CCLME.ORG - Safety standards — longshore stevedore and related waterfront operations

(continued)

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296-56-60015
Coopering.
Repair and reconditioning of damaged or leaking cargo packaging (coopering) shall be performed so as not to endanger employees.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60015, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60017
Line handling.
(1) In order to provide safe access for handling lines while mooring and unmooring vessels, cargo or material shall not be stowed or vehicles placed where they obstruct the work surface.

(2) When stringpiece or apron width is insufficient for safe footing, grab lines on rails shall be installed on the sides of permanent structures. ("Stringpiece" means a narrow walkway between the water edge of a berth and a shed or other structure.)

(3) Areas around bitts or cleats where workers perform their duties as line handlers shall be lighted as required by this chapter. There shall be a nonslip surface around each bitt or cleat.

(4) Walkways on which mooring hausers must be moved may have the handrail omitted on the line handling side provided a six inch by six inch toeboard is installed.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60017, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60017, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60019
Standard gauge railroad operations.
WAC 296-56-60019 through 296-56-60041 apply to standard gauge railroad operations.

(1) Work shall be performed in railcars only if floors of the railcars are in visibly safe condition for the work activity being conducted and the equipment being used.

(2) A route shall be established to allow employees to pass to and from places of employment without passing under, over or through railcars, or between cars less than ten feet (3 m) apart on the same track.

(3) The employer shall direct that no employees remain in railcars after work is concluded. No employee shall remain in a railcar after work is concluded.

(4) Railcars shall be chocked or otherwise prevented from moving:

(a) While dockboards or carplates are in position; or

(b) While employees are working within, on or under the railcars or near the tracks at the ends of the cars.

(5) When employees are working in, on, or under a railcar, positive means shall be taken to protect them from exposure to impact from moving railcars.

(6) Work being carried on, in, or under cars which subjects employees to the hazard of moving railroad equipment shall be protected by flags and derails set a minimum of fifty feet from one or both ends of the worksite. Where the spur track switch is less than fifty feet from the work location, the switch padlocked in the open position may take the place of the derail. The blue flag shall be placed at that point.

(7) Before cars are moved, unsecured and over-hanging stakes, wire straps, banding, and similar objects shall be removed or placed so as not to create hazards.

(8) The employer shall institute all necessary controls during railcar movement to safeguard personnel. If winches or capstans are employed for movement, employees shall stand clear of the hauling rope and shall not stand between the rope and the cars.

(9) Before being opened fully, doors shall be opened slightly to ensure that the load has not shifted during transit. Special precautions shall be taken if the doors being opened are visibly damaged.

(10) If power industrial trucks are used to open freight car doors, the trucks or the railcar doors shall be equipped with door opening attachments. Employees shall stand clear of the railcar doors while they are being opened and closed.

(11) Only railcar door openers or power trucks equipped with door opening attachments shall be used to open jammed doors.

(12) Employees shall not remain in or on gondolas or flat cars when drafts that create overhead, caught-in, caught-between or struck-by hazards are being landed in or on the railcar. End gates, if raised, shall be secured.

(13) Operators of railcar dumps shall have an unrestricted view of dumping operations and shall have emergency means of stopping movement.

(14) Recessed railroad switches shall be enclosed to provide a level surface.

(15) Warning signs shall be posted where doorways open onto tracks, at blind corners and at similar places where vision may be restricted.

(16) Warning signs shall be posted if insufficient clearance for personnel exists between railcars and structures.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60019, filed 1/17/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60019, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60019, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60021
Signals displayed by each maintenance crew.
Each maintenance crew shall display and remove its own set of blue signals.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60021, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60023
Warning flags or lights.
A blue flag, bright colored flag or blue light shall be displayed at one or both ends of an engine, car or train to indicate that workers are under or about the railway equipment. When such warning devices are displayed, the equipment shall not be coupled to or moved. On a dead end spur, a blue light or flag may be displayed adjacent to the switch opening while cars are being loaded or unloaded.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60023, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60023, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60025
Signals unobscured.
Equipment which could obscure signals shall not be placed on the track.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60025, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60025, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60027
Audible warning system.
A clearly audible warning system shall be employed when cars are being moved in areas where workers may be in the vicinity of the tracks. When the audible warning signal might not be heard above the surrounding noises, a person shall be delegated and stationed close enough to the track crew to warn them, by contact, of the oncoming equipment.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60027, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60027, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60029
Safety observer on railroad switching.
When persons are required to work between railway cars, underneath railway cars or in areas where switching is done, there shall be a person charged with the responsibility to warn of an approaching switch of the railway car or cars, unless other reasonable and practical safeguards are provided.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60029, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60029, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60031
Warning at road crossing.
An audible whistle, horn or bell shall be sounded by the locomotive engineer to give adequate warning prior to switching across any road crossing. Whenever cars are pushed with a locomotive, a signalman shall be located at the crossing to give signals in conjunction with other warnings by the engineer.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60031, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60031, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60033
Flying switches.
Flying switches shall not be used when switching railroad equipment in congested areas or across roadways or walkways.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60033, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60035
Clearance from railroad tracks.
Materials shall not be stacked or piled closer than eight and one-half feet from the center line of the railroad tracks.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60035, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60037
Car plates.
Whenever workers are required to move cargo into or out of a railway car, a railway car plate shall be used which shall meet the following specifications:

(1) All car plates shall be strong enough to carry maximum loads with a safety factor of three.

(2) All car plates shall be provided with positive stops to prevent shifting of plates. One set of these stops shall be adjustable to allow for different spaces between car door and platform.

(3) Car plates shall be so shaped that edges will always bear on the floor of car and platform to prevent "teetering" or rocking.

(4) All car plates shall have skid resistant surfaces.

(5) All car plates shall be provided with toe or guard plates at the sides with a minimum height of four inches.

(6) All car plates must bear no less than six inches back from edge of platform.

(7) Maximum capacity of car plates shall be marked in a conspicuous place.

(8) Car plates shall be provided with an appropriate fixture to enable the plates to be lifted and moved by fork trucks.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60037, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60037, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60039
Dockboards (bridge plates).
(1) Portable and powered dockboards shall be strong enough to carry the load imposed.

(2) Portable dockboards shall be secured in position, either by being anchored or equipped with devices which will prevent slipping.

(3) Powered dockboards shall be designed and constructed in accordance with commercial standards CS202-56 (1956) Industrial Lifts and Hinged Loading Ramps published by the United States Department of Commerce.

(4) Handholds or other effective means, shall be provided on portable dockboards to permit safe handling.

(5) Positive protection shall be provided to prevent railroad cars from being moved while dockboards or bridge plates are in position.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60039, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60039, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60041
Log handling.
(1) The employer shall ensure that structures (bunks) used to contain logs have rounded corners and rounded structural parts to avoid sling damage.

(2) Two or more binders or equivalently safe means of containment shall remain on logging trucks and railcars to secure logs during movement of the truck or car within the terminal. During unloading, logs shall be prevented from moving while binders are being removed.

(3) Logs shall be hoisted by two slings or by other gear designed for safe hoisting.

(4) Logs placed adjacent to vehicle curbs on the dock shall not be over one tier high unless placed in bunks or so stacked as not to roll or otherwise creating a hazard to employees.

(5) Before logs are slung up from the dock, they shall be stably supported to prevent spreading and to allow passage of slings beneath the load. When bunks or similar retaining devices are used, no log shall be higher than the stanchions or retaining members of the device.

(6) A draft of logs for hoisting aboard ship shall not vary in length more than twenty percent.

(7) Audible alarms.

(a) All bidirectional machines, shall be equipped with a horn, distinguishable from the surrounding noise level, which shall be operated as needed when the machine is moving in either direction. The horn shall be maintained in operable condition.

(b) Automatic back-up alarms shall be installed on bidirectional equipment used to handle logs or containers and shall be maintained in operable condition.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60041, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60041, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60041, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60043
Movement of barges and railcars.
Barges and railcars shall not be moved by cargo runners (running rigging) from vessel cargo booms, cranes or other equipment not suitable for the purpose.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60043, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60043, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60043, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60045
Communication.
(1) Radio. When practical and safe, crane operators shall be provided with a radio or telephone to be in contact with the signalman or crane chaser in those cases where a signalman or crane chaser is required.

(2) Interference. Cargo handling operations shall not be carried on when noise-producing maintenance, construction or repair work interferes with communication of warnings or instructions.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60045, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60045, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60047
Open fires.
Open fires and fires in drums or similar containers are prohibited.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60047, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60049
Hazardous cargo.
(1) Before cargo handling operations begin, the employer shall ascertain whether any hazardous cargo is to be handled and shall determine the nature of the hazard. The employer shall inform employees of the nature of any hazard and any special precautions to be taken to prevent employee exposure, and shall instruct employees to notify the employer of any leaks or spills.

(2) All hazardous cargo shall be slung and secured so that neither the draft nor individual packages can fall as a result of tipping the draft or slackening of the supporting gear.

(3) If hazardous cargo is spilled or if its packaging leaks, employees shall be removed from the affected area until the employer has ascertained the specific hazards, provided any equipment, clothing, ventilation and fire protection equipment necessary to eliminate or protect against the hazard. Cleanup employees shall be instructed as to the safe method of cleaning up and disposing of the spill, and handling and disposing of leaking containers. Actual cleanup or disposal work shall be conducted under the supervision of a designated person.

(4) The Department of Transportation and the United States Coast Guard impose requirements related to handling, storing and transportation of hazardous cargo (see 33 CFR Part 126, 46 CFR, 49 CFR).

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60049, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60049, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60051
Handling explosives or hazardous materials.
(1) All workers handling explosive or other hazardous material which is properly labeled pursuant to the Washington State Labeling Code, chapters 296-62 and 296-64 WAC, promulgated by the department of labor and industries; or the Explosive Act, chapter 70.74 RCW and chapter 296-52 WAC; or the Federal and Washington State Food, Drug and Cosmetic Acts; the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, the Washington Pesticide Act, chapter 17.21 RCW; the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act; or the Interstate Commerce Commission and Foreign Commerce regulations; or explosives or other dangerous cargo which is reasonably known by the employers to be mislabeled or to be lacking a required label, shall be thoroughly informed by the employer of the explosive or hazardous nature of the cargo.

(2) In all shipping operations including, but not limited to, handling, storage, and preparation, compliance with the standards of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the United States Coast Guard, or the safety rules developed by the Institute of Makers of Explosives shall be deemed proper and safe methods of operation.

(3) Handling of breakage. If breakage should occur while handling explosives or other hazardous materials, the foreman shall order the work in the immediate area to cease until the hazard has been removed. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to use a safe method of handling such breakage and placing it in a remote, safe location.

(4) No smoking. All workers supervising or engaged in the handling, hoisting, stowing of explosives, combustible oxidizing materials or flammable materials shall smoke only in designated areas. No person shall smoke within one hundred feet of any location where such materials are handled or stored.

(5) Loading chute. In chuting packaged explosives, care must be exercised to ensure that one package is taken from the mat before starting another. Each package shall be completely removed from the mat before another is placed on the chute.

(6) Specifications for chutes. In the loading of explosive merchandise in package form where chutes are used, the chutes shall be constructed only of wood. All fastenings shall be of wooden pins, dowelings, or pegs. Metal fastenings may be used, provided they are countersunk.

(7) Mattress landing buffer. The bottoms of the chutes shall be provided with a stuffed mattress not less than four inches thick and of sufficient width and length to allow for safe landing of packages.

(8) Drafts of hazardous or explosive cargo shall be so slung and secured that neither the draft nor individual packages can fall as a result of tipping the draft or slackening the supporting gear.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60051, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60051, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60053
Hazardous atmospheres and substances.
(1) Purpose and scope. This section covers areas where a hazardous atmosphere or substance may exist, except where one or more of the following sections apply: WAC 296-56-60049 Hazardous cargo; WAC 296-56-60051 Handling explosives or hazardous materials; WAC 296-56-60055 Carbon monoxide; WAC 296-56-60057 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides and hazardous preservatives; WAC 296-56-60107 Terminal facilities handling menhaden and similar species of fish; WAC 296-56-60235 Welding, cutting and heating (hot work); and WAC 296-56-60237 Spray painting.

(2) Determination of hazard.

(a) Whenever a room, building, vehicle, railcar or other space contains or has contained a hazardous atmosphere, a designated and appropriately equipped person shall test the atmosphere before entry to determine whether a hazardous atmosphere exists.

(b) Records of results of any tests required by this section shall be maintained for at least thirty days.

(3) Testing during ventilation. When mechanical ventilation is used to maintain a safe atmosphere, tests shall be made by a designated person to ensure that the atmosphere is not hazardous.

(4) Entry into hazardous atmospheres. Only designated persons shall enter hazardous atmospheres. The following provisions shall apply:

(a) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be protected by respiratory and emergency protective equipment meeting the requirements of chapter 296-842 WAC;

(b) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be instructed in the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the use of protective and emergency equipment. Standby observers, similarly equipped and instructed, shall continuously monitor the activity of employees within such space; and

(c) Except for emergency or rescue operations, employees shall not enter into any atmosphere which has been identified as flammable or oxygen deficient (less than nineteen and one-half percent oxygen). Persons who may be required to enter flammable or oxygen deficient atmospheres in emergency operations shall be instructed in the dangers attendant to those atmospheres and instructed in the use of self-contained breathing apparatus, which shall be utilized.

(d) To prevent inadvertent employee entry into spaces that have been identified as having hazardous, flammable or oxygen deficient atmospheres, appropriate warning signs or equivalent means shall be posted at all means of access to those spaces.

(5) When the packaging of asbestos cargo leaks, spillage shall be cleaned up by designated employees protected from the harmful effects of asbestos as required by WAC 296-62-07517 and chapter 296-65 WAC.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. 05-03-093, § 296-56-60053, filed 1/18/05, effective 3/1/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,[49.17].040 and [49.17].050. 99-10-071, § 296-56-60053, filed 5/4/99, effective 9/1/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60053, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60053, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60053, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60055
Carbon monoxide.
(1) Exposure limits. The carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere in a room, building, vehicle, railcar or any enclosed space shall be maintained below fifty parts per million (0.005%) as an eight-hour time-weighted average. Employees shall be removed from the enclosed space if the carbon monoxide concentration exceeds one hundred parts per million (0.01%).

(2) Testing. Tests to determine carbon monoxide concentration shall be made whenever necessary to ensure that employee exposure does not exceed the limits specified in subsection (1) of this section.

(3) Instrumentation. Tests for carbon monoxide concentration shall be made by designated persons using gas detector tube units certified by NIOSH under 30 CFR Part 11 or other measuring instruments whose accuracy is as great or greater.

(4) Records. A record of the date, time, location and result of carbon monoxide tests shall be available for at least thirty days.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60055, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60055, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60057
Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides and hazardous preservatives (see also WAC 296-56-60049, 296-56-60051 and 296-56-60053).
(1) Whenever cargo in a space is or has been stowed, handled, or treated with a fumigant, pesticide, insecticide, or hazardous preservative, a determination shall be made as to whether a hazardous atmosphere is present in the space. Only employees protected as required in subsection (5) of this section shall enter the space if it is hazardous.

(2) Tests to determine the atmospheric concentration of chemicals used to treat cargo shall be:

(a) Appropriate for the hazard involved;

(b) Conducted by designated persons; and

(c) Performed at the intervals necessary to ensure that employee exposure does not exceed the permissible exposure limit for the chemical involved, see chapters 296-62 and 296-841 WAC.

(3) Results of any tests shall be available for at least thirty days.

(4) Chemicals shall only be applied to cargoes by designated persons.

(5) Only designated persons shall enter hazardous atmospheres. Whenever a hazardous atmosphere is entered the following provisions apply.

(a) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be protected by respiratory and emergency protective equipment meeting the requirements of part G of this standard; and

(b) Persons entering a space containing a hazardous atmosphere shall be instructed in the nature of the hazard, precautions to be taken, and the use of protective and emergency equipment. Standby observers, similarly equipped and instructed, shall continuously monitor the activity of employees within such a space.

(6) Signs shall be clearly posted where fumigants, pesticides or hazardous preservatives have created a hazardous atmosphere. These signs shall note the danger, identify specific chemical hazards, and give appropriate information and precautions, including instructions for the emergency treatment of employees affected by any chemical in use.

(7) In the case of containerized shipments of fumigated tobacco, the contents of the container shall be aerated by opening the container doors for a period of forty-eight hours after the completion of fumigation and prior to loading. When tobacco is within shipping cases having polyethylene or similar bag liners, the aeration period shall be seventy-two hours. The employer shall obtain a written warranty from the fumigation facility stating that the appropriate aeration period has been met.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. 05-03-093, § 296-56-60057, filed 1/18/05, effective 3/1/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,[49.17].040 , and [49.17].050. 00-21-103, § 296-56-60057, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040. 99-02-024, § 296-56-60057, filed 12/30/98, effective 3/30/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60057, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60057, filed 1/17/86; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60057, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60071
House falls.
(1) Span beams shall be secured to prevent accidental dislodgement.

(2) A safe means of access shall be provided for employees working with house fall blocks.

(3) Designated employees shall inspect chains, links, shackles, swivels, blocks and other loose gear used in house fall operations before each day's use. Defective gear shall not be used.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60071, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60073
Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.
(1) Routine inspection.

(a) At the completion of each use, loose gear such as slings, chains, bridles, blocks, and hooks shall be so placed as to avoid damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be inspected and any defects corrected before reuse.

(b) All loose gear shall be inspected by the employer or his/her authorized representative before each use and, when necessary, at intervals during its use, to ensure that it is safe. Any gear which is found upon inspection to be unsafe shall not be used until it is made safe.

(c) Defective gear shall not be used. Distorted hooks, shackles, or similar gear shall be discarded.

(d) Chains or other gear which have been lengthened, altered, or repaired by welding shall be properly heat treated, and before again being put into use, shall be tested and reexamined in the manner set forth in WAC 296-56-60097 and 296-56-60098.

(2) The employer shall maintain a record of the dates and results of the tests with each unit of gear concerned clearly identified. The records shall be available for examination by division of consultation and compliance personnel and the employee safety committee.

(3) Wire rope and wire rope slings.

(a) The employer shall ascertain and adhere to the manufacturer's recommended ratings for wire rope and wire rope slings and shall have such ratings available at the terminal. When the manufacturer is unable to supply such ratings, the employer shall use the tables for wire rope and wire rope slings found in American National Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI/ASME B30.9-1984. A design safety factor of at least five shall be maintained for the common sizes of running wire used as falls, in purchases or in such uses as light load slings. Wire rope with a safety factor of less than five may be used only:

(i) In specialized equipment, such as cranes designed to be used with lesser wire rope safety factors;

(ii) In accordance with design factors in standing rigging applications; or

(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes for which a safety factor of five is impractical and for which the employer can demonstrate that equivalent safety is ensured.

(b) Wire rope or wire rope slings exhibiting any of the following conditions shall not be used:

(i) Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or three or more broken wires in one strand in one rope lay;

(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or other damage resulting in distortion of the wire rope structure;

(iii) Evidence of heat damage;

(iv) Excessive wear, corrosion, deformation or other defect in the wire or attachments, including cracks in attachments;

(v) Any indication of strand or wire slippage in end attachments; or

(vi) More than one broken wire in the close vicinity of a socket or swaged fitting.

(c) Four by twenty-nine (4 x 29) wire rope shall not be used in any running rigging.

(d) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles shall be covered or blunted. Coverings shall be removable so that splices can be examined. Means used to cover or blunt ends shall not damage the wire.

(e) Where wire rope clips are used to form eyes, the employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's recommendations, which shall be available at the terminal. If "U" bolt clips are used and the manufacturer's recommendations are not available, Table C-1 shall be used to determine the number and spacing of clips. "U" bolts shall be applied with the "U" section in contact with the dead end of the rope.

Table C-1 -- Number and Spacing of U-Bolt Wire Rope Clips
Improved plow steel, rope diameter Minimum number of clips Minimum spacing

Drop

forged

Other

material

inches/(cm)
inches/(cm)
1/2 or less (1.3) 3 4 3 (7.6)
5/8 (1.6) 3 4 3 3/4 (9.5)
3/4 (1.9) 4 5 4 1/2 (11.4)
7/8 (2.2) 4 5 5 1/4 (13.3)
1 (2.5) 5 7 6 (15.2)
1 1/8 (2.9) 6 7 6 3/4 (17.1)
1 1/4 (3.2) 6 8 7 1/2 (19.1)
1 3/8 (3.5) 7 8 8 1/4 (21.0)
1 1/2 (3.8) 7 9 9 (22.9)

(f) Wire rope shall not be secured by knots.

(g) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, bull wires, or in single parts used for hoisting shall not be formed by wire rope clips or knots.

(h) Eye splices in wire ropes shall have at least three tucks with a whole strand of the rope and two tucks with one-half of the wire cut from each strand. Other forms of splices or connections which are demonstrated to be equally safe may be used.

(i) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in bulling cargo, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice.

(4) Natural fiber rope.

(a) The employer shall ascertain the manufacturer's ratings for the specific natural fiber rope used and have such ratings available at the terminal. The manufacturer's ratings shall be adhered to and a minimum design safety factor of five maintained.

(b) Eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks. Short splices shall consist of at least six full tucks, three on each side of the center line.

(5) Synthetic rope.

(a) The employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's ratings and use recommendations for the specific synthetic fiber rope used and shall have such ratings available at the terminal.

(b) Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer, when synthetic fiber ropes are substituted for manila ropes of less than three inches (7.62 cm) circumference, the substitute shall be of equal size. Where substituted for manila rope of three inches or more in circumference, the size of the synthetic rope shall be determined from the formula:

C = v.6(Cs2).4(Cm2)

Where C = the required circumference of the synthetic rope in inches, Cs = the circumference to the nearest one-quarter inch of a synthetic rope having a breaking strength not less than that of the size manila rope that would be required by subsection (4) of this section, and Cm = the circumference of manila rope in inches which would be required by subsection (4) of this section.

(c) In making such substitution, it shall be ascertained that the inherent characteristics of the synthetic fiber are suitable for hoisting.

(6) Removal of natural and synthetic rope from service. Natural or synthetic rope having any of the following defects shall be removed from service:

(a) Abnormal wear;

(b) Powdered fiber between strands;

(c) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to affect the capacity of the rope;

(d) Variations in the size or roundness of strands;

(e) Discolorations other than stains not associated with rope damage;

(f) Rotting; or

(g) Distortion or other damage to attached hardware.

(7) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles shall be used where any rope is secured permanently to a ring, shackle or attachment, where practical.

(8) Synthetic web slings.

(a) Slings and nets or other combinations of more than one piece of synthetic webbing assembled and used as a single unit (synthetic web slings) shall not be used to hoist loads in excess of the sling's rated capacity.

(b) Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if they exhibit any of the following defects:

(i) Acid or caustic burns;

(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface;

(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;

(iv) Broken or worn stitches;

(v) Distortion or damage to fittings; or

(vi) Display of visible warning threads or markers designed to indicate excessive wear or damage.

(c) Defective synthetic web slings removed from service shall not be returned to service unless repaired by a sling manufacturer or similar entity. Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the repairer to twice the slings' rated capacity prior to its return to service. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and make it available for examination.

(d) Synthetic web slings provided by the employer shall only be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, which shall be made available upon request.

(e) Fittings shall have a breaking strength at least equal to that of the sling to which they are attached and shall be free of sharp edges.

(9) Chains and chain slings used for hoisting.

(a) The employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's recommended ratings for safe working loads for the sizes of the wrought iron and alloy steel chains and chain slings used and shall have such ratings available. When the manufacturer is unable to provide such ratings, the employer shall use the tables for chains and chain slings found in American National Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI B30.9-1971.

(b) Proof coil steel chain, also known as common or hardware chain, and other chain not recommended by the manufacturer for slinging or hoisting shall not be used for slinging or hoisting.

(c)(i) Sling chains, including end fastenings, shall be inspected for visible defects before each day's use and as often as necessary during use to ensure integrity of the sling.

(ii) Thorough inspections of chains in use shall be made quarterly to detect wear, defective welds, deformation, increase in length or stretch. The month of inspection shall be indicated on each chain by color of paint on a link or by other effective means.

(iii) Chains shall be removed from service when maximum allowable wear, as indicated in Table C-2, is reached at any point of link.

(iv) Chain slings shall be removed from service when stretch has increased the length of a measured section by more than five percent; when a link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged; or when a link has a raised scarf or defective weld.

(v) Only designated persons shall inspect chains used for slinging and hoisting.
Table C-2 -- Maximum Allowable

Wear at Any Point of Link
Chain size Maximum allowable wear
Inches Inches (cm)
1/4 (9/32) (0.6) 3/64 (0.1)
3/8 (1.0) 5/64 (0.2)
1/2 (1.3) 7/64 (0.3)
5/8 (1.6) 9/64 (0.4)
3/4 (1.9) 5/32 (0.4)
7/8 (2.2) 11/64 (0.4)
1 (2.5) 3/16 (0.5)
1 1/8 (2.9) 7/32 (0.6)
1 1/4 (3.2) 1/4 (0.6)
1 3/8 (3.5) 9/32 (0.7)
1 1/2 (3.8) 5/16 (0.8)
1 3/4 (4.4) 1 1/32 (0.9)

(d) Chains shall only be repaired under qualified supervision. Links or portions of chain defective under any of the criteria of WAC 296-56-60073 (9)(c) shall be replaced with properly dimensioned links or connections of material similar to that of the original chain. Before repaired chains are returned to service, they shall be tested to the proof test load recommended by the manufacturer for the original chain. Tests shall be performed by the manufacturer or shall be certified by an agency accredited for the purpose under WAC 296-56-60093. Test certificates shall be available at the terminal.

(e) Wrought iron chains in constant use shall be annealed or normalized at intervals not exceeding six months. Heat treatment certificates shall be available at the terminal. Alloy chains shall not be annealed.

(f) Kinked or knotted chains shall not be used for lifting. Chains shall not be shortened by bolting, wiring or knotting. Makeshift links or fasteners such as wire, bolts or rods shall not be used.

(g) Hooks, rings, links and attachments affixed to sling chains shall have rated capacities at least equal to that of the chains to which they are attached.

(h) Chain slings shall bear identification of size, grade and rated capacity.

(10) Shackles.

(a) If available, the manufacturer's recommended safe working loads for shackles shall not be exceeded. In the absence of manufacturer's recommendations, Table C-3 shall apply.

(b) Screw pin shackles used aloft in house fall or other gear, except in cargo hook assemblies, shall have their pins moused or otherwise effectively secured.
Table C-3 -- Safe Working Loads for Shackles
Material size Pin diameter Safe working load in 2,000 lb tons
Inches (cm) Inches (cm)
1/2 (1.3) 5/8 (1.6) 1.4
5/8 (1.6) 3/4 (1.9) 2.2
3/4 (1.9) 7/8 (2.2) 3.2
7/8 (2.2) 1 (2.5) 4.3
1 (2.5) 1 1/8 (2.9) 5.6
1 1/8 (2.9) 1 1/4 (3.2) 6.7
1 1/4 (3.2) 1 3/8 (3.5) 8.2
1 3/8 (3.5) 1 1/2 (3.8) 10.0
1 1/2 (3.8) 1 5/8 (4.1) 11.9
1 3/4 (4.4) 2 (5.1) 16.2
2 (5.1) 2 1/4 (5.7) 21.2

(c) Tables G-2 through G-5 shall be used to determine the safe working loads of various sizes and classifications of improved plow steel wire rope slings with various types of terminals. For sizes, classifications and grades not included in these tables the safe working load recommended by the manufacturer for specific, identifiable products shall be followed, however, a safety factor of not less than five shall be maintained.

TABLE G-1

MANILA ROPE

In Pounds or Tons of 2,000 Pounds

Circum-

ference

Diameter

in

Inches

Single

Leg 60

Degree 45

Degree 30

Degree

Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
3/4 1/4 120 204 170 120
1 5/16 200 346 282 200
1 1/8 3/8 270 467 380 270
1 1/4 7/16 350 605 493 350
1 3/8 15/32 450 775 635 450
1 1/2 1/2 530 915 798 530
1 3/4 9/16 690 1190 973 690
2 5/8 880 1520 1240 880
2 1/4 3/4 1080 1870 1520 1080
2 1/2 13/16 1300 2250 1830 1300
2 3/4 7/8 1540 2660 2170 1540
3 1 1800 3120 2540 1800
Tons Tons Tons Tons
3 1/4 1 1/16 1.0 1.7 1.4 1.0
3 1/2 1 1/8 1.2 2.1 1.7 1.2
3 3/4 1 1/4 1.35 2.3 1.9 1.35
4 1 5/16 1.5 2.6 2.1 1.5
4 1/2 1 1/2 1.8 3.1 2.5 1.8
5 1 5/8 2.25 3.9 3.2 2.25
5 1/2 1 3/4 2.6 4.5 3.7 2.6
6 2 3.1 5.4 4.4 3.1
6 1/2 2 1/8 3.6 6.2 5.1 3.6

TABLE G-2 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL, INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE, WIRE ROPE AND WIRE SLINGS

(IN TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS)

Rope Diameter Inches Single Leg
Vertical Choker
A B C A B C

6 x 19 Classification

1/4"
.59
.56
.53
.44
.42
.40
3/8" 1.3 1.2 1.1 .98 .93 .86
1/2" 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5
5/8" 3.6 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.2
3/4" 5.1 4.9 4.2 3.8 3.6 3.1
7/8" 6.9 6.6 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.1
1" 9.0 8.5 7.2 6.7 6.4 5.4
1-1/8" 11 10 9.0 8.5 7.8 6.8

6 x 37 Classification

1-1/4"
13
12
10
9.9
9.2
7.9
1-3/8" 16 15 13 12 11 9.6
1-1/2" 19 17 15 14 13 11
1-3/4" 26 24 20 19 18 15
2" 33 30 26 25 23 20
2-1/4" 41 38 33 31 29 25

(A) -- Socket or Swaged Terminal attachment.

(B) -- Mechanical Sleeve attachment.

(C) -- Hand Tucked Splice attachment.

TABLE G-3 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL, INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE, WIRE ROPE SLING (IN TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS)

Two-leg bridle or basket hitch
Vertical 60 Degree 45 Degree 30 Degree
Rope

dia.

inches

A B C A B C A B C A B C
6 x 19 Classification
1/4" 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 .97 .92 .83 .79 .75 .59 .56 .53
3/8" 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1
1/2" 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.0
5/8" 7.2 6.8 6.0 6.2 5.9 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.2 3.6 3.4 3.0
3/4" 10 9.7 8.4 8.9 8.4 7.3 7.2 6.9 5.9 5.1 4.9 4.2
7/8" 14 13 11 12 11 9.6 9.8 9.3 7.8 6.9 6.6 5.5
1" 18 17 14 15 15 12 13 12 10 9.0 8.5 7.2
1 1/8" 23 21 18 19 18 16 16 15 13 11 10 9.0
6 x 37 Classification
1 1/4" 26 24 21 23 21 18 19 17 15 13 12 10
1 3/8" 32 29 25 28 25 22 22 21 18 16 15 13
1 1/2" 38 35 30 33 30 26 27 25 21 19 17 15
1 3/4" 51 47 41 44 41 35 36 33 29 26 24 20
2" 66 61 53 57 53 46 47 43 37 33 30 26
2 1/4" 83 76 66 72 66 57 58 54 47 41 38 33
(A) Socket or Swaged Terminal Attachment.

(B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.

(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment.

TABLE G-4 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL, FIBER CORE, WIRE ROPE AND WIRE ROPE SLINGS

(In Tons of 2,000 pounds)

Rope dia. Inches Single leg
Vertical Choker
A B C A B C

6 x 19 Classification

1/4 .55 .51 .49 .41 .38 .37
3/8 1.2 1.1 1.1 .91 .85 .80
1/2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4
5/8 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1
3/4 4.8 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.3 2.9
7/8 6.4 5.9 5.1 4.8 4.5 3.9
1 8.4 7.7 6.7 6.3 5.8 5.0
1-1/8 10 9.5 8.4 7.9 7.1 6.3

6 x 37 Classification

1-1/4 12 11 9.8 9.2 8.3 7.4
1-3/8 15 13 12 11 10 8.9
1-1/2 17 16 14 13 12 10
1-3/4 24 21 19 18 16 14
2 31 28 25 23 21 18

(A) -- Socket or Swaged Terminal attachment.

(B) -- Mechanical Sleeve attachment.

(C) -- Hand Tucked Splice attachment.

TABLE G-5 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL, FIBER CORE, WIRE ROPE SLINGS

(IN TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS)

Two-leg bridle or basket hitch
Vertical 60 Degree 45 Degree 30 Degree
Rope

dia.

inches
A B C A B C A B C A B C
6 x 19 Classification
1/4" 1.1 1.0 .99 .95 .88 .85 .77 .72 .70 .55 .51 .49
3/8" 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1
1/2" 4.3 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.8
5/8" 6.7 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.3 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.1 2.8
3/4" 9.5 8.8 7.8 8.2 7.6 6.8 6.7 6.2 5.5 4.8 4.4 3.9
7/8" 13 12 10 11 10 8.9 9.1 8.4 7.3 6.4 5.9 5.1
1" 17 15 13 14 13 11 12 11 9.4 8.4 7.7 6.7
1 1/2" 21 19 17 18 16 14 15 13 12 10 9.5 8.4
6 x 37 Classification
1 1/4" 25 22 20 21 19 17 17 16 14 12 11 9.8
1 3/8" 30 27 24 26 23 20 21 19 17 15 13 12
1 1/2" 35 32 28 30 27 24 25 22 20 17 16 14
1 3/4" 48 43 38 41 37 33 34 30 27 24 21 19
2" 62 55 49 53 48 43 43 39 35 31 28 25
(A) Socket or Swaged Terminal Attachment.

(B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.

(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment.

TABLE G-6 ALLOY STEEL CHAIN

(In Tons of 2,000 Pounds)

Nominal

Size

Chain

Stock

Inch Single

Leg 60 Degree 45 Degree 30 Degree

1/4 1.62 2.82 2.27 1.62
3/8 3.30 5.70 4.65 3.30
1/2 5.62 9.75 7.90 5.62
5/8 8.25 14.25 11.65 8.25
3/4 11.5 19.9 16.2 11.5
7/8 14.3 24.9 20.3 14.3
1 19.3 33.5 27.3 19.8
1 1/8 22.2 38.5 31.5 22.2
1 1/4 28.7 49.7 40.5 28.7
1 3/8 33.5 58.0 47.0 33.5
1 1/2 39.7 68.5 56.0 39.7
1 5/8 42.5 73.5 59.5 42.5
1 3/4 47.0 81.5 62.0 47.0

(11) Hooks other than hand hooks.

(a) The manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed in determining the safe working loads of the various sizes and types of specific and identifiable hooks. All hooks for which no applicable manufacturer's recommendations are available shall be tested to twice the intended safe working load before they are initially put into use. The employer shall maintain a record of the dates and results of such tests.

(b) Loads shall be applied to the throat of the hook since loading the point may overstress, bend, or spring the hook.

(c) Hooks shall be inspected once a month to see that they have not been bent by overloading. Bent or sprung hooks shall not be used.

(d) Crane hooks. Magnetic particle or other suitable crack detecting inspection shall be performed at least once each year. When testing by X ray, the pertinent provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's standards for protection against radiation, relating to protection against occupational radiation exposure, shall apply.

(e) Any activity which involves the use of radioactive materials or X rays, whether or not under license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, shall be performed by competent persons specially trained in the proper and safe operation of such equipment. In the case of materials used under commission license, only persons actually licensed, or competent persons under direction and supervision of the licensee, shall perform such work.

(f) Teeth of case hooks shall not be split, cracked, or deformed.

(g) Jaws of patent clamp type plate hooks shall be kept in safe condition so that they will grip plates securely.

(12) Pallets.

(a) Pallets shall be made and maintained to safely support and carry loads being handled. Fastenings of reusable pallets used for hoisting shall be bolts and nuts, drive screws (helically threaded nails), annular threaded nails or fastenings of equivalent holding strength.

(b) Damaged pallets shall be stored in designated areas and identified.

(c) Reusable wing or lip-type pallets shall be hoisted by bar bridles or other suitable gear and shall have an overhanging wing or lip of at least three inches (7.62 cm). They shall not be hoisted by wire slings alone.

(d) Loaded pallets that do not meet the requirements of this paragraph shall be hoisted only after being placed on pallets meeting such requirements or shall be handled by other means providing equivalent protection.

(e) Bridles for handling flush end or box-type pallets shall be designed to prevent disengagement from the pallet under load.

(f) Pallets shall be stacked or placed to prevent falling, collapsing or otherwise causing a hazard under standard operating conditions.

(g) Disposable pallets intended only for one use shall not be reused for hoisting.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and[49.17].050 . 00-21-103, § 296-56-60073, filed 10/18/00, effective 2/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040. 99-02-024, § 296-56-60073, filed 12/30/98, effective 3/30/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-04-007, § 296-56-60073, filed 1/18/95, effective 3/1/95. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), § 296-56-60073, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-11-070 (Order 91-01), § 296-56-60073, filed 5/20/91, effective 6/20/91. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-03-064 (Order 86-02), § 296-56-60073, filed 1/17/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), § 296-56-60073, filed 4/19/85; 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), § 296-56-60073, filed 12/11/84.]

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296-56-60075
Cargo boards and other type pallet boards.
(1) "Cargo board" means the typical wing or lip-type stevedore board hoisted to or from vessels by means of a bar bridle. "Other palletboards" includes all other platforms used to hold cargo for the purpose of transporting it from place to place. (continued)