Wear contact lenses: Yes/No
b. Wear glasses: Yes/No
c. Color blind: Yes/No
d. Any other eye or vision problem: Yes/No
12. Have you ever had an injury to your ears, including a broken ear drum: Yes/No
13. Do you currently have any of the following hearing problems?
a. Difficulty hearing: Yes/No
b. Wear a hearing aid: Yes/No
c. Any other hearing or ear problem: Yes/No
14. Have you ever had a back injury: Yes/No
15. Do you currently have any of the following musculoskeletal problems?
a. Weakness in any of your arms, hands, legs, or feet: Yes/No
b. Back pain: Yes/No
c. Difficulty fully moving your arms and legs: Yes/No
d. Pain and stiffness when you lean forward or backward at the waist: Yes/No
e. Difficulty fully moving your head up or down: Yes/No
f. Difficulty fully moving your head side to side: Yes/No
g. Difficulty bending at your knees: Yes/No
h. Difficulty squatting to the ground: Yes/No
i. Climbing a flight of stairs or a ladder carrying more than 25 lbs: Yes/No
j. Any other muscle or skeletal problem that interferes with using a respirator: Yes/No
Part B. Any of the following questions, and other questions not listed, may be added to the questionnaire at the discretion of the health care professional who will review the questionnaire.
1. In your present job, are you working at high altitudes (over 5,000 feet) or in a place that has lower than normal amounts of oxygen: Yes/No
If "yes," do you have feelings of dizziness, shortness of breath, pounding in your chest, or other symptoms when you're working under these conditions: Yes/No
2. At work or at home, have you ever been exposed to hazardous solvents, hazardous airborne chemicals (e.g., gases, fumes, or dust), or have you come into skin contact with hazardous chemicals: Yes/No
If "yes," name the chemicals if you know them:________________, ____________, _______________________, __________________.
3. Have you ever worked with any of the materials, or under any of the conditions, listed below:
a. Asbestos: Yes/No
b. Silica (e.g., in sandblasting): Yes/No
c. Tungsten/cobalt (e.g., grinding or welding this material): Yes/No
d. Beryllium: Yes/No
e. Aluminum: Yes/No
f. Coal (for example, mining): Yes/No
g. Iron: Yes/No
h. Tin: Yes/No
i. Dusty environments: Yes/No
j. Any other hazardous exposures: Yes/No
If "yes," describe these exposures: __________ __________ __________
4. List any second jobs or side businesses you have: __________ __________
5. List your previous occupations: __________ __________
6. List your current and previous hobbies: __________ __________
7. Have you been in the military services? Yes/No
If "yes," were you exposed to biological or chemical agents (either in training or combat): Yes/No
8. Have you ever worked on a HAZMAT team? Yes/No
9. Other than medications for breathing and lung problems, heart trouble, blood pressure, and seizures mentioned earlier in this questionnaire, are you taking any other medications for any reason (including over-the-counter medications): Yes/No
If "yes," name the medications if you know them: __________
10. Will you be using any of the following items with your respirator(s)?
a. HEPA Filters: Yes/No
b. Canisters (for example, gas masks): Yes/No
c. Cartridges: Yes/No
11. How often are you expected to use the respirator(s) (circle "yes" or "no" for all answers that apply to you)?:
a. Escape only (no rescue): Yes/No
b. Emergency rescue only: Yes/No
c. Less than 5 hours per week: Yes/No
d. Less than 2 hours per day: Yes/No
e. 2 to 4 hours per day: Yes/No
f. Over 4 hours per day: Yes/No
12. During the period you are using the respirator(s), is your work effort:
a. Light (less than 200 kcal per hour): Yes/No
If "yes," how long does this period last during the average shift: ___ hrs. ____ mins.
Examples of a light work effort are sitting while writing, typing, drafting, or performing light assembly work; or standing while operating a drill press (1-3 lbs.) or controlling machines.
b. Moderate (200 to 350 kcal per hour): Yes/No
If "yes," how long does this period last during the average shift: ____ hrs. ____ mins.
Examples of moderate work effort are sitting while nailing or filing; driving a truck or bus in urban traffic; standing while drilling, nailing, performing assembly work, or transferring a moderate load (about 35 lbs.) at trunk level; walking on a level surface about 2 mph or down a 5-degree grade about 3 mph; or pushing a wheelbarrow with a heavy load (about 100 lbs.) on a level surface.
c. Heavy (above 350 kcal per hour): Yes/No
If "yes," how long does this period last during the average shift: ____ hrs. ____ mins.
Examples of heavy work are lifting a heavy load (about 50 lbs.) from the floor to your waist or shoulder; working on a loading dock; shoveling; standing while bricklaying or chipping castings; walking up an 8- degree grade about 2 mph; climbing stairs with a heavy load (about 50 lbs.).
13. Will you be wearing protective clothing and/or equipment (other than the respirator) when you're using the respirator: Yes/No
If "yes," describe this protective clothing and/or equipment: __________ __________.
14. Will you be working under hot conditions (temperature exceeding 77 deg. F): Yes/No
15. Will you be working under humid conditions: Yes/No
16. Describe the work you'll be doing while you're using your respirator(s): __________ __________ __________
17. Describe any special or hazardous conditions you might encounter when you're using your respirator(s) (for example, confined spaces, life-threatening gases): __________ __________ __________
18. Provide the following information, if you know it, for each toxic substance that you'll be exposed to when you're using your respirator(s):
Name of first toxic substance: __________
Estimated maximum exposure level per shift: __________
Duration of exposure per shift: __________
Name of second toxic substance: __________
Estimated maximum exposure level per shift: __________
Duration of exposure per shift: __________
Name of third toxic substance: __________
Estimated maximum exposure level per shift: __________
Duration of exposure per shift: __________
The name of any other toxic substances that you'll be exposed to while using your respirator: __________ __________ __________ __________
19. Describe any special responsibilities you'll have while using your respirator(s) that may affect the safety and well-being of others (for example, rescue, security): __________ __________ __________
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
Appendix D to Section 5144: (Mandatory) Information for Employees Using Respirators When Not Required Under the Standard
Respirators are an effective method of protection against designated hazards when properly selected and worn. Respirator use is encouraged even when exposures are below the exposure limit, to provide an additional level of comfort and protection for workers. However, if a respirator is used improperly or not kept clean, the respirator itself can become a hazard to the worker. Sometimes, workers may wear respirators to avoid exposures to hazards, even if the amount of hazardous substance does not exceed the limits set by OSHA standards. If your employer provides respirators for your voluntary use, or if you provide your own respirator, you need to take certain precautions to be sure that the respirator itself does not present a hazard.
You should do the following:
1. Read and heed all instructions provided by the manufacturer on use, maintenance, cleaning and care, and warnings regarding the respirators limitations.
2. Choose respirators certified for use to protect against the contaminant of concern. NIOSH, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, certifies respirators. A label or statement of certification should appear on the respirator or respirator packaging. It will tell you what the respirator is designed for and how much it will protect you.
3. Do not wear your respirator into atmospheres containing contaminants for which your respirator is not designated to protect against. For example, a respirator designed to filter dust particles will not protect you against gases, vapors or very small solid particles of fumes or smoke.
4. Keep track of your respirator so that you do not mistakenly use someone else's respirator.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5145. Media for Allaying Dusts, Fumes, Mists, Vapors, and Gases .
When practicable, use shall be made of water, oil or chemicals in such noninjurious quantities, and with such frequency, as may be necessary to suppress and allay harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, and gases wherever the provisions of 5141, 5143 and 5144 are impracticable or inadequate to prevent harmful exposure. The use of allaying media may also be supplementary to, or may be substituted for, other provisions of these orders when such allaying media alone would prevent harmful exposure.
s 5146. Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Emission Control.
(a) Exhaust purifier devices shall be used, supplementary to natural or forced dilution ventilation or exhaust collection systems, if required to maintain the concentrations of dangerous gases or fumes below the maximum acceptable concentrations.
(b) Only approved exhaust purifier devices shall be used to comply with 5146(a) in enclosed places. Note:Approval by the Division will in all cases be based on the Maximum Allowable Standards for Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Emissions as set forth in 5146(c).
Devices certified as meeting the standard by the California Air Resources Board pursuant to Labor Code Section 6702 are automatically approved.
(c) Maximum Allowable Standards for Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Emissions.
(1)
Engine Displacement .. Carbon Monoxide
in cubic inches ...... percent
50-100 ............... 2.3
100-140 .............. 2.0
140 or greater ....... 1.5
(2) Exhaust gas concentrations shall be adjusted to a dry exhaust volume using the ratio 15 P[1/2(% CO) + % CO [FN2] + 10(% Hydrocarbon)].
(3) Hydrocarbons are defined as the organic constituents of exhaust as measured by a hexane-sensitized nondispersive infrared analyzer or equivalent.
(4) Carbon monoxide shall be measured by a nondispersive infrared analyzer or equivalent.
(5) The standards refer to a composite sample representing the operating condition described as follows:
Operating Condition
Inches of Mercury ...................................... Percent
Intake Manifold Vacuum ................................. of Time
IDLE.................................................... 30
CRUISE
1000 RPM @ 16" of Mercury Intake Manifold Vacuum....... 20
1000 RPM @ 11" of Mercury Intake Manifold Vacuum....... 20
2000 RPM @ 16" of Mercury Intake Manifold Vacuum....... 10
2000 RPM @ 10" of Mercury Intake Manifold Vacuum....... 10
ACCELERATION
Idle to 2500 RPM in 5 seconds @ 6" vacuum.............. 5
DECELERATION
2000-500 RPM greater than 20" vacuum................... 5
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5147. Respiratory Protection for M. Tuberculosis.
Section 5144, Respiratory Protection, applies to M. Tuberculosis effective October 18, 2004.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5148. Prohibition of Smoking in the Workplace.
(a) No employer shall knowingly or intentionally permit, and no person shall engage in, the smoking of tobacco products in an enclosed space at a place of employment.
(b) For purposes of this section, an employer who permits any nonemployee access to his or her place of employment on a regular basis has not acted knowingly or intentionally if he or she has taken the following reasonable steps to prevent smoking by a nonemployee:
(1) Posted clear and prominent signs, as follows:
(A) Where smoking is prohibited throughout the building or structure, a sign stating "No smoking" shall be posted at each entrance to the building or structure.
(B) Where smoking is permitted in designed areas of the building or structure, a sign stating "Smoking is prohibited except in designated areas" shall be posted at each entrance to the building or structure.
(2) Has requested, when appropriate, that a nonemployee who is smoking refrain from smoking in the enclosed workplace. For purposes of this subsection, "reasonable steps" does not include (A) the physical ejection of a nonemployee from the place of employment or (B) any requirement for making a request to a nonemployee to refrain from smoking, under circumstances involving a risk of physical harm to the employer or any employee.
(c) For purposes of this section, "place of employment" does not include any of the places listed in Labor Code section 6404.5, subsections (d)(1) through (d)(6), and (d)(9) through (d)(14).
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Sections 142.3 and 6404.5, Labor Code.
s 5149. Oxygen Deficiency.
Except in extreme emergency involving imminent peril to life, employees shall not be permitted to work without approved respiratory equipment where the oxygen content of the air is less than 19 1/2 percent by volume (dry basis).
s 5150. Ventilation and Personal Protective Equipment Requirements for Welding, Brazing and Cutting.
(a) Mechanical Ventilation for Indoor Operations. Local exhaust systems providing a minimum air velocity of 100 lineal feet per minute in the welding zone shall be used except as otherwise specified by this Section.
(1) Where local exhaust ventilation is not feasible, mechanical dilution ventilation sufficient to prevent exposures to concentrations of airborne contaminants from exceeding those specified in Section 5155 shall be provided.
(2) Respiratory protective equipment, in accordance with Section 5144, shall be used when the methods described in paragraphs (a) and (a)(1) above are not feasible.
(3) Where workplace monitoring records clearly demonstrate that exposure levels specified in Section 5155 are not exceeded, neither mechanical ventilation nor respiratory protective equipment is required.
Note: Where workplace monitoring has demonstrated that exposure levels are not exceeded under the worst conditions, then the same data may be used under more favorable conditions.
(b) Toxic Substances Used in Any Enclosed Space.
(1) Local exhaust ventilation shall be used when potentially hazardous materials are employed as base metals, fluxes, coatings, platings or filler metals. These include, but are not limited to, the following materials:
(A) Beryllium
(B) Cadmium
(C) Chromium
(D) Fluorides
(E) Lead
(F) Mercury
(G) Zinc
(H) Inert-gas metal-arc welding or oxygen cutting of stainless steel
(2) The exhaust system shall be vented in a manner such that workers and others are not exposed to hazardous concentrations of toxic substances.
(3) When the nature of the work is such that local exhaust ventilation is not an effective means for preventing potentially hazardous exposure levels, as specified by Section 5155, supplied-air respirators shall be worn.
(c) Toxic Substances Used in the Open Air. Where toxic substances such as those listed in paragraph (b)(1) are used, respiratory protective equipment, in accordance with Section 5144, shall be provided except as otherwise specified by this subsection.
(1) In operations involving beryllium-containing base or filler metals, only supplied-air respirators shall be used.
(2) Except for operations involving beryllium, cadmium, lead or mercury, respiratory protective equipment is not required when natural or mechanical ventilation is sufficient to remove welding fumes from the breathing zone of the workers.
(d) Improper Use of Welding Gases. Compressed gases used for welding and cutting shall not be used for ventilation purposes, comfort cooling, blowing dust from clothing, or cleaning the work area.
(e) Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Degreasing or other operations involving chlorinated hydrocarbons shall be located or controlled such that vapors from these operations will not enter the atmosphere surrounding any welding or cutting operations to prevent the degradation of such chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors to more highly toxic gases by the action of heat or ultraviolet radiation.
(f) Precautionary Labels. Hazardous materials used in welding and cutting shall bear precautionary labels as described by this subsection. Any label may be used which describes the hazards of and lists the precautionary measures for a hazardous material in a manner equivalent to that included in this subsection.
(1) All filler metals and fusible granular materials shall carry the following notice, as a minimum, on tags, boxes or other containers:
CAUTION
Welding may produce fumes and gases hazardous to health. Avoid breathing these fumes and gases. Use adequate ventilation.
(2) Filler metals containing cadmium and cadmium-plated materials shall carry the following notice on tags, boxes or other containers:
WARNING CONTAINS CADMIUM. POISONOUS FUMES MAY BE FORMED ON HEATING.
Do not breathe fumes. Use only with adequate ventilation such as fume collectors, exhaust ventilators, or supplied-air respirators. If chest pain, cough, or fever develops after use, call physician immediately.
Note: The intent of calling a physician is to provide immediate medical services.
(3) Containers of fluoride fluxes shall bear the following statement:
CAUTION CONTAINS FLUORIDES
This flux when heated gives off fumes that may irritate eyes, nose, and throat.
1. Avoid fumes -use only in well-ventilated spaces.
2. Avoid contact of flux with eyes or skin.
3. Do not take internally. (Title 24, T8-5150(a), (b))
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5151. Ventilation and Personal Protective Equipment Requirements for Abrasive Blasting Operations.
(a) Blast-Cleaning Enclosures.
(1) Blast-cleaning enclosures shall be exhaust ventilated in such a way that a continuous inward flow of air will be maintained at all openings in the enclosure during blasting operations. It is recommended that the following minimum ventilation rates as prescribed in the appendix of ANSI Z9.4-1968, Ventilation and Safe Practices of Abrasive Blasting Operations be used:
(A) Blast-cleaning cabinet, 500 feet per minute calculated on the free opening without the curtains.
(B) Rotary blast-cleaning tables, 200 feet per minute calculated on the free opening without curtains.
(C) Blast-cleaning rooms, 300 feet per minute at air inlets.
(2) In blasting enclosures, safety glass protected by screening or equivalent shall be used in observation windows where hard abrasives are used. All access openings in blast-cleaning enclosures shall be designed, inspected regularly, and maintained when needed, in order to prevent escape of dust. Blast-cleaning room doors shall be flanged and tight when closed and shall be operable from both inside and outside.
(3) In installations when the abrasive is recirculated, an abrasive separator shall be provided for the removal of fines from the spent abrasive.
(4) Abrasive blasting enclosures shall not be opened until visible airborne dust has been removed by the exhaust system.
(b) Personal Protective Equipment.
(1) Abrasive blasting or equivalent respirators shall be worn by employees under the following conditions:
(A) Inside blasting rooms during operations.
(B) During continuous blasting operations where concentrations of dust dispersed by abrasive blasting operations may exceed limits prescribed in Section 5155.
(C) During continuous blasting operations where silica sand is used as the blasting abrasive or when toxic materials are blasted. Dust-filter respirators may be used for periods up to two hours per shift, providing the concentrations of silica dust do not exceed ten times the time-weighted, eight-hour exposure limit as specified in Section 5155. Use of respiratory protective equipment is prescribed in Section 5144.
(2) Equipment for protection of the eyes and face shall be worn by the operator when the respirator design does not provide such protection and by any other personnel working in the vicinity of abrasive blasting operations.
(c) Organic Abrasives. Organic abrasives which are combustible shall be used only in automatic systems. Where flammable or explosive dust mixtures may be present, the construction of the equipment, including the exhaust system and all electric wiring, shall conform to the requirements of Section 5174 and the Electrical Safety Orders, Title 8, California Administrative Code. (Title 24, T8-5151(a), (c))
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5152. Ventilation and Personal Protective Equipment Requirements for Grinding, Polishing, and Buffing Operations.
(a) General. Every establishment performing dry grinding, dry polishing, or buffing shall provide suitable hoods or enclosures that are connected to exhaust systems which are run continuously during operations.
Exception: When the concentration at the operator's breathing zone of any airborne contaminant generated by such an operation is below the applicable limit prescribed in Section 5155 or any other section of Title 8.
(b) Hood and Branch Duct Performance Requirements.
(1) Hoods connected to exhaust systems shall be used, and such hoods shall be designed, located, and placed so that the dust or dirt particles shall fall or be projected into the hoods in the direction of the air flow. No wheels, discs, straps, or belts shall be operated in such manner and in such direction as to cause the dust and dirt particles to be thrown into the operator's breathing zone.
(2) Wheels and belts shall have not less than the minimum exhaust volumes shown in the following tables:
TABLE V-1.
GRINDING AND ABRASIVE CUTTING-OFF WHEELS.
Wheel Diameter .. Wheel Width .. Minimum Exhaust Volume
(Inches) ........ (Inches) ..... (Cubic Feet/Min.)
To 9 ................ 1 1/2 ......................... 220
Over 9 to 16 .......... 2 ........................... 390
Over 16 to 19 ......... 3 ........................... 500
Over 19 to 24 ......... 4 ........................... 610
Over 24 to 30 ......... 5 ........................... 880
Over 30 to 36 ......... 6 .......................... 1200
Note: For any wheel wider than that shown, increase the table exhaust volume by the ratio of the actual width to the table width. Example: For wheel width = 4 1/2 inches. Minimum Exhaust Volume = 4.5/4 x 610 = 686 (rounded to 690).
TABLE V-2
BUFFING, POLISHING, AND SCRATCH-BRUSH WHEELS
Wheel Diameter .. Wheel Width .. Minimum Exhaust
(Inches) ........ (Inches) ..... (Cubic Feet/Min.)
To 9 .................. 2 ...................... 300
Over 9 to 16 .......... 3 ...................... 500
Over 16 to 19 ......... 4 ...................... 610
Over 19 to 24 ......... 5 ...................... 740
Over 24 to 30 ......... 6 ..................... 1040
Over 30 to 36 ......... 6 ..................... 1200
TABLE V-3
HORIZONTAL SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
Wheel Diameter ........ Minimum Exhaust Volume
(Inches) ................ (Cubic Feet/Min.)
Single Spindle .. Double Spindle
Up to 12 .............. 220 .................... 610
Over 12 to 19 ......... 390 .................... 610
Over 19 to 25 ......... 610 .................... 880
Over 25 to 30 ......... 610 ................... 1200
Over 30 to 53 ......... 880 ................... 1770
Over 53 to 72 ......... 880 ................... 6280
TABLE V-4
VERTICAL SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
Disc Diameter ......... One-half or More of Disc Covered .... Disc not Covered
___________________________________________________________
(Inches) ....................... Exhaust Volume ............. Exhaust Volume
Number
[FN1] .... (Cubic
Feet/Min.) .. Number
[FN1] .... (Cubic Feet/Min.)
Up to 20 ............... 1 .......... 500 ........... 2 ................... 780
Over 20 to 30 .......... 2 .......... 780 ........... 2 .................. 1480
Over 30 to 53 .......... 2 .......... 1770 .......... 4 .................. 3530
Over 53 to 72 .......... 2 .......... 3140 .......... 5 .................. 6010
[FN1] Number of exhaust outlets around periphery of hood, or equal distribution
provided by other means.
TABLE V-5
GRINDING AND POLISHING BELTS
Belts Width .... Exhaust Volume
(Inches) ....... (Cubic Feet/Min.)
Up to 3 ........................ 220
Over 3 to 5 .................... 300
Over 5 to 7 .................... 390
Over 7 to 9 .................... 500
Over 9 to 11 ................... 610
Over 11 to 13 .................. 740
(3) Cradles requiring partial enclosures to house the complete operation shall be ventilated sufficiently such that a minimum air velocity of 150 feet per minute shall be maintained over the entire opening of the enclosure.
(c) Hood Design.
(1) Vertical-spindle disc grinders shall be encircled with a hood so constructed that the heavy dust is drawn off a surface of the disc and the lighter dust exhausted through a continuous slot at the top of the hood as shown in Figure V-1.
(2) Exhaust hoods for floor stands, pedestals, and bench grinders shall be designed as effective as Figure V-2. The adjustable tongue shown in the Figure shall be kept in working order and shall be adjusted within one-fourth inch of the wheel periphery at all times.
(3) Swing-frame grinders shall be exhausted in the same manner as provided for cradles, and shall be provided with exhaust booths as indicated in Figure V-3.
(4) Hoods for polishing and buffing and scratch-brush wheels shall be constructed to conform as closely to Figure V-4 as the nature of the work will permit.
(5) Cradle grinding and polishing operations shall be performed within a partial enclosure similar to Figure V-5. The operator shall be positioned outside the working face of the opening of the enclosure. Cradle enclosures shall be ventilated sufficiently such that a minimum air velocity of 150 feet per minute shall be maintained over the entire opening of the enclosure.
(6) Hoods for horizontal single-spindle disc grinders shall be constructed to conform as closely as possible to the hood shown in Figure V-6.
(7) Horizontal double-spindle disc grinders shall have a hood encircling the wheels and grinding chamber similar to that illustrated in Figure V-7. The openings for passing the work into the grinding chamber should be kept as small as possible, but must never be less than twice the area of the branch outlets.
(8) Grinding and polishing belt hoods shall be constructed as close to the operation as possible. The hood should extend almost to the belt, and 1-inch wide openings should be provided on either side. Figure V-8 shows a typical hood for a belt operation.
(d) Portable Operations.
Portable grinding, polishing, and buffing operations, whenever the nature of the work permits, shall be conducted within a partial enclosure over which an average face air velocity of not less than 200 feet per minute shall be maintained, or a low volume, high velocity local exhaust hood attachment shall be used. (Title 24, T8-5152)
Note: If grinding wheels are used for disc grinding purposes, hoods must conform to structural strength and materials as described in 9.1. Entry Loss =0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff.
FIGURE V-7 HORIZONTAL DOUBLE-SPINDLE DISC GRINDER EXHAUST HOOD AND BRANCH PIPE
CONNECTIONS
Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5153. Ventilation and Personal Protective Equipment9Requirements for Spray Coating Operations.
(a) General. Spray coating operations whenever practicable shall be confined to properly designed, constructed and adequately ventilated spray booths or spray rooms which meet all the requirements of both this section and Article 137.
(b) Operation.
(1) Mechanical ventilation shall be kept in operation at all times while spraying operations are being conducted and for a sufficient time thereafter to allow flammable vapors from drying coated articles and drying finishing material residue to be exhausted.
(2) When spray is automatically applied without an attendant constantly on duty, the operating control of spray apparatus shall be so arranged that spray cannot be applied unless exhaust fans are in operation.
(c) Exhaust and Make-Up Air.
(1) Air exhausted from spray operations shall not be recirculated. Safe arrangements should be provided for an adequate supply of make-up air to compensate for air exhausted from spraying operations.
(2) No means of heating make-up air shall be located in a spray booth.
(d) Dilution of Flammable Vapors. Ventilation in spray facilities shall be sufficient to dilute flammable vapors to less than 20 percent of their lower explosive limit as specified in Section 5416. Lower explosive limits of common solvents are listed in NFPA No. 49-1973, Hazardous Chemicals Data.
(e) Ventilation Rates. The velocity of air into all openings of a spray booth shall be not less than that specified in Table V-6.
TABLE V-6
MINIMUM MAINTAINED VELOCITIES INTO SPRAY BOOTHS
Operating Conditions for
Objects Completely Inside .... Crossdraft, ....... Airflow Velocities, f.p.m.
Booth ........................ f.p.m............ Average .......... Minimum
Electrostatic and automatic
airless operation............ Up to 50 ........ 60 large booth ... 60
100 small booth .. 75
Air-operated guns, manual
or automatic................. Up to 50 ........ 100 large booth .. 75
150 small booth .. 125
Air-operated guns, manual
or automatic................. From 50 to 100 .. 150 large booth .. 125
200 small booth .. 150
Note: A large booth is a walk-in size booth.
(f) Downdraft Booths.
Where downdraft booths are provided with doors, such doors shall be closed when spray painting.
(g) Respiratory Protection.
A spray booth operator is required to wear a respirator when he is positioned downstream from the object being sprayed. Respirator use shall conform to the requirements of Section 5144. (Title 24, T8-5153(a), (b), (c), (d), (e))
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5154. Ventilation and Personal Protective Equipment Requirements for Open-Surface Tank Operations.
(a) General.
This section applies to all operations involving the immersion of materials in liquids, or in the vapors of such liquids, for the purpose of cleaning or altering the surface character of the materials.
(b) Classification of Open-Surface Tank Operations.
The class is determined by two factors: hazard potential designated by a letter from A to D, inclusive, and the rate of gas, vapor, or mist evolution designated by a number from 1 to 4, inclusive.
(1) Table V-7 provides a classification system for the potential hazard of the vapor, gas, or mist originating from an open-surface tank, depending upon the toxicity or the flammability of the tank contents. The Table uses the respective concentration limit for an airborne contaminant (Section 5155) to define the health hazard and the flashpoint as the index of susceptibility to ignition; the higher of the two hazard ratings shall determine the appropriate classification. In evaluating the health hazard of a mixture of materials, other than organic solvents, the substance of lowest concentration limit (highest hazard) specified by Section 5155 shall determine the classification of the mixture, except where such substance constitutes an insignificant fraction of the mixture. The relative health hazard of a mixture of organic solvents is determined by the combined effects of solvent vapor concentrations in the operator's breathing zone. In absence of information to the contrary, the effects shall be considered as additive. The vapor concentrations may be measured individually, or calculated from the known composition of the liquid mixture by use of the vapor pressure value and the mole weight fraction value of each component in the mixture. The combined concentration limit is then calculated by using the following formula:
Lm = Ca + Cb + ... Cn
Ca Cb Cn
+ + ...
La Lb Ln
Where:
C is the concentration in parts per million of airborne solvent vapor from each component.
L is the time-weighted eight-hour exposure limit concentration in parts per million for each component. (See Section 5155 for TWA exposure limit values.)
Lm is the combined TWA exposure limit concentration for the airborne mixture of solvent vapors.
(A)
TABLE V-7
DETERMINATION OF HAZARD POTENTIAL
Time-Weighted Average Exposure Limit [FN1]
0
Hazard Gas and Vapor Mist Flashpoint [FN2]
Classification (ppm) (mg/M [FN3]) (<>F)
A 0-10 0-.1 -
B 11-100 .11-1.0 Under 100
C 101-500 1.1-10 100-200
D Over 500 Over 10 Over 200
[FNNotes:]
[FN1] As specified by Section 5155.
[FN2] Closed-cup flashpoint; extensive flashpoint data are listed in the
National Fire Protection Association Bulletin, NFPA 325M-1969.
(B) The classification index for the rate of evolution of a gas or vapor from an open-surface tank shall be determined from Table V-8.
TABLE V-8
DETERMINATION OF RATE OF GAS OR VAPOR EVOLUTION [FN1]
Relative Evaporation
[FN2]
Rate Liquid Degrees Below (Time for 100%
Index Temperature BoilingPoint Evaporation)
(<>F) (<>F)
1 Over 200 0-20 Fast (0-3 hours)
2 150-200 21-50 Medium (3-12 hours)
3 94-149 51-100 Slow (12-50 hours)
4 Under 94 Over 100 Nil (Over 50 hours)
[FNNotes:]
[FN1] In certain classes of equipment, specifically vapor degreasers, an
internal condenser or vapor level thermostat is used to prevent the vapor
from leaving the tank during normal operation. In such cases, rate of vapor
evolution from the tank into the workroom is not dependent upon the factors
listed in the Table, but rather upon abnormalities of operating procedure,
such as carryout of vapors from excessively fast action, dragout of liquid by
entrainment in parts, contamination of solvent by water and other materials,
or improper heat balance. When operating procedure is excellent, effective
rate of evolution may be taken as 4.
[FN2] Relative evaporation times may be found in the Handbook of Organic
Industrial Solvents, American Mutual Insurance Alliance (1972). The
evaporation times given as rates in the Tables are the ratios of the time (in
hours) required to evaporate the solvent, to the evaporation time (one hour)
required for the same volume of ethyl ether. Evaporation times for solvents
not listed in the handbook may be found in the article by A. K. Doolittle in
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Anal. Ed.,Vol. 27, p. 1169 (1935).
(c) Control Requirements.
In all cases, the minimum control velocities shall conform to those listed in the following Table V-9.
TABLE V-9
MINIMUM CONTROL VELOCITIES IN FEET PER MINUTE
Enclosing Hood Canopy Hood [FN2]
One Two Lateral [FN1] Three Four
Open Open Exhaust Open Open
Class Side Sides Sides Sides
A-1 and A-2 100 150 150 Do not use. Do not use.
A-3 (Note 2), B-1, B-2,
and C-1 75 100 100 125 175
B-3, C-2, and D-1 65 90 75 100 150
A-4 (Note 2), C-3, and
D-2 50 75 50 75 125
B-4, C-4, D-3, and
D-4 General Room Ventilation Required.
[FNNotes:]
[FN1] See Table V-10 for computation of ventilation rate.
[FN2] Do not use canopy hood for Hazard Potential A processes.
(d) Hood Classification.
A hood which projects over an entire tank and completely encloses at least two sides of the tank shall be considered to be an enclosing hood. A hood which does not project over the entire tank, and in which the direction of air movement is substantially horizontal, shall be considered to be a hood which ventilates laterally. Hoods that project over the entire tank, and which do not conform to the definition of enclosing hoods, shall be considered to be canopy hoods.
(e) Ventilation Rates.
(1) The minimum exhaust ventilation rate (cubic feet per minute) for canopy or enclosing hoods shall be not less than the product of the control velocity times the net area of all openings between or around the tank and the canopy or enclosure through which air can flow into the hood. If the estimated rate of vapor evolution (including steam or products of combustion) is equal to or greater than 10 percent of the exhaust volume required in Table V-10, the exhaust volume shall be increased in an equal amount. (continued)