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3282.417. Supervision of Notification and Correction Actions.

(a) The IPIA in each manufacturing plant shall be responsible for assuring that notifications are sent to all owners, purchasers, dealers, or distributors of whom the manufacturer has knowledge under 3282.418 or otherwise as required by these regulations, and the IPIA shall be responsible for assuring that the required corrections are carried out by auditing the certifications required by 3282.412.

(b) The SAA or Secretary to which the report required by 3282.413(e) is sent shall be responsible for assuring through oversight that remedial actions described in the report have been carried out as described in the report.

(c) The SAA of the state in which an affected mobile home is located may inspect that mobile home to determine whether any required correction is carried out to the approved plan or, if there is no plan, to the standards or other approval obtained by the manufacturer under 3282.405(b) or 3282.407(c).

Subpart J. Monitoring of Primary Inspection Agencies

3282.451. General.

The actions of all primary inspection agencies accepted under Subpart H shall be monitored by the Secretary or the Secretary's agent to determine whether the PIAs are fulfilling their responsibilities under these regulations. This monitoring shall be carried out primarily through joint monitoring teams made up of personnel supplied by SAAs and by the Secretary or the Secretary's agent. Monitoring parties shall make recommendations to the Secretary with respect to final acceptance of PIAs under 3282.361(e) and 3282.362(e), continued acceptance, and disqualification or requalification under 3282.356, and with respect to any changes which PIAs should make in their operations in order to continue to be approved. Based on this monitoring, the Secretary shall determine whether PIAs should continued to be approved under these regulations.

3282.452. Participation in Monitoring.

(a) Joint Monitoring Teams.

(1) The Secretary or the Secretary's agent shall develop and coordinate joint monitoring teams which shall be made up of qualified personnel provided by SAAs and by the Secretary or the Secretary's agent. The Secretary or the Secretary's agent shall determine whether personnel are qualified based on education or experience.

(2) The joint monitoring teams will operate generally on a regional basis. To the extent possible the teams shall be so scheduled that personnel provided by an SAA will be monitoring operations in mobile home plants from which mobile homes are shipped into their State.

(3) Personnel from an SAA shall not participate on joint monitoring teams operating within their State.

(4) States are encouraged but not required to participate on joint monitoring teams.

(b) State Monitoring. A state may carry out monitoring of IPIA functions at plant facilities within the State if the State is not acting as an IPIA. Where a State wishes to carry out monitoring activities it shall do so in coordination with the Secretary and the Secretary's agent. To the extent that the State is performing adequate monitoring, the frequency of the joint team monitoring may be reduced to one visit per year consistent with the requirements of 3282.453.

(c) Review of Staff Capability. The monitoring party shall review the capability of the PIA's staff to perform the functions it is required to perform.

(d) Review of Interpretations. The monitoring party shall review all records of interpretations of the standards made by the PIA to determine whether they are consistent and to determine whether there are any conflicts which should be referred to the Secretary for determination.

(e) DAPIA. Monitoring parties shall review on a random basis at least 10 percent of the design and quality assurance manual approvals made by each DAPIA in each year.

(f) IPIA. The monitoring parties shall assure that the IPIAs are carrying out all of the functions for which they have been accepted. In particular, they shall assure that the manufacturing process is as stated in the certification reports, that the IPIAs are carrying out the required number of inspections, that inspections are effective, and that the IPIAs are maintaining complete label control as required by 3282.362. A monitoring team shall monitor the IPIA's office procedures, files, and label control and the monitoring team shall send copies of its report to the Secretary or the Secretary's agent, which shall send copies to all monitoring teams which monitor the operations of the subject IPIA.

(g) Remedial Actions. The monitoring parties shall review the remedial action records of the manufacturers and of the primary inspection agencies closely to determine whether the primary inspection agencies have been carrying out their responsibilities with respect to remedial actions.

3282.453. Frequency and Extent of Monitoring.

(a) The actions of all primary inspection agencies shall be monitored at a frequency adequate to assure that they are performing consistently and fulfilling their responsibilities under these regulations. Every aspect of the primary inspection agencies' performance shall be monitored.

(b) Frequency of monitoring. The performance of each primary inspection agency shall be monitored during its period of provisional acceptance by a complete review of its records and, in the case if IPIAs, by a complete inspection of the operations of at least one manufacturing plant which it has approved or in which it is operating. After the initial inspection, the performance of each primary inspection agency shall be monitored four times a year, except that the number of monitoring visits may be decreased to a minimum of one per year if the performance of the primary inspection agency is deemed by the Secretary or the Secretary's agent to be superior, and it may be increased as necessary if performance is suspect. There shall be a minimum of one review per year of the records of each primary inspection agency, and there shall be more reviews as needed.

3282.454. Monitoring Inspection Fee.

(a) There is hereby established a monitoring inspection fee of $19.00 which is to be paid by manufacturers for each mobile home manufactured in non-approved and conditionally approved states as described in 3282.210.

(b) The monitoring inspection fee to be established by approved states under 3282.307(a) shall be in the amount of $19.00 per mobile homes produced therein.

Subpart K. Departmental Oversight

3282.501. General.

The Secretary shall oversee the performance of SAAs, the Secretary's agent, and primary inspection agencies as follows:

(a) The Secretary shall review SAA reports to ensure that States are taking appropriate actions with regard to the enforcement of the standards and with respect to the functions for which they are approved under these regulations.

(b) The Secretary shall review monitoring reports submitted by the Secretary's agent to determine that it is performing in accordance with the contract between it and the Secretary.

(c) The Secretary shall review monitoring reports to determine whether PIAs are fulfilling their responsibilities under these regulations.

(d) The Secretary shall make random visits for the purpose of overseeing the activities of SAAs and the Secretary's agent.

(e) The Secretary shall take such other actions to oversee the system established by these regulations as it deems appropriate.

(f) All records maintained by all parties acting under these regulations with respect to those actions shall be available to the Secretary, or the Secretary's agent, and where appropriate, SAAs and PIAs for review at any reasonable time.

3282.502. Departmental Implementation.

To the extent that SAAs or any parties contracting with the Secretary do not perform functions called for under these regulations, those functions shall be carried out by the Secretary with its own personnel or through other appropriate parties.

3282.503. Determinations and Hearings.

The Secretary shall make all the determinations and hold such hearings as are required by these regulations, and the Secretary shall resolve all disputes arising under these regulations.

Subpart L. Manufacturer, IPIA and SAA Reports

3282.551. Scope and Purpose.

This subpart describes the reports which shall be submitted by manufacturers, PIAs and SAAs as part of the system of enforcement established under these regulations. Additional reports described in Subpart I are required when corrective actions are taken under that subpart.

3282.552. Manufacturer Reports for Joint Monitoring Fees.

For each month, the manufacturer shall submit to the IPIA in each of its manufacturing plants a report that includes the serial numbers of each mobile home manufactured at that plant during that preceding month, and the State of first location, after leaving the manufacturing plant, of such mobile homes. The State of first location for the purpose of this report is the State of the premises of the distributor, dealer or purchaser to whom the mobile home is first shipped. The report for each month shall be submitted by the tenth day of the following month.

3282.553. IPIA Reports.

Each IPIA shall submit by the twentieth day of each month to each SAA, or if no SAA to the Secretary, in each state where it is engaged in the inspection of manufacturing plants, a report of the operations of each manufacturer in that State for the preceding month which includes the following information:

(a) the number of single-wide and double-wide mobile homes labeled in the preceding month;

(b) the number of inspection visits made to each manufacturing plant in the preceding month; and

(c) the number of mobile homes with a failure to conform to the standards or an imminent safety hazard during the preceding month found in the manufacturing plant.

The manufacturers report for the preceding month described in 3282.552 shall be attached to each such IPIA report as an appendix thereto.

3282.554. SAA Reports.

Each SAA shall submit, prior to the last day of each month, to the Secretary a report covering the preceding month which includes:

(a) The description and status of all presentations of views, hearings and other legal actions during the preceding month; and

(b) The description of the SAA's oversight activities and findings regarding consumer complaints, notification and correction actions during the preceding month. The IPIA report for the preceding month described in 3282.553, as well as the reports described in 3282.413 and manufacturer reports under 3282.404(d), which were received during the preceding month, shall be attached to each such SAA report as an appendix thereto.


Note: Authority cited: Section 18020, Health Safety Code. Reference: Sections 18055, 18055.5, Health & Safety Code.









s 4070. Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards.
Regulations of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development relating to mobile home construction and safety are applicable to mobile homes bearing or required to bear either a department insignia or Title VI label to the extent prescribed in this subchapter and are reproduced as follows.
Part 280 Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards

Subpart A. General

280.1. Scope.
(a) This standard covers all equipment and installations in the design, construction, fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems of mobile homes which are designed to be used as dwelling units. The Secretary may approve such equipment and installations which are listed or labeled by an approved testing or listing agency. Equipment and installations not listed or labeled may be approved by the Secretary upon a determination that such equipment and installations are adequate for the protection of health, safety and the general welfare.
(b) These Federal Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards seek, to the maximum extent possible, to establish performance requirements. In certain instances, however, the use of specific requirements in the Standard is necessary because, at this time, that is the best available means of identifying the desired performance. The use of specific requirements is not intended to prohibit the utilization of any material, piece of equipment, or system which does not meet the precise specifications set out in the standard is shown, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, to meet the level of performance of a material, piece of equipment or system which meets the precise specifications, the Secretary may waive the specifications set out in the standard for that material, piece of equipment, or system. Whenever a waiver is issued, the Secretary shall issue an interpretative bulletin which announces the waiver, states that the material, piece of equipment or system meets the required standard of performance, and sets out any limitations or other requirements with respect to how the material, piece of equipment, or system must be used, including any tests of the material, piece of equipment, or system which the Secretary determines must be carried out before it can be used. Where a waiver has been issued, the requirements of the section of the Federal standard to which the waiver relates may be met either by meeting the specifications set out in the standard or by meeting any requirements set out in the interpretative bulleting which announces the waiver.
(c) Interpretative bulletins may also be issued for the following purposes:
(1) to clarify the meaing of the standard; and
(2) to assist in the enforcement of the standard.
280.2 Definitions.
(a) Definitions in this Subpart are those common to all Subparts of the standard and are in addition to the definitions provided in individual parts.
(1) 'Approved,' when used in connection with any material, appliance or construction, means complying with the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
(2) 'Center' means the midline between the right and left side of a mobile home.
(3) 'Certified.' See 'listed.'
(4) 'Combustible Material' means material made of, or surfaced with, wood, compressed paper, plant fibers, or other material that will ignite and burn. Such materials shall be considered as combustible even though flame-proofed, fire-retardant treated or plastered.
(5) 'Defect' includes any defect in the performance, construction, components, or material of a mobile home that renders the home or any part thereof not fit for the ordinary use for which it was intended.
'Department' means the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
(7) 'Dwelling Unit' means one or more habitable rooms which are designed to be occupied by one family with facilities for living, sleeping, cooking and eating.
(8) 'Equipment' includes materials, applicances, devices, fixtures, fittings or accessories both in the construction of, and in the fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems of mobile homes.
(9) 'Federal mobile home construction and safety standard' means a reasonable standard for the construction, design, and performance of a mobile home which meets the needs of the public including the need for quality, durability, and safety.
'Imminent safety hazard' means a hazard that presents an imminent and unreasonable risk of death or severe personal injury.
'Installations' means all arrangements and methods of construction, as well as fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems used in mobile homes.
'Labeled' means a label, symbol or other identifying mark of a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling is indicated compliance with nationally recognized standards or tests to determine suitable usage in a specified manner.
(13) 'Length of a Mobile Home' means the distance from the exterior of the front wall (nearest to the drawbar and coupling mechanism) to the exterior of the rea wall (at the opposite end of the home) where such walls enclose living or other interior space and such distance includes expandable rooms but not bay windows, porches, drawbars, couplings, hitches, wall and roof extensions, or other attachments.
(14) 'Listed or Certified' means included in a list published by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials, and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets nationally recognized standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner.
(15) 'Manufacturer' means any person engaged in manufacturing or assembling mobile homes, including any person engaged in importing mobile homes for resale.
(16) 'Mobile Home' means a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which is eight body feet or more in width and is thirty-two body feet or more in length, and which is built on a permanent chassis, and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without permanent foundation, when connected to the requirement utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, and electrical systems contained therein.
(17) 'Mobile Home Construction' means all activities relating to the assembly and manufacture of a mobile home including, but not limited to, those relating to durability, quality and safety.
(18) 'Mobile Home Safety' means the performance of a mobile home in such a manner that the public is protected against any unreasonable risk of the occurrence of accidents due to the design or construction of such mobile home, or any unreasonable risk of death or injury to the user or to the public if such accidents do occur.
(19) 'Registered Engineer or Architect' means a person licensed to practice engineering or architecture in a state and subject to all laws and limitations imposed by the state's Board of Engineering and Architecture Examiners and who is engaged in the professional practice of rendering service or creative work requiring education, training and experience in engineering sciences and the applications of special knowledge of the mathematical, physical and engineering sciences in such professional or creative work as consulation, investigation, evaluation, planning or design and supervision of construction for the purpose of securing compliance with specifications and design for any such work.
(20) 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, or an official of the Department delegated the authority of the Secretary with respect to Title VI of Public Law 93-383.
(21) 'State' includes each of the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, the Canal Zone, and American Somoa.
(22) 'Width of a Mobile Home' means the distance from the exterior of one side wall to the exterior of the opposite side wall where such walls enclose living or other interior space and such distance includes expandable rooms but not bay windows, porches, wall and roof extensions, or other attachments.
380.3. Acceptance of Plans.
(a) Each manufacturer of mobile homes shall submit the building plans for every model of such mobile home to the Secretary, or Secretary's designee, for the purpose of inspection for conformance to this standard.
(b) The manufacturer shall certify that each such building plan meets the Federal construction and safety standard in force at that time before the mobile home involved is produced.
(c) Regulations pertaining to enforcement of these standards and to labeling of mobile homes shall be as prescribed by the Secretary.
280.4. Incorporation by Reference.
(a) The specifications, standards and codes of agencies of the U.S. Government, to the extent they are incorporated by reference in this standard, have the same force and effect as this standard. Wherever reference standards and this standard are inconsistent, the requirements of this standard prevail to the extent of the inconsistency.
(b) The abbreviations and sources of these referenced standards, specifications and codes appear below:
AA--The Aluminum Association, 750 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017.
ABPA--Acoustical and Board Products Association, 205 West Touhy Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60068.
AGA--American Gas Association Laboratories, 8501 East Pleasant Valley Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44131.
AISC--American Institute of Steel Construction, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020.
AISI--American Iron and Steel Institute, 1000 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.

AITC--American Institute of Timber Construction, 333 W. Hampton Avenue, Englewood, Colorado 80110.
ANSI--American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10017.
APA--American Plywood Association, 1119 A Street, Tacoma, Wash. 98401.
ASHRAE--American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017.
ASME--American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017.
ASTM--American Society of Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.
CMI--Cultured Marble Institute, 230 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60601.

CS--Commercial Standards--Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
DOC--Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230.
DOT--Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. 20590.
FHDA--Fir and Hemlock Door Association, Yeon Building, Portland, Oregon 97204.
FS--Federal Specification--Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
GAI--Gas Applicance Laboratory, 3138 East Olympic Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90023.
HPMA--Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Association, P.O. Box 6246, Arlington, Virginia 22206.
HVI--Home Ventilating Institute, 230 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60601.

IAMPO--International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, 5032 Alhambra Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90032.
I-SANTA--Industrial Stapel and Nail Technical Association, P.O. Box 3072, City of Industry, California 91744.
NFPA--National Fire Protection Association, 470 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
(N)FPA--National Forest Products Association (formerly National Lumber Manufacturers Associations), 1619 Massachusetts Ave., Wash., D.C. 20036.
NPA--National Particleboard Association, 2306 Perkins Place, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
NSF--National Sanitation Foundation, 3475 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.
NWMA--National Woodwork Manufacturers Association, 400 West Madison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60606.

PS--Product Standard-Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
SJI-Steel Joist Institute, 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, Virginia 22202.
TPI--Truss Plate Institute, Suite 200, 7100 Baltimore Avenue, College Park, Maryland 20740.
UL--Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., 207 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
280.5. Data Plate.
(a) Each mobile home shall bear a data plate affixed in a permanent manner near the main electrical panel or other readily accessible and visible location. Data plates shall bear not less than the following information.
(1) The manufacturer's name and address.
(2) The serial number and the model number of the unit and date the unit was manufactured.
(3) The statement, 'The mobile home is designed to comply with the Federal mobile home construction and safety standard in force at the time of manufacture.'
(4) Factory installed equipment, the manufacturer's name and the model designation of major factory--installed applicances.
(5) Reference to the structural zone and wind zone for which the home is designed and duplicates of the maps as set forth in 280.305(c)(4). This information may be combined with the heating/ cooling certificate and insulation zone maps required by 280.510 and 280.511.
280.6. Serial Number.
(a) A mobile home serial number which will identify the manufacturer and the state in which the mobile home is manufactured, must be stamped into the foremost cross member. Letters and numbers must be 3/8-inch minimum in height. Numbers must not be stamped into hitch assembly or drawbar.
280.7. Modular Homes.
A structure which meets the definition of 'mobile homes' set out in 280.2(a)(16) is not subject to the provisions of this part if it enters the first stage of production before 150 days after June 15, 1976 and meets any one of the following criteria.
(a) The structure is manufactured in accordance with and meets the following codes published by Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA):
(1) BOCA Basic Building Code--1975;
(2) BOCA Basic Industrialized Dwelling Code-1975;
(3)BOCA Basic Mechanical Code-1975;
(4) BOCA Basic Plumbing Code-1975; and
(5) National Electrical Code-NFPA 70-1975;

(b) The structure is manufactured in accordance with and meets the following codes published by the Southern Building Code Congress (SBCC) and the NFPA:
(1) Southern Standard Building Code-1976;
(2) Southern Standard Gas Code-1976;
(3) Southern Standard Mechanical Code-1976;
(4) Southern Standard Plumbing Code-1975, with 1976 revision; and
(5) National Electrical Code-NFPA 70-1975
(c) The structure is manufactured in accordance with and meets the following codes published by the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) and the NFPA:
(1) Uniform Building Code-1973;
(2) Uniform Plumbing Code-1973;

(3) Uniform Mechanical Code-1973; and
(4) National Electrical Code-NFPA 70-1975.
(d) The structure meets a standard established by a state for modular homes, as distinct from mobile homes as they are defined by the state.
(e) The structure is built in accordance with an FHA Structural Engineering Bulletin and FHA minimum Property Standards and is eligible for long-term financing under section 203(b) of the National Housing Act, 12 U.S.C. 1701 et seq: Provided, that any aspects of the cited codes or any state codes which are intended to apply to mobile homes, as such codes may define them, are preempted by the comparable aspects of the Federal standards.
Subpart B. Planning Considerations

280.101. Scope.
Subpart B states the planning requirements in mobile homes. The intent of this subpart is to assure the adequacy of architectural planning considerations which assist in determining a safe and healthful environment.
280.102. Definitions.
(a) 'Gross Floor Area' means all space, wall to wall, including recessed entries not to exceed 5 sq. ft. and areas under built-in vanities and similar furniture. Where the ceiling height is less than specified in 280.104, the floor area under such ceilings shall not be included. Floor area of closests shall not be included in the gross floor area.
(b) 'Habitable Room' means a room or enclosed floor space arranged for living, eating, food preparation, or sleeping purposes not including bathrooms, foyers, hallways, and other accessory floor space.
(c) 'Laundry Area' means an area containing or designed to contain a laundry tray, clothes washer and/or clothes dryer.
280.103. Light and Ventilation.
Provisions shall be made for adequate light and ventilation in accordance with the following:

(a) Each habitable room shall be provided with exterior windows and/or doors having a total glazed area of not less than 8 percent of the gross floor areas. An area equivalent to not less than 4 percent of the gross floor area shall be available for unobstructed ventilation. Glazed areas need not be openable where a mechanical ventilation system is provided and is capable of producing a change of air in the room(s) every 30 minutes with not less than one-fifth of the air supply taken from outside the mobile home. Windows and doors used for light or ventilation shall open directly to the outside of the home.
(b) In lieu of the requirements in 280.103(a), kitchens may be provided with artificial light and mechanical ventilation capable of producing a change of air in the room every 30 minutes. (See 280.710).
(c) Bathroom and toilet compartments. Each bathroom and toilet compartment shall be provided with artificial light and, in addition, be provided with external windows or doors having not less than 1-1/2 sq. ft. of fully openable glazed area, except where a mechanical ventilation system is provided capable of producing a change of air every 12 minutes. Any mechanical ventilation system shall exhaust directly to the outside of the mobile home.

Ceiling Heights.
(a) Every habitable room and bathroom shall have a minimum ceiling height of not less than 7 feet, 0 inches for a minimum of 50 percent of the room's floor area. The remaining area may have a ceiling with a minimum height of 5 feet, 0 inches. Minimum height under dropped ducts, beams, etc. shall be 6 feet, 4 inches.
(b) Hallways and foyers shall have a minimum ceiling height of 6 feet, 6 inches.
280.105. Exit Faciliities; Exterior Doors.
(a) Number and locatoin of exterior doors. Mobile homes shall have a minimum of two exterior doors located remote from each other.
(1) Required egress doors shall not be located in rooms where a lockable interior door must be used in order to exit.
(2) In order for exit doors to be considered 'remote' from each other, they must comply with all the following: (i) Both of the required doors must not be in the same room or in a group of rooms which are not defined by fixed walls. (ii) Single wide units. Doors may not be less than 12 ft. c-c from each other as measured in any straight line direction regardless of the length of path of travel between doors. (iii) Double wide units. Doors may not be less than 20 ft. c-c from each other as measured in any straight line direction regardless of the length of path of travel between doors. (iv) One of the required exit doors must be accessible from the doorway of each bedroom without traveling more than 35 ft.
(b) Door design and construction.
(1) Exterior swinging doors shall be constructed in accordance with 280.405 the 'Standard for Swinging Exterior Passage Doors for Use in Mobile Homes.' Exterior sliding glass doors shall be constructed in accordance with 280.403 the 'Standard for Windows and Sliding Glass Doors Used in Mobile Homes.'
(2) All exterior swinging doors shall provide a minimum 28 inch wide by 74 inches high clear opening. All exterior sliding glass doors shall provide a minimum 28 inch wide by 72 inch high clear opening.
(3) Each swinging exterior door other than screen or storm doors shall have a key-operated lock that has a deadlocking latch or a key-operated dead bolt with a passage latch. Locks shall not require the use of of a key for operation from the inside.
(4) All exterior doors, including storm and screen doors, opening outward shall be provided with a safety door check.
280.106. Exit Facilities; Egress Windows.
(a) Every room designed expressly for sleeping purposes, unless it has an exit door (See 280.105), shall have at least one outside window or approved device which meets the requirements of 280.404 the 'Standard for Egress Windows for Use in Mobile Homes.'
(b) The bottom of the window opening shall not be more than 36 inches above the floor.
(c) Locks, latches, operating handles, tabs and any other window, screen or storm window devices which need to be operated in order to permit exiting shall not be located in excess of 60 inches from the finished floor.
280.107. Interioir Privacy.
Bathroom and toilet compartment doors shall be equipped with a privacy lock.
280.108. Interior Passage.
(a) Interior doors having passage hardware without a privacy lock, or with a privacy lock not engaged, shall open from either side by a single movement of the hardware mechanisms in any direction.
(b) Each mobile home interior door, when provided with a privacy lock, shall have a privacy lock that has an emergency release on the outside to permit entry when the lock has been locked by a locking knob, lever, button, or other locking device on the inside.
280.109. Space Planning.
The dimensions set forth in 280.110 through 280.113 are intended to assure that space and a functional arrangement of this space are provided to accommodate the normal activities of living in the mobile home.
280.110. Room Requirements.
(a) Every mobile home shall have at least one living area with not less than 150 sq. ft. of gross floor area.
(b) Rooms designed for sleeping purposes shall have a minimum gross square foot floor area as follows:
(1) All bedrooms shall have at least 50 sq. ft. of floor area.
(2) Bedrooms designed for two or more people shall have a 70 sq. ft. of floor area plus 50 sq. ft. for each person in excess of two.
(c) Every room designed for sleeping purposes shall have accessible clothes hanging space with a minimum inside depth of 22 inches and shall be equipped with a rod and shelf.
280.111. Minimum Room Dimensions.
The gross floor area required by 280.110(a) and (b) shall have no clear horizontal dimension less than 5 feet except as permitted by 280.102(a).
280.112. Toilet Compartments.
Each toilet compartment shall be a minimum of 30 inches in width, except. when the toilet is located adjacent to the short dimension of the tub, the distance from the tub to the center line of the toilet shall not be less than 12 inches. At least 21 inches of clear space shall be provided in front of each toilet.
280.113. Hallways.
Hallways shall have a minimum horizontal dimension of 28 inches measured from the interior finished surface to the interior finished surface of the opposite wall. When appliances are installed in a laundry area, the measurement shall be from the front of the appliance of the opposite finished interior surface. When appliances are not installed and a laundry area is provided, the area shall have a minimum clear depth of 27 inches in addition to the 28 inches required for passage. In addition, a notice of the available clearance for washer/dryer units shall be posted in the laundry area. Minor protrusions to the minimum hallway width by doorknobs, trim, smoke detectors or light fixtures are permitted.
280.114. Glass and Glazed Openings.
(a) Windows and sliding glass doors. All windows and sliding glass doors shall meet the requirements of 280.403 the 'Standard for Windows and Sliding Glass Doors Used in Mobile Homes.'
(b) Safety glazing. Glazing in all entrance or exit doors, sliding glass door units (fixed or moving sections), unframed glass doors, unbacked mirror wardrobe doors (i.e. mirrors not secured to a backing capable of being the door itself), shower and bathtub enclosures and surrounds to a height of 6 feet above the bathroom floor level, storm doors or combination doors, and in panels located with 12 inches on either side of exit or entrance doors shall be of a safety glazing material. Safety glazing material is considered to be any glazing material capable of passing the requirements of ANSI Z97.1-72.
Subpart C. Fire Safety

280.201. Scope.
The purpose of Subpart C of this standard is to specify measures which will provide a reasonable degree of safety from fire for the occupants. It is the intent of this Subpart that mobile homes shall be constructed so as to reduce fire hazards and provide detection of a fire for safe egress.
280.202. Definitions.
(a) The following definitions are applicable to Subpart C only:
(1) 'Flame Spread' means the propagation of flame over a surface.
(2) 'Interior finish' means the surface material of walls, fixed or movable partitions, ceilings and other exposed interior surfaces affixed to the mobile homw structure including any materials such as paint or wallpaper and the substrate to which they are applied. Interior finish does not include windows and doors or their frames, skylight, trim, moldings, decorations or furnishing which are not affixed to the mobile home structure.
(3) 'Single Station Alarm Device' means an assembly incorporating the smoke detector sensor, the electrical control equipment requirement, and the alarm-sounding device in one unit.

(4) 'Smoke Detector' means wall mounted detector of the ionization chamber or photoelectric type which detects visible or invisible particles of combustion and operates from the 120V AC source of electrical power supply.
280.203. Flame Spread Limitations and Combustibility.
(a) Flame spread limitations. The surface flame spread rating of interior finish materials shall not exceed the following when tested by Standard Method of test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, ASTM E84. The surface flame spread rating of interior finish materials required by 280.203(a)(4) and (6) may be established using the Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, ASTM E 162. Testing shall be by laboratories acceptable to the Secretary.
(1) The interior finish of all walls and partitions shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 200 except as otherwise specified herein. The flame spread limitation shall not apply to; molding, trim, windows, doors or series of doors not exceeding 4 feet in width, and permanently attached decorative items such as pictures or accent panels constituting not more than 10 percent of the aggregate wall surface in any room or space nor more than 32 square feet in surface area whichever is less.

(2) All ceiling interior finish shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 200, excluding molding and trim 2 inches or less in width.
(3) Furnace and water heater spaces shall be enclosed by walls, ceiling and doors having an interior finish with a flame spread rating not exceeding 25.
(4) Combustible kitchen cabinet doors, countertops, exposed bottoms and end panels shall not exceed a flame spread rating of 200. Cabinet rails, stiles, mullions and toe strips are exempted.
(5) Exposed interior finishes adjacent to the cooking range shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 50.. Adjacent surfaces are the exposed vertical surfaces between the range top height and the overhead cabinets and/or ceiling and within 6 horizontal inches of the cooking range.
(6) Finish surfaces of plastic bath tubs, shower units and tub or shower doors shall not exceed a flame spread rating of 200.
(b) Combustibility. The interior walls and celing encasing furnace water heater enclosures (including doors) and the exposed wall adjacent to the cooking range as defined in 280.203(a)(5) shall be surfaces with 5/16 inch gypsum board or material having equivalent fire protective properties. At furnace and water heater spaces all openings for pipes and vents shall be tightfitted or firestopped.
Kitchen Cabinet Protection.
(a) The bottom and sides of combustible kitchen cabinets over cooking ranges including a space of 6 inches from the side of the cooking range shall be protected with at least 1/4-inch thick asbestos millboard covered with not less than 26 gage sheet metal (.017 stainless steel, .024 aluminum,or .020 copper) or equivalent protection. The protective metal over the range shall form a hood with notless than a 3 inch eyebrow (measuring horizontally from face of cabinet). The hood shall be centered over and at least as wide as the cooking range.
280.205. Carpeting.
(a) Carpeting shall not be used under a fuel-fired furnace or water heater.
280.206. Firestopping.

(a) Firestopping of 1 inch minimum nominal lumber or the equivalent, shall be provided to cut off all concealed draft openings in all stud walls and paritions, including furred spaces, so placed that the maximum vertical dimension of any concealed space is not over eight feet.
280.207. Requirements for Foam Plastic Thermal Insulating Materials.
(a) General. Foam plastic thermal insulating materials shall not be used within the cavity of walls or ceiling or exposed to the interior of the mobile homes, unless otherwise specifically approved by HUD, based on accepted tests including full scale room fire testing.
(b) Specific requirements. Foam plastic having a flame spread rating of 75 or less may be used as siding backer board or sheathing with a maximum of 3/8-inch thickness when separated from the interior of the mobile home by a minimum of 2-inches of mineral insulation or equivalent fire protective material.
280.208. Mobile Home Fire Detection Equipment.
(a) General. At least one smoke detector (which may be a single-station alarm device) shall be installed in each mobile home to protect each separate bedroom area.
Smoke detector location. A smoke detector shall be installed in the hallway or space communicating with the bedroom area.
(1) The specific location shall be in the hallway between the living room area and the first bedroom, except that when a door(s) separates the living area from the bedroom area, the detector shall be installed on the living area side as close to the door(s) as practicable.
(2) Mobile homes having bedrooms separated by any one or combination of common use areas such as kitchens, dining room, living room or family room (but not a bathroom or utility room), shall have at least two smoke detectors, one detector protecting each bedroom area.
(3) Where practicable, the detector shall be located between the return air intake and the living area.
(4) The architectural planning of the mobile home shall not isolate a smoke detector so as to impair its effectiveness.

(c) Smoke detectors. Smoke detectors shall be either the ionization chamber or the photoelectric wall mounted type and shall comply with all the requirements of Underwriters' Laboratories Standard No. 167 for ionization and 168 for photoelectric type detectors. Detectors shall bear the label of a testing and approved under the requirements of UL 167 or 168. The testing and approved laboratory shall be one which maintains a periodic follow-up service of the labeled devices to ensure compliance with the original approval.
(d) Installation. Smoke detectors shall be installed on an interior wall of the mobile home. The top of the detectors shall be 5- to 7-inches from the ceiling. The detector mounting shall be attached to an electrical outlet box and the detector connected by a permanent wiring method into a general electrical circuit. There shall be no switches in a circuit to the detector other than the overcurrent protective device protecting the branch circuit.
Subpart D. Body and Frame Construction Requirements

280.301. Scope.
This Subpart covers the minimum requirements for materials, products, equipment and workmanship needed to assure that the mobile home will provide
(a) structural strength and rigidity,
(b) protection against corrosion, decay, insects and other similar destructive forces.
(c) protection against hazards of windstorm,
(d) resistance to the elements, and
(e) durability and economy of maintenance.
280.302. Definitions.
(a) The following definitions are applicable to Subpart D only:
(1) 'Anchoring Equipment' means straps, cables, turnbuckles, and chains, including tensioning devices, which are used with ties to secure a mobile home to ground anchors.

(2) 'Anchoring System' means a combination of ties, anchoring equipment, and ground anchors that will, when properly designed and installed, resist overturning and lateral movement of the mobile home from wind forces.
(3) 'Tie' means strap, cable, or securing device used to connect the mobile home to ground anchors.
(4) 'Diagonal Tie' means a tie intended to primarily resist horizontal forces, but which may also be used to resist vertical forces.
(5) 'Vertical Tie' mans a tie intended to resist the uplifting or overturning forces.
(6) 'Footing' means that portion of the support system that transmits loads directly to the soil.
(7) 'Ground Anchor' means any device at the mobile home stand designed to transfer mobile home anchoring loads to the ground.
(8) 'Hurricane Resistive Mobile Home' means a mobile home which meets the wind design load requirements for Zone II in 280.305(c)(2).

(9) 'Loads' (i) 'Dead Loads' means the weight of all permanent construction including walls, floors, roof, partition, and fixed service equipment. (ii) 'Live Load' means the weight superimposed by the use and occupancy of the mobile home, including wind load and snow load, but not including dead load. (iii) 'Wind Load' means the lateral or vertical pressure or uplift on the mobile home due to wind blowing in any direction.
(10) 'Main Frame' means the structural component on which is mounted the body of the mobile home.
(11) 'Pier' means that the portion of the support system between the footing and the mobile home exclusive of caps and shims.
(12) 'Sheathing' means material which is applied on the exterior side of a building frame under the exterior weather resistent covering.
(13) 'Stabilizing Devices' means all components of the anchoring and support systems such as piers, footings, ties, anchoring equipment, ground anchors, and any other equipment which supports the mobile home and secures it to the ground.

(14) 'Support System' means a combination of footings, piers, caps, and shims that will, when properly installed, support the mobile home.
280.303. General Requirements.
(a) Minimum requirements. The design and construction of a mobile home shall conform with the provisions of this standard. Requirements for any size, weight, or quality of material modified by the terms of 'minimum,' 'not less than,' 'at least,' and similar expressions are minimum standards. The manufacturer or installed may exceed these standards provided such deviation does not result in any inferior installation or defeat the purpose and intent of this standard.
(b) Construction. All construction methods shall be in conformance with accepted engineering practices to insure durable, livable, and safe housing and shall demonstrate acceptable workmanship reflecting journeyman quality of work of the various trades.
(c) Structural analysis. The strength and rigidity of the component parts and/or the integrated structure shall be determined by engineering analysis or by suitable load tests to simulate the actual loads and conditions of applicable that occur. (See Subparts E and J)
(d) Hurricane resistive design. Only mobile homes which meet the applicable requirements of 280.305(c)(2) may be designated 'Designated for Hurrican Zone.' No simliar designation which would imply hurricane resistance shall be used when the mobile home does not meet these requirements.
(e) New materials and methods.
(1) Any new material or method of construction not provided for in this standard and any material or method of questioned suitability proposed for use in the manufacture of the structure shall nevertheless conform in performance to the requirements of this standard.
(2) Unless based on the accepted engineering design for the use indicated, all new mobile home materials, equipment, systems or methods of construction not provided for in this standard shall be subjected to the tests specified in paragraph (g) of this section.
(f) Allowable design stress. The design stresses of all materials shall conform to accepted engineering practice. The use of materials not identified as to strength or stress grade shall be limited to the minimum allowable stresses under accepted engineering practice.
(g) Alternate test procedures. In the absence of listed and prescribed standards, the manufacturer shall develop or cause to be developed necessary tests to demonstrate the structural properties and the significant characteristics of the method employed. Such tests shall be witnessed by independent licensed professional engineer or architect or by a recognized testing organization. Copies of the test results shall be kept on file by the mobile home manufacturer.
280.304. Materials.
(a) Dimension and board lumber shall not exceed 19 percent moisture content at time of installation.
(b)(1) Standards for some of the generlaly used materials and methods of construction are listed in the following table.
(2) Materials and methods of construction utilized in the design and construction of mobile homes which are covered by the standards in the following table, or any applicable portion thereof shall comply with these requirements.
(3) Engineering analysis and testing methods contained in these references shall be utilized to judge conformance with accepted engineering practices required in 280.303(c).
(4) Materials and methods of installation conforming to these standards shall be considered acceptable when installed in conformance with the requirements of this Part.
(5) Materials meeting the standards (or the applicable portion thereof) are considered acceptable unless otherwise specified herein or unless substantial doubt exists as to conformance.

Aluminum: Aluminum Construction Manual, specifications for AA-1971
aluminum structures
Steel:
Specification for the design, fabrication, and erection of AISC-1973

structured steel for buildings with supplements 1, 2, and 3
(junior beams meeting ASTM A36 are acceptable if designed to
meet the loadings and performance requirements of this
standard)
Specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural AISI-1968
members with supplement 1
Specification for the design of light-gage cold-formed AISI-1972
stainless steel structural members
Standard specifications for open web steel joints, J-and H- AISC and SJI
Series
Criteria for structural applications of steel cables for AISI-1973 (continued)