Loading (50 kb)...'
(continued)
(d) Where wooden frame members are bolted, large washers or metal plates shall be used to minimize the possibility of splitting or cracking the wood.
(2) The sides of the car shall be enclosed by a minimum of two safety guard rails with the top rail not less than thirty-six inches nor more than forty-two inches from the car floor. Rails shall sustain a horizontal thrust of two hundred fifty pounds. If solid material is used it shall be smooth surfaced and not less than one-half inch thickness, if wood; not less than sixteen gauge thickness, if steel; and shall be constructed from the car floor to a height of not less than three feet.
(a) Where the hoistway is not enclosed on the entrance side of the car, a self-locking or drop bar gate must be provided. The car gate may be of the folding type, horizontally swung, provided it swings into the car enclosure. Drop bar gates must be of two bar construction, parallelogram type, and conform to requirements specified for car guard rails.
(b) The car gate shall drop into locking slots or be provided with a positive locking type latch capable of withstanding two hundred fifty pounds horizontal thrust.
(3) Every car shall have a substantial protective top. The front half may be hinged. The protective top may be made from number nine U.S. wire gauge screen, eleven gauge expanded metal, fourteen gauge sheet steel, three-quarter inch or heavier plywood. If made of wire screen or metal, the openings shall reject a one-half inch diameter ball.
(4) Every car shall have a proper rack to hold the balance weights.
(5) A sign bearing the following information shall be conspicuously posted within the car:
(a) Maximum capacity one person;
(b) Total load limit in pounds;
(c) For authorized personnel use only.
(6) Every car shall be equipped with a spring loaded foot brake which:
(a) Operates independently of the car safeties;
(b) Operates in both directions and will stop and hold the car and its load;
(c) Locks the car in its position automatically whenever the operator releases the pressure on the foot pedal.
(7) Every car shall be equipped with a car safety device which:
(a) Applies to the sides of the main guide rails;
(b) Stops and holds the car and its load immediately when the hoisting rope breaks.
(8) Every car shall have a minimum clearance of six feet six inches from the top of the car platform to the bottom edge of the crosshead or any other obstruction.
(9) A tool box with minimum dimensions of four inches wide by sixteen inches long by three inches in depth shall be provided and firmly attached to the car structure.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60193, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60193, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60195
Counterweights.
(1) The assembly of sectional counterweights shall conform to the following requirements:
(a) Rectangular counterweights shall be held together by at least two tie rods one-half inch in diameter fastened with lock washers and double nuts or other approved means.
(b) One three-quarter inch rod may be used to hold the sections of a round counterweight together. Any additional sections or weights shall be secured by an approved means.
(2) The eye bolt for the rope hitch shall be attached to the counterweight in a manner that will prevent the eye bolt from coming loose. The eye of eye bolts shall be welded to prevent it from opening.
(3) Every counterweight runway shall be enclosed with substantial unperforated material for its full distance of travel. Inspection openings shall be provided at either the top or bottom of the counterweight runway. These openings shall be substantially covered at all times except when actually being used for inspection of counterweight fastenings.
(4) Workmen shall load the counterweight for the proper balance of the heaviest person using the elevator and others shall use compensating weights, which shall be available, to maintain a balance.
(5) On elevators with travel of seventy-five feet or more, a compensating chain or cable shall be installed to maintain the proper balance of the counterweight to the car and load in all positions.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60195, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60195, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60197
Sheaves.
The minimum sheave diameter shall be forty times the diameter of the ropes used, i.e., fifteen inch for three-eighths inch rope.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60197, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60199
Hoisting ropes.
(1) Hoisting rope shall be of good grade traction elevator wire rope, and shall:
(a) Be not less than three-eighths inches in diameter.
(b) Provide a safety factor of five based on the maximum weight supported.
(c) Be of sufficient length to prevent the counterweight from striking the overhead structure when car is at bottom, and prevent the car from striking the overhead before the counterweight is at its lower limit of travel.
(d) Be fastened at each end by at least three or more clamps, with the "U" of the clamp bearing on the dead end of the rope.
(e) Where passed around a metal or other object less than three times the diameter of the cable, have a thimble of the correct size inserted in the eye.
(2) Approved sockets or fittings with the wire properly turned back and babbitted may be used in place of clamps noted in subsection (1)(d) of this section.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60199, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60199, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60201
Operating rope.
The operating rope shall be of soft hemp or cotton at least three-quarter inch in diameter. It shall be securely fastened at each end and shall be in proper vertical alignment to prevent bending or cutting where it passes through the openings in the platform or the protective top of the car.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60201, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60201, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60203
Lighting.
Adequate lighting shall be provided at each landing and in the shaftway.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60203, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60205
Overhead supports.
The overhead supporting members shall be designed, based upon impact loads, with a safety factor of:
(1) Nine if wood;
(2) Five if steel.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60205, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60205, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60207
General requirements.
(1) No person other than an employee or duly authorized person shall ride or be permitted to ride in the car.
(2) Escape ladders shall be installed extending the full length of the hoistway and shall be located in a position so that, in an emergency, a person can safely transfer from the car platform to the ladder. An "IMPAIRED CLEARANCE" sign shall be posted at the bottom of a ladder when the face of the ladder is less than thirty inches from any structure.
(3) An automatic safety dog or device which will prevent the car from leaving the landing until manually released by the operator shall be installed at the bottom landing.
(4) A fire extinguisher in proper working condition shall be available in the car.
Note: For additional requirements relating to portable fire extinguishers see WAC 296-800-300.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 01-17-033, § 296-56-60207, filed 8/8/01, effective 9/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60207, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60207, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60209
Fixed ladders.
(1) Scope. This section applies to all fixed ladders except:
(a) Ladders forming an integral part of railway cars, highway carriers, cargo containers, or other transportation carrier equipment;
(b) Climbing devices such as step bolts or structural members of tanks and towers;
(c) Ladders built into or vertically attached to tubular scaffold framing; and
(d) Ladders used only for fire fighting or emergency purposes are exempt from the provisions of subsection (5) of this section. All other requirements of this section apply.
(2) Definitions.
(a) "Cage" (basket guard) means a barrier enclosing or nearly enclosing a ladder's climbing space and fastened to one or both of the ladder's side rails or to another structure.
(b) "Fixed ladder" means a ladder, including individual rung ladders, permanently attached to a structure, building, or piece of equipment.
(c) "Ladder safety device" means a support system limiting an employee's drop or fall from the ladder, and which may incorporate friction brakes, lifelines and lanyards, or sliding attachments.
(d) "Well" means a permanent complete enclosure around a fixed ladder, which is attached to the walls of the well.
(3) Defects.
(a) Ladders with broken, split, or missing rungs, steps or rails, broken welds or connections, corrosion or wastage, or other defect which may affect safe use shall be removed from service.
(b) Ladder repairs shall provide strength at least
equivalent to that of the original ladder.
(4) Ladder specifications.
(a)(i) Ladders installed before October 3, 1983, shall be capable of withstanding without damage a minimum concentrated load, applied uniformly over a three and one-half inch (8.9 cm) width at the rung center, of two hundred pounds (890 N).
(ii) Ladders installed after October 3, 1983, shall be capable of withstanding two hundred fifty pounds (1112 N) applied as described in (a)(i) of this subsection. If used by more than one employee simultaneously, the ladder as a unit shall be capable of simultaneous additional loading in two hundred fifty pound (1112 N) increments for each additional employee, applied to a corresponding number of rungs. The unit shall have a safety factor of four based on ultimate strength, in the designed service.
(b)(i) Ladders installed before October 3, 1983, shall have rungs evenly spaced from nine to sixteen and one-half inches (22.9 to 41.9 cm) apart, center to center.
(ii) Ladders installed after October 3, 1983, shall have rungs evenly spaced twelve inches apart, plus or minus two inches (30.5 cm, plus or minus 5.08 cm), center to center.
(c)(i) Ladders installed before October 3, 1983, shall have a width between side rails of at least ten inches (25.4 cm).
(ii) Ladders installed after October 3, 1983, shall have a width between side rails of at least twelve inches (30.48 cm).
(d) The minimum distance between the rung center line and the nearest permanent object behind the rung shall be four inches (10.16 cm), except that in ladders installed after October 3, 1983, the minimum distance shall be seven inches (17.78 cm) unless physical limitations make a lesser distance, not less than four and one-half inches (11.43 cm), necessary.
(e) When a ladder passes through an opening or past overhead obstructions, a minimum twenty-four inch (.61 m) clearance shall exist between the climbing side and any obstruction. Where this distance is less than thirty inches (0.76 m), a deflection device shall be installed for guidance through the opening.
(f) The side rails of ladders shall extend at least thirty-six inches (0.91 m) above the top landing surface, unless grab bars or equivalent holds are provided.
(g) Ladders whose pitch exceeds ninety degrees to the horizontal (slanting backward on the climbing side) shall not be used.
(5) Protection against falls.
(a) Fixed ladders more than twenty feet (6.1 m) in height shall be provided with a cage, well, or ladder safety device.
(b) When a well or cage is used, ladders with length of climb exceeding thirty feet (9.14 m) shall comply with the following provisions:
(i) The ladder shall consist of multiple sections not exceeding thirty feet (9.14 m) each;
(ii) Each section shall be horizontally offset from adjacent sections, except as specified in (b)(iv) of this subsection; and
(iii) A landing platform capable of supporting a load of one hundred pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa) and fitted with guardrails complying with WAC 296-56-60123(3) shall be provided at least every thirty feet (9.14 m), except as specified in (b)(iv) of this subsection;
(iv) For ladders installed after October 3, 1983, offset sections and landing platforms are not required if hinged platforms capable of supporting one hundred pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa), and which are kept closed except when opened for passage, are within the cage or well at intervals not exceeding thirty feet (9.14 m).
(c) Ladders equipped with ladder safety devices shall have rest platforms:
(i) Capable of supporting a load of one hundred pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa);
(ii) Located at intervals of one hundred fifty feet (45.7 m) or less; and
(iii) Protected by guardrails complying with WAC 296-56-60123(3) on three sides.
(d) Where used, ladder safety devices shall:
(i) Be installed and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, which shall be available for inspection upon request;
(ii) Be repaired only with replacement parts having performance capability at least equal to that of the original parts;
(iii) Have a connection length between carrier centerlines and safety belts of 10 ± 2 inches (25.4 ± 5.08 cm); and
(iv) Be installed in a manner that does not reduce the ladder's structural capacity.
(e) Ladder cages or wells shall:
(i) Be of rigid construction that allows unobstructed use but prevents an employee from falling through or dislodging the cage or well by falling against it;
(ii) Have smooth inner surfaces;
(iii) Extend at least thirty-six inches (0.91 m) above landings; and
(iv) Extend to within eight feet (2.44 m) above the ground or base, except that a maximum of twenty feet (6.1 m) is permitted where the cage or well would extend into traffic lanes.
(f) Ladders installed after January 1, 1985, on radio, microwave communications, electrical power and similar towers, poles and structures, including stacks and chimneys, shall meet the requirements of this subsection.
(6) Individual rung ladders. Ladders consisting of individual rungs that are attached to walls, conical manhole sections or river cells shall:
(a) Be capable of supporting a load of three hundred fifty pounds (1557 N) without deformation;
(b) Form a continuous ladder, uniformly spaced vertically from twelve inches to sixteen inches (30.5 to 40.6 cm) apart, with a minimum width of ten inches (25.4 cm), and projecting at least four and one-half inches (11.43 cm) from the wall;
(c) Be so constructed that an employee's foot cannot slide off the ends; and
(d) Be firmly attached and without sharp edges.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-21-103, § 296-56-60209, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60209, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60209, filed 1/17/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60209, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60209, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60211
Portable ladders.
(1) Scope and applicability. This section applies to all portable ladders, including job-made ladders for temporary use, unless otherwise specified.
(2) Standards for existing manufactured portable ladders.
(a) Rungs of manufactured portable ladders obtained before October 3, 1983, shall be capable of supporting a two hundred pound (890 N) load without deformation.
(b) Rungs shall be evenly spaced from nine to sixteen and one-half inches (22.9 to 41.9 cm), center to center.
(c) Rungs shall be continuous members between rails. Each rung of a double-rung ladder (two side rails and a center rail) shall extend the full width of the ladder.
(d) Width between side rails at the base of the ladder shall be at least twelve inches (30.48 cm) for ladders ten feet (3.05 m) or less in overall length, and shall increase at least one-fourth inch (0.64 cm) for each additional two feet (0.61 m) of ladder length.
(3) Standards for manufactured portable ladders. Manufactured portable ladders obtained after October 3, 1983, shall bear identification indicating that they meet the appropriate ladder construction requirements of the following standards:
ANSI A14.1-1990 Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders
ANSI A14.2-1990 Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders
ANSI A14.5-1992 Safety Requirements for Portable Reinforced Plastic Ladders
(4) Standards for job-made portable ladders. Job-made ladders shall:
(a) Have a minimum and uniform distance between rungs of twelve inches (30.48 cm), center to center;
(b) Be capable of supporting a two hundred fifty pound (1112 N) load without deformation; and
(c) Have a minimum width between side rails of twelve inches (30.48 cm) for ladders ten feet (3.05 m) in height. Width between rails shall increase at least one-fourth inch (0.64 cm) for each additional two feet (0.61 m) of ladder length.
(5) Maintenance and inspection.
(a) The employer shall maintain portable ladders in safe condition. Ladders with the following defects shall not be used and either shall be tagged as unusable if kept on the premises or shall be removed from the worksite:
(i) Broken, split or missing rungs, cleats, or steps;
(ii) Broken or split side rails;
(iii) Missing or loose bolts, rivets, or fastenings;
(iv) Defective ropes; or
(v) Any other structural defect.
(b) Ladders shall be inspected for defects prior to each day's use, and after any occurrence, such as a fall, which could damage the ladder.
(6) Ladder usage.
(a) Ladders made by fastening rungs or devices across a single rail are prohibited.
(b) Ladders shall not be used:
(i) As guys, braces, or skids; or
(ii) As platforms, runways, or scaffolds.
(c) Metal and wire-reinforced ladders with wooden side rails shall not be used when employees on the ladder might come into contact with energized electrical conductors.
(d) Individual sections from different multisectional ladders or two or more single straight ladders shall not be tied or fastened together to achieve additional length.
(e) Except for combination ladders, self-supporting ladders shall not be used as single straight ladders.
(f) Unless intended for cantilever operation, nonself-supporting ladders shall not be used to climb above the top support point.
(g) Ladders shall extend at least thirty-six inches (0.91 m) above the upper support level if employees are to leave or mount the ladder at that level, except that where such extension is impractical other equivalent means such as grab bars may be used to provide a hand grip.
(h) Ladders shall be securely positioned on a level and firm base.
(i) Ladders shall be fitted with slip-resistant bases and secured at top or bottom to prevent the ladder from slipping.
(j) Ladders shall be placed so that employees climbing are not exposed to injury from projecting objects or doors that open toward the ladder.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-21-103, § 296-56-60211, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040. 99-02-024, § 296-56-60211, filed 12/30/98, effective 3/30/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60211, filed 1/17/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60211, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60211, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60213
Jacob's ladders.
(1) Jacob's ladders shall be of the double rung or flat tread type. They shall be well maintained and properly secured to the dock.
(2) A Jacob's ladder shall either hang without slack from its lashings or be pulled up entirely.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60213, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60215
Fixed stairways.
(1) Definition. "Fixed stairway" means interior or exterior stairs serving machinery, tanks, or equipment, and stairs to or from floors, platforms, or pits. The term does not apply to stairs intended only for fire exit purposes, to articulated stairs (the angle of which changes with the rise and fall of the base support) or to stairs forming an integral part of machinery.
(2) New installations.
(a) Fixed stairs installed after October 3, 1983, shall be positioned within the range of thirty degrees to fifty degrees to the horizontal with uniform riser height and tread width throughout each run and be capable of a minimum loading of one hundred pounds per square foot (445 N) and a minimum concentrated load of three hundred pounds (1334 N) at the center of any treadspan. Riser height shall be from six to seven and one-half inches (15.24 to 19.05 cm), stair width a minimum of twenty-two inches (55.88 cm) between vertical barriers, and tread depth a minimum of 12 ± 2 inches (30.48 ± 5.08 cm), and tread nosing shall be straight leading edges.
(b) Stair landings shall be at least twenty inches (50.8 cm) in depth. Where doors or gates open on a stairway, a landing platform shall be provided. Door swing shall not reduce the effective standing area on the landing to less than eighteen inches (45.72 cm) in depth.
(c) Fixed stairs having four or more risers shall have stair railings or handrails complying with WAC 296-56-60123(3).
(d) The railing height from tread surface at the riser face shall be 33 plus or minus 3 inches (83.82 cm plus or minus 7.62 cm).
(e) Restricted areas. When physical features require stairs steeper than those provided for by (a) of this subsection, stairs at angles of fifty degrees to seventy-five degrees from the horizontal may be used if they:
(i) Are capable of supporting a single concentrated load of two hundred pounds (890 N) at the tread centers;
(ii) Have open treads at least four inches (10.16 cm) in depth and eighteen inches (45.72 cm) in width with a uniformly spaced vertical rise between treads of six to nine and one-half inches (15.24 to 24.13 cm); and
(iii) Have handrails that meet the requirements of WAC 296-56-60123(3) on both sides that are not less than thirty inches (76.2 cm) in height from the tread surface at the riser face.
(f) Maintenance. Fixed stairways shall be maintained in safe condition and shall not be obstructed.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-21-103, § 296-56-60215, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60215, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60215, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60215, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60217
Spiral stairways.
(1) Definition. "Spiral stairway" means one with closed circular form, uniform sector-shaped treads and a supporting column.
(2) Requirements. Spiral stairways shall meet the following requirements:
(a) Stairways shall conform to the minimum dimensions of Figure F-1;
Figure F-1
Spiral Stairway -- Minimum Dimensions
A (Half-tread width) B
Normal use by
employees . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 inches (27.9 cm)
6 inches (15.2 cm)
Limited access . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 inches (22.9 cm) 5 inches (12.7 cm)
(b) Stairway risers shall be uniform and shall range from six and one-half to ten and one-half inches (16.5 to 26.67 cm) in height;
(c) Minimum loading capability shall be one hundred pounds per square foot (445 N), and minimum tread center concentrated loading shall be three hundred pounds (1334 N);
(d) Railing shall conform to the requirements of WAC 296-56-60123(3). If balusters are used, there shall be a minimum of one per tread. Handrails shall be a minimum of one and one-fourth inches (3.18 cm) in outside diameter; and
(e) Vertical clearance shall be at least six feet, six inches (1.98 m) above the top step.
(3) Maintenance. Spiral stairways shall be maintained in safe condition.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-21-103, § 296-56-60217, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040. 99-02-024, § 296-56-60217, filed 12/30/98, effective 3/30/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60217, filed 1/17/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60217, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60217, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60219
Employee exits.
(1) Employee exits shall be clearly marked.
(2) If an employee exit is not visible from employees' work stations, directional signs indicating routes to the exit shall be posted.
(3) Exits shall be readily accessible and sufficient in number to provide employees with a convenient means of escape in emergencies. A clear passage to the exit shall be maintained.
(4) The minimum width of any employee exit shall be twenty-eight inches (71.12 cm).
(5) All fire exits and aisleways of all docks and warehouses shall be clearly marked and kept clear. All main aisleways shall be wide enough to permit passage of a fire truck.
(6) There shall be a twenty-eight inch clearance maintained where employees use a passageway to an exit.
(7) Every building, structure or crane, new or old, shall be provided with an emergency means of egress to permit the prompt escape of occupants in case of fire or other emergency, at all locations with a vertical height of thirty feet or more. Cranes, buildings, or structures erected prior to January 1, 1985, shall comply with the provisions of this standard by July 1, 1986.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-21-103, § 296-56-60219, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60219, filed 1/17/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60219, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60219, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60221
Illumination.
Lighting. All areas shall be lighted to meet the requirements of this code.
(1) Active work areas shall be lighted in such a manner that the general area being worked will be illuminated at a minimum intensity of approximately five foot candles measured thirty inches above the dock floor. Supplemental lighting shall be utilized where more than the minimum intensity is necessary for safe operation.
(2) A minimum of three foot candles illumination measured in the manner described above shall be maintained at all points along the bull rail.
(3) The quality of light shall be such that it is reasonably free from glare, and has correct direction, diffusion, and distribution.
(4) Lighting shall not be obstructed by any placement of cargo, structures or other objects which might create a shadow in the work area. Portable lighting shall be provided in those areas that do not meet the minimum requirements of this subsection.
(5) Portable illumination.
(a) All walking and working areas shall be illuminated.
(b) Portable lights shall meet the following requirements:
(i) Portable lights shall be equipped with reflectors and guards to prevent flammable and other material from coming in contact with the bulb, except that guards are not required where the construction of the reflector is such that the bulb is recessed.
(ii) Portable lights shall be equipped with heavy duty electric cords. They may be suspended by such cords only when the means of attachment of the cord to the light is such as to prevent the light from being suspended by the electrical connections.
(iii) All connections and insulation shall be maintained.
(iv) Lighting wires and fixtures for portable lights shall be so arranged as to be free from contact with drafts, running gear, or other moving equipment.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60221, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60221, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60223
Passage between levels and across openings.
(1) General. The employer shall provide safe means of passage between different surface levels and across openings.
(2) Dockboards (car and bridge plates).
(a) Dockboards shall be strong enough to support the loads imposed on them.
(b) Portable dockboards shall be anchored in position or be equipped with devices to prevent their movement.
(c) Hand holds or other effective means shall be provided on portable dockboards to permit safe handling.
(d) Positive means shall be used to prevent railcars or highway vehicles from being moved while dockboards or bridge plates are in position.
(3) Ramps.
(a) Ramps shall be strong enough to support the loads imposed on them, provided with sideboards, properly secured and well maintained.
(b) Ramps shall be equipped with guardrails meeting the requirements of WAC 296-56-60123(3) if the slope is more than twenty degrees to the horizontal or if employees could fall more than four feet (1.22 m).
(c) Ramps shall have slip-resistant surfaces.
(d) When necessary to prevent displacement by vehicle wheels, steel plates or similar devices, used to temporarily bridge or cover uneven surfaces or tracks, shall be anchored.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-21-103, § 296-56-60223, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60223, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60223, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60223, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60225
Guarding temporary hazards.
Ditches, pits, excavations, and surfaces in poor repair shall be guarded by readily visible barricades, rails or other equally effective means.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60225, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60227
River banks.
(1) This section applies to temporary installations or temporary operations near a river bank.
(2) Where working surfaces at river banks slope so steeply that an employee could slip or fall into the water, the employer shall ensure that the outer perimeter of the working surface is protected by posting or other portable protection such as roping off, and that employees wear a personal flotation device meeting the requirements of WAC 296-56-60115(2).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60227, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60227, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60229
Sanitation.
(1) Washing and toilet facilities.
(a) The employer shall provide accessible washing and toilet facilities sufficient for the sanitary requirements of employees. The facilities shall have:
(i) Running water, including hot and cold or tepid water (when cargo handling is conducted at locations without permanent facilities, containers of potable water may be provided in lieu of running water);
(ii) Soap;
(iii) Individual hand towels, clean individual sections of continuous toweling or warm air blowers; and
(iv) Fixed or portable toilets in separate compartments with latch-equipped doors.
(b) Separate toilet facilities shall be provided for male and female employees except when toilet rooms are occupied by only one person at a time. A means of locking shall be provided.
(c) Washing and toilet facilities shall be regularly cleaned and maintained in good order.
(2) Drinking water.
(a) Potable drinking water shall be accessible to employees at all times.
(b) Potable drinking water containers shall be clean, containing only water and ice, and shall be fitted with covers.
(c) Common drinking cups are prohibited.
(3) Prohibited eating areas. Consumption of food or beverages in areas where hazardous materials are being stored or handled shall be prohibited.
(4) Garbage and overboard discharges. Work shall not be conducted in the immediate vicinity of uncovered garbage or in the area of overboard discharges from the vessel's sanitary lines unless employees are protected from the garbage or discharge by a baffle or splash boards.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60229, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-11-070 (Order 91-01), § 296-56-60229, filed 5/20/91, effective 6/20/91. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60229, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60229, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60231
Signs and marking.
(1) General. Signs required by this chapter shall be clearly worded and legible. They shall contain a key word or legend indicating the reason for the sign.
(a) Key words are such words as danger, warning, caution.
(b) Legends are more specific explanations such as high voltage, close clearance, pedestrian crossing.
(2) Specific. Every marine terminal shall have conspicuously posted signs as follows:
(a) Locations of first-aid facilities;
(b) Locations of telephones;
(c) Telephone numbers of the closest ambulance service, hospital or other source of medical attention, police, fire department, and emergency squad (if any); and
(d) Locations of fire fighting and emergency equipment and fire exits.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60231, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60231, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60233
Related terminal operations and equipment — Machine guarding.
(1) Definition. "Guarded" means shielded, fenced, or enclosed by covers, casings, shields, troughs, spillways or railings, or guarded by position or location. Examples of guarding methods are guarding by location (positioning hazards so they are inaccessible to employees) and point of operation guarding (using barrier guards, two-hand tripping devices, electronic safety devices, or other such devices).
(2) General.
(a) Danger zones on machines and equipment used by employees shall be guarded.
(b) Where chips and dust produced by machine operation may result in a hazard to the operator, the machinery shall be equipped with an effective exhaust system at the point of origin, or other equally effective means shall be provided to protect the operator.
(c) Fixed machinery shall be secured to prevent shifting.
(d) A power cut-off device for machinery and equipment shall be provided at the operator's working position.
(e) Machines driven by belts and shafting shall be fitted with a belt-locking or equivalent protective device if the belt can be shifted.
(f) In operations where injury to the operator might result if motors were to restart after power failures, provisions shall be made to prevent machines from automatically restarting upon restoration of power.
(g) The power supply to machines shall be turned off, locked out, and tagged out during repair, adjustment, or servicing.
(h) Machines shall be maintained in a safe working condition.
(i) Only designated employees shall maintain or repair machinery and equipment.
(j) Machines with defects that affect the safety of operation shall not be used.
(3) Hand-fed circular ripsaws and hand-fed circular crosscut table saws. Unless fixed or manually adjustable enclosures or guarding provides equivalent protection, hand-fed circular ripsaws and hand-fed circular crosscut table saws shall be guarded as follows:
(a) They shall be equipped with hoods completely enclosing those portions of the saw above the table and the material being cut;
(b) They shall have spreaders to prevent material from squeezing the saw. Spreaders shall be in true alignment with the saw. Spreaders may be removed only during grooving, dadoing, or rabbeting operations, and shall be replaced at the completion of such operations; and
(c) They shall have nonkickback fingers or dogs to oppose the tendency of the saw to pick up material or throw material toward the operator.
(4) Swing cutoff saws.
(a) Swing cutoff saws shall have hoods completely enclosing the upper half of the saw, the arbor end and the point of operation at all saw positions to protect the operator from material thrown up by the saw. The hood shall automatically cover the lower portion of the blade so that when the saw returns to the back of the table the hood rises on top of the fence, and when the saw is moved forward the hood drops on top, remaining in contact with the table or the material.
(b) Swing cutoff saws shall have a device to return the saw automatically to the back of the table without rebound. The device shall not be dependent upon rope, cord or springs.
(c) Devices shall be provided to prevent saws from swinging beyond the front or back edges of the table.
(d) Inverted swing cutoff saws shall have hoods covering the part of the saw protruding above the table top or the material being cut. Hoods shall automatically adjust to the thickness of, and remain in contact with, material being cut.
(5) Radial saws. Unless fixed or manually adjustable enclosures or guards provide equivalent protection, radial saws shall be guarded as follows:
(a) The upper hood of radial saws shall enclose the upper portion of the blade up to and including the end of the saw arbor and shall protect the operator from being struck by debris. The sides of the lower exposed portion of the blade shall be guarded to the blade diameter by a device automatically adjusting to the thickness of the stock and remaining in contact with the stock. The lower guard may be removed only when the saw is used for bevel cuts;
(b) Radial saws used for ripping shall have nonkickback fingers or dogs on both sides to oppose the thrust or tendency of the saw to pick up material or throw material toward the operator;
(c) An adjustable stop shall be provided to prevent travel of radial saw blades beyond the table's edge;
(d) Radial saws shall be installed so that the cutting head returns to the starting position without rebound when released; and
(e) The employer shall direct that employees perform ripping and ploughing against the saw turning direction. Rotation direction and an indication of the end of the saw to be used shall be conspicuously marked on the hood.
(6) Band saws and band resaws.
(a) Saw blades and band saw wheels shall be enclosed or guarded, except for the working portion of the blade between the bottom of the guide rolls and the table, to protect employees from point-of-operation hazards and flying debris.
(b) Band saws shall be equipped with brakes to stop the band saw wheel if the blade breaks.
(c) Band saws shall be equipped with a tension control device to keep the blade taut.
(7) Abrasive wheels and machinery.
(a) Abrasive wheels shall be used only on machines having enclosure guards to restrain pieces of grinding wheels and to protect employees if the wheel breaks, except as provided in (b) and (c) of this subsection. Where the operator stands in front of the safety guard opening, the safety guard shall be adjustable or have an adjustable tongue or piece at the top of the opening. The safety guard or the tongue shall be adjusted so that it is always within one-fourth inch of the periphery of the wheel. Guards shall be aligned with the wheel and the strength of fastenings shall be greater than the strength of the guard.
(b) When the work provides equivalent protection, or when the machine is designed as a portable saw, guards may be constructed with the spindle end, nut and outer flange exposed. When the work entirely covers the side of the wheel, the side covers of the guard may be removed.
(c) Guarding is not required:
(i) For wheels used for internal work while the wheel is contained within the work being ground; or
(ii) For mounted wheels two inches (5 cm) and smaller in diameter used in portable operations.
(d) Work rests shall be used on fixed grinding machines. Work rests shall be rigidly constructed and adjustable for wheel wear. They shall be adjusted closely to the wheel with a maximum opening of one-eighth inch (3.18 mm) and shall be securely clamped. Adjustment shall not be made while the wheel is in motion.
(e) Grinding wheels shall fit freely on the spindle. The spindle nut shall be tightened only enough to hold the wheel in place.
(f) Grinding machine wheels shall turn at a speed that is compatible with the rated speed of the wheel.
(g) Flanges and blotters shall be used only with wheels designed for their use. Flanges shall be of a type ensuring retention of pieces of the wheel in case of breakage.
(h) Abrasive wheels with operational defects shall not be used.
(8) Rotating parts, drives and connections.
(a) Rotating parts, such as gears and pulleys, that are located seven feet (2.13 m) or less above working surfaces shall be guarded to prevent employee contact with moving parts.
(b) Belt, rope and chain drives shall be guarded to prevent employees from coming into contact with moving parts.
(c) Gears, sprockets and chains shall be guarded to prevent employees coming into contact with moving parts. This requirement does not apply to manually operated sprockets.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-21-103, § 296-56-60233, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60233, filed 1/17/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60233, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60233, filed 12/11/84.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
296-56-60235
Welding, cutting and heating (hot work) (see also definition of "hazardous cargo, material, substance or atmosphere").
(1) Definition. "Hot work" means riveting, welding, flame cutting or other fire or spark-producing operation.
(2) Hot work in confined spaces. Hot work shall not be performed in a confined space until all requirements of chapter 296-62 WAC, Part M, are met.
(3) Fire protection.
(a) To the extent possible, hot work shall be performed in designated locations that are free of fire hazards.
(b) When hot work must be performed in a location that is not free of fire hazards, all necessary precautions shall be taken to confine heat, sparks, and slag so that they cannot contact flammable or combustible material.
(c) Fire extinguishing equipment suitable for the location shall be immediately available and shall be maintained in readiness for use at all times.
(d) When the hot work operation is such that normal fire prevention precautions are not sufficient, additional personnel shall be assigned to guard against fire during hot work and for a sufficient time after completion of the work to ensure that no fire hazard remains. The employer shall instruct all employees involved in hot work operations as to potential fire hazards and the use of fire fighting equipment.
(e) Drums and containers which contain or have contained flammable or combustible liquids shall be kept closed. Empty containers shall be removed from the hot work area.
(f) When openings or cracks in flooring cannot be closed, precautions shall be taken to ensure that no employees or flammable or combustible materials are exposed to sparks dropping through the floor. Similar precautions shall be taken regarding cracks or holes in walls, open doorways and open or broken windows.
(g) Hot work shall not be performed:
(i) In flammable or potentially flammable atmospheres;
(ii) On or in equipment or tanks that have contained flammable gas or liquid or combustible liquid or dust-producing material, until a designated person has tested the atmosphere inside the equipment or tanks and determined that it is not hazardous; or
(iii) Near any area in which exposed readily ignitable materials such as bulk sulphur, baled paper or cotton are stored. Bulk sulphur is excluded from this prohibition if suitable precautions are followed, the person in charge is knowledgeable and the person performing the work has been instructed in preventing and extinguishing sulphur fires.
(h)(i) Drums, containers or hollow structures that have contained flammable or combustible substances shall either be filled with water or cleaned, and shall then be ventilated. A designated person shall test the atmosphere and determine that it is not hazardous before hot work is performed on or in such structures.
(ii) Before heat is applied to a drum, container or hollow structure, an opening to release built-up pressure during heat application shall be provided.
(4) Gas welding and cutting.
(a) Compressed gas cylinders:
(i) Shall have valve protection caps in place except when in use, hooked up or secured for movement. Oil shall not be used to lubricate caps;
(ii) Shall be hoisted only while secured, as on a cradle or pallet, and shall not be hoisted by magnet, choker sling or cylinder caps;
(iii) Shall be moved only by tilting or rolling on their bottom edges;
(iv) Shall be secured when moved by vehicle;
(v) Shall be secured while in use;
(vi) Shall have valves closed when cylinders are empty, being moved or stored;
(vii) Shall be secured upright except when hoisted or carried;
(viii) Shall not be freed when frozen by prying the valves or caps with bars or by hitting the valve with a tool;
(ix) Shall not be thawed by boiling water;
(x) Shall not be exposed to sparks, hot slag, or flame;
(xi) Shall not be permitted to become part of electrical circuits or have electrodes struck against them to strike arcs;
(xii) Shall not be used as rollers or supports;
(xiii) Shall not have contents used for purposes not authorized by the supplier;
(xiv) Shall not be used if damaged or defective;
(xv) Shall not have gases mixed within, except by gas suppliers;
(xvi) Shall be stored so that oxygen cylinders are separated from fuel gas cylinders and combustible materials by either a minimum distance of twenty feet (6.1 m) or a barrier having a fire-resistance rating of thirty minutes; and
(xvii) Shall not have objects that might either damage the safety device or obstruct the valve placed on top of the cylinder when in use.
(b) Use of fuel gas. Fuel gas shall be used only as follows:
(i) Before regulators are connected to cylinder valves, the valves shall be opened slightly (cracked) and closed immediately to clear away dust or dirt. Valves shall not be cracked if gas could reach possible sources of ignition; (continued)