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(continued)
(2) Dischargers who submit information described in subsection (a)(1) of this section to DTSC pursuant to Sections 66264.112 (for fully-permitted Units) or 66265.112 (for interim status Units) of Title 22 of this code need not submit this information to the regional board as a separate submittal. A copy of all information described in subsection (a)(1) of this section submitted to DTSC shall also be submitted to the regional board.
(3) Dischargers shall submit detailed plans and equipment specifications for compliance with the ground water and unsaturated zone monitoring requirements of Article 5 of this chapter. Dischargers shall provide a technical report which includes rationale for the spatial distribution of ground water and unsaturated zone monitoring facilities, for the design of monitoring points, and for the selection of other monitoring equipment. This report shall be accompanied by:
(A) a map showing the locations of proposed monitoring facilities; and
(B) drawings and data showing construction details of proposed monitoring facilities. These data shall include:
1. casing and test hole diameter;
2. casing materials (PVC, stainless steel, etc.);
3. depth of each test hole;
4. size and position of perforations;
5. method of joining sections of casing;
6. nature of filter material;
7. depth and composition of seals; and
8. method and length of time of development; and
(C) specifications, drawings, and data for location and installation of unsaturated zone monitoring equipment.

(4) Dischargers shall submit proposed construction and inspection procedures to the regional board for approval.
(b) Operation Plans
(1) Dischargers shall submit operation plans describing the waste management unit operation which shall include:
(A) a description of proposed treatment, storage, and disposal methods;
(B) contingency plans for the failure or breakdown of waste handling facilities or containment systems, including notice of any such failure, or any detection of waste or leachate in monitoring facilities, to the regional board, local governments, and water users downgradient of waste management units; and
(C) description of inspection and maintenance programs which will be undertaken regularly during disposal operations and the post-closure maintenance period.


Note: Authority cited: Section 1058, Water Code. Reference: Section 13360, Water Code.





s 2597. Closure and Post-Closure Maintenance Plan.
(a) The following information shall be included in the closure and post-closure maintenance plans:
(1) Projected schedule for partial and final closure.
(2) Description of proposed final treatment procedures which may be used for the wastes in each waste management unit, including methods for total removal and decontamination, if applicable. If alternative treatment or disposal procedures are under consideration for particular units or for the entire facility, a description of the alternatives is required.
(3) A topographic map, at appropriate scale, contour interval, and detail showing the boundaries of the unit or facility to be closed and projected final contours and any changes in natural surface drainage patterns.
(4) A description of the design and the location of all features and systems which will provide waste containment during the post-closure maintenance period to the extent that such features and systems differ from those described under Section 2596 of this article.
(5) A description of the precipitation and drainage control features at closed units, to the extent that such features differ from those described under Section 2596 of this article.
(6) A description of the leachate control features and procedures at closed units, to the extent that such features and procedures described under Section 2596 of this article.
(7) A map and discussion of ground water and unsaturated zone monitoring programs for the post-closure maintenance period, including location, construction details, and rationale of all monitoring facilities; to the extent that such systems differ from those described under Section 2596 of this article.
(8) An evaluation of anticipated settlement due to decomposition and compaction of wastes and subsidence of underlying natural geologic materials.
(9) A description of the nature of the final cover, including its physical characteristics, permeability, thickness, slopes, elasticity (shrink and swell), and erodability, including design details of all proposed landscaping, drainage and irrigation facilities, and other features to be placed over the final cover.
(10) The post-closure land use of the disposal site and the surrounding area.
(11) Estimates of costs for closure and post-closure maintenance for the anticipated post-closure maintenance period.
(b) If the waste management unit is to be used for purposes other than nonirrigated open space during the post-closure maintenance period, the discharger shall submit a map showing all proposed structures, landscaping, and related features to be installed and maintained over the final landfill cover. This map shall be at a scale of 1" = 100' and shall be accompanied by:
(1) a description and quantification of water entering, leaving, and remaining on-site from all sources to determine potential adverse impacts due to the proposed use, and corresponding mitigative design features that will ensure the physical and hydraulic integrity of the final cover; and
(2) detailed design plans and description(s) of the monitoring system(s) that will effectively detect penetration of the final cover by precipitation or applied irrigation waters.
(c) dischargers who submit information described in subsection (a) of this section to DTSC pursuant to Sections 66264.112 (for fully-permitted Units) or 66265.112 (for interim status Units) of Title 22 of this code need not submit this information to the regional board as a separate submittal. A copy of all information described in subsection (a) of this section submitted to DTSC shall also be submitted to the regional board.
(d) the regional board shall approve the water quality aspects of closure and post-closure maintenance plans for Class I waste management units.


Note: Authority cited: Section 1058, Water Code. Reference: Section 13360, Water Code.




s 2600. Statutory Definitions.
Except as otherwise indicated in this article, definitions of terms used in this chapter shall be those set forth in Division 7 (commencing with Section 13000) of the Water Code, or Chapter 6.5 of Division 20 of the Health and Safety Code (commencing with Section 25100).





s 2601. Technical Definitions.
"Active life" means the period during which wastes are being discharged to a waste management unit. The active life continues until final closure of the waste management unit has been initiated pursuant to Article 8 of this chapter. For surface impoundments, the active life includes any time when the impoundment contains liquid fluid, including waste and leachate.
"Affected medium" means any medium (e.g., ground water, surface water, or the unsaturated zone) that has been affected by a release from a waste management unit.
"Aquifer" means a geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation capable of yielding a significant amount of ground water to wells or springs.
"Attitude" means the orientation in space of a geologic structural feature or structural element position of a geologic bed, stratum, fracture, or surface relative to the horizontal.
"Background" means the concentrations or measures of constituents or indicator parameters in water or soil that has not been affected by waste constituents, or leachate from a the waste management unit being monitored.
"Background monitoring point" means a well, device, or location specified in the waste discharge requirements at which monitoring for background water quality or background soil quality is conducted.
"Background plot" means an area adjacent to a waste management unit used for land treatment that can reasonably be expected to have the same, or similar soil conditions as were present at the waste management unit prior to discharges of waste.
"Best management practices" means a practice, or combination of practices, that is the most effective and feasible means of controlling pollution generated by nonpoint sources for the attainment of water quality objectives.
"Capillary forces" means the adhesive force between liquids and solids which, in the case of ground water hydrology, causes soil-pore liquid to move in response to differences in matric potential. This effect causes water to rise from a saturated zone into the unsaturated zone, thereby creating a capillary fringe forces that cause ground water to rise above the surface of the saturated zone into the spaces between soil particles in the unsaturated zone.
"Classified waste management unit" means a waste management unit that has been classified by a regional board according to the provisions of Article 3 of this chapter.
"Closure" means termination of waste discharges at a waste management unit and operations necessary to prepare the closed unit for post-closure maintenance. Closure may be undertaken incrementally.
"Coefficient of variation" means the standard deviation divided by the mean. It is a statistical measure of the dispersion of individual samples relative to the mean value of the samples.
"Concentration limit" means the value for a constituent specified in the water quality protection standard including, but not limited to, values for concentration, temperature, pH, conductivity, and resistivity.
"Confined animal facility" means any place where cattle, calves, sheep, swine, horses, mules, goats, fowl, or other domestic animals are corralled, penned, tethered, or otherwise enclosed or held and where feeding is by means other than grazing.
"Constituent" means an element or compound which occurs in or is likely to be derived from waste discharged to the waste management unit or a component of waste which is detectable.
"Constituents of concern" means any waste constituents, reaction products, and hazardous constituents that are reasonably expected to be in or derived from waste contained in a waste management unit.
"Containment" means the use of waste management unit characteristics or installed systems and structures to prevent or restrict the release of waste constituents or leachate.
"Containment feature" means any feature, whether natural or artificial, used to contain waste constituents or leachate.
"Containment structure" means an artificial feature installed to contain waste constituents or leachate.
"Contaminated materials" means materials that contain waste constituents, or leachate.
"Control chart" means a graphical method for evaluating whether a process is or is not in a state of statistical control.
"Cover" means a membrane or earthen layer placed over the closed portion of a waste management unit.
"Cross-contamination" means a condition created when a drill hole, boring, or improperly-constructed well forms a pathway for fluid movement between a saturated zone which contains pollutants and a formerly separated saturated zone containing uncontaminated ground water.
"Cutoff wall" means a subsurface barrier to lateral fluid movement which extends from in-place natural geologic materials with the required permeability to ground surface.
"Decomposable waste" means waste which, under suitable natural conditions, can be transformed through biological and chemical processes into compounds which do not impair the quality of waters of the state. Incomplete decomposition, may result in some water quality degradation (e.g., hardness, taste, odor, etc.).
"Dedicated" means a waste management unit which is used exclusively for discharges of particular wastes.
"Dendritic" means a subdrain system that is arranged in a branching pattern.
"Dewatered sludge" means residual semi-solid waste from which free liquid has been evaporated, or otherwise removed.
"Discharger" means any person who discharges waste which could affect the quality of waters of the state, and includes any person who owns a waste management unit or who is responsible for the operation of a waste management unit. When referring to dischargers of hazardous waste, the terms "discharge" and "waste" in this definition have the same meaning as they would have under the definitions for these terms provided in section 66260.10 of Chapter 11 of Division 4.5 of Title 22, CCR, effective July 1, 1991.
"DTSC" means Department of Toxic Substances Control.
"Electrical conductivity" means the relative ability of water to conduct electrical current. It depends on the ion concentration of and can be used to approximate the total filterable residue (total dissolved solids) in the water.
"Excess exposure" means that, for an organism exposed to a release from a waste management unit, the combined effect of all hazardous constituents in the organism's environment is such that the organism will suffer some measureable adverse effect on health or reproductive success, which is partly or wholely attributable to the release.
"External hydrogeologic forces" means seasonal and other fluctuations in ground water levels, and any other hydraulic condition which could cause a change in the hydraulic stress on a containment structure.
"Facility" - See "Waste Management Facility."
"Facility wastewater" means all wastewater, from whatever source, produced at a confined animal facility.
"Floodplain" means the land area which is subject to flooding in any year from any source.
"Freeboard" means the vertical distance between the lowest point along the top of a surface impoundment dike, berm, levee, or other similar feature and the surface of the liquid contained therein.
"Free liquid" means liquid which readily separates from the solid portions of waste under ambient temperature and pressure. Free liquids are not present when a 100 milliliter representative sample of the waste can be completely retained in a standard 400 micron conical paint filter for 5 minutes without loss of any portion of the waste from the bottom of the filter (or an equivalent test approved by DTSC).
"Geologic materials" means in-place naturally occurring surface and subsurface rock and soil.
"Ground acceleration" means acceleration of earth particles caused by an earthquake.
"Ground rupture" means disruption of the ground surface due to an earthquake any structural disruption of the ground surface due to natural or man-made forces; e.g., faulting, landslides, subsidence.
"Ground water" means (for the purpose of this chapter) water below the land surface that is at or above atmospheric pressure.
"Grout curtain" means a subsurface barrier to fluid movement, installed by injecting grout mixtures (such as cement, silicates, synthetic resins, etc.) to fill and seal fractures in rock.
"Hazardous constituent" means a constituent identified in Appendix VIII to Chapter 11 of Division 4.5 of Title 22, CCR, or an element, chemical compound, or mixture of compounds which is a component of a waste or leachate and which has a physical or chemical property that causes the waste or leachate to be identified as a hazardous waste by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control.
"Hazardous waste" means any waste which, under Article 1, Chapter 11, Division 4.5 (s66261.3 et seq.) of Title 22 of this code, is required to be managed according to Division 4.5 of Title 22 of this code.
"Head" or "hydraulic head" means the pressure exerted by fluid on a given area. It is caused by the height of the fluid surface above the area.
"Holocene fault" means a fault which is or has been active during the last 11,000 years.
"Inactive mining waste management unit" means any area containing mining wastes which is located at a present or former mining or milling site, and where all mining operations and discharges of mining waste ended and have not been resumed for 5 years, or more.
"Independent sample" means an individual sample of a monitored medium, obtained from a given monitoring point, that:
(1) does not contain a parcel of the medium that has been previously sampled at that monitoring point sufficient to cause a measurable effect in the analytical results; and
(2) has not been otherwise affected differently than any other individual sample or group of samples with which it will be compared.
In applying No. 1 above to ground water monitoring, the parcel of water of interest is the parcel of water that was in the well bore at the time of any previous sampling event.
"Indicator parameters" means measurable physical or chemical characteristics of water or soil-pore moisture which are used to detect the presence of waste constituents in water or soil-pore moisture, or the effects of waste constituents on waters of the state.
"Interim cover" means any cover other than the final cover. It includes daily cover and intermediate cover as defined in Title 14 of this code.
"Landfill" means a waste management unit at which waste is discharged in or on land for disposal. It does not include surface impoundment, or waste pile, land treatment, or soil amendments.
"Land treatment unit" or "land treatment facility" means a waste management unit at which liquid and solid waste is discharged to, or incorporated into, soil for degradation, transformation, or immobilization within the treatment zone. Such units are disposal units if the waste will remain after closure.
"Leachate" means any liquid fluid, formed by the drainage of liquids from waste or by the percolation or flow of liquid through waste. It includes any constituents extracted from the waste and dissolved or suspended in the fluid.
"Liner" means a continuous layer of natural or artificial material or a continuous membrane of artificial material installed beneath or on the sides of a waste management unit, which acts as a barrier to vertical or lateral fluid movement.
"Liquid waste" means any waste materials which are not spadable.
"Manure" means the accumulated moist animal excrement that does not undergo decomposition or drying as would occur on open grazing land or natural habitat. This definition shall include feces and urine which may be mixed with bedding materials, spilled feed, or soil.
"Maximum credible earthquake" means the maximum earthquake that appears capable of occurring under the presently known geologic framework. In determining the maximum credible earthquake, little regard is given to its probability of occurrence except that its likelihood of occurring is great enough to be of concern.
"Maximum probable earthquake" means the maximum earthquake that is likely to occur during a 100-year interval.
"Mining waste" means all waste materials (solid, semi-solid, and liquid) from the mining and processing of ores and minerals including soil, waste rock, and other forms of overburden as well as tailings, slag, and other processed mining wastes.
"Moisture-holding capacity" means the amount of liquid which can be held against gravity by waste materials without generating free liquid.
"Monitoring parameter" means one of the set of parameters specified in the waste discharge requirements for which monitoring is conducted. Monitoring parameters shall include physical parameters, waste constituents, reaction products, and hazardous constituents, that provide a reliable indication of a release from a waste management unit.
"Monitoring point" means a well, device, or location specified in the waste discharge requirements at which monitoring is conducted and at which the water quality protection standard applies.
"Operating" means waste management units which are currently receiving wastes. It includes temporarily idle units containing wastes and at which discharges of waste may resume.
"Peak stream flow" means the maximum expected flow of surface water at a waste management facility from a tributary watershed for a given recurrence interval.
"Perched ground water" means a body of unconfined ground water separated from the zone of saturation by a portion of the unsaturated zone. Such perched water may be either permanent or ephemeral.
"Permeability" means the ability of natural and artificial materials to transmit fluid.
"Physical parameter" means any measurable physical characteristic of a substance including, but not limited to, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and specific gravity.
"Point of compliance" means a vertical surface located at the hydraulically downgradient limit of a waste management unit that extends through the uppermost aquifer underlying the unit.
"Post-closure maintenance" means all activities undertaken at a closed waste management unit to maintain the integrity of containment features and to monitor compliance with applicable performance standards.
"Post-closure maintenance period" means the period after closure during which the waste could have an adverse effect on the quality of the waters of the state.
"Probable maximum precipitation" means the estimated amount of precipitation for a given duration, drainage area, and time of year, which approaches and approximates the maximum that is physically possible within the limits of contemporary hydrometeorological knowledge and techniques. These is virtually no risk of its being exceeded.
"P-value" means the smallest significance level for which the null hypothesis would be rejected, based on the data that was actually observed.
"Rapid geologic change" means alteration of the ground surface through such actions as landslides, subsidence, liquefaction, and faulting.
"R Chart (range chart)" means a control chart for evaluating the variability within a process in terms of the subgroup range R.
"Reconstruction" means modification to an existing waste management unit which entails costs amounting to 50 percent or more of the initial cost of the unit.
"Relative compaction" means the degree of compaction achieved, as a percentage of the laboratory compaction, in accordance with accepted civil engineering practices.
"Runoff" means any precipitation, leachate, or other liquid that drains from any part of a waste management unit.
"Runon" means any precipitation, leachate, or other liquid that drains onto any part of a waste management unit.
"Saturated zone" means an underground zone in which all openings in and between natural geologic materials are filled with water.
"Semi-solid waste" means waste containing less than 50 percent solids.
"Sensitive biological receptor of concern" means a member of any species of organism whose members are likely to be exposed to a release from a waste management unit and experience some measurable adverse effect as a result of that exposure.
"Slope failure" means downward and outward movement of ground slopes (e.g., natural rock, soil, artificial fills, or continuations of these materials).
"Sludge" means residual solids and semi-solids from the treatment of water, wastewater, and other liquids. It does not include liquid effluent discharged from such treatment processes.
"Soil-pore liquid" means the liquid contained in openings between particles of soil in the unsaturated zone.
"Sorbent" means a substance which takes up and holds a liquid either by absorption or adsorption.
"Statistically significant" means that the measured difference between a sample value (e.g., monitoring samples) and background values (or values set as water quality objectives, etc.) is greater than the difference that could be measured between various samples from substances known to have the same characteristics a statistical test has a p-value that is small enough for the null hypothesis to be rejected.
"Storage" means the holding of waste for a temporary period, at the end of which, the waste is either treated or is discharged elsewhere.
"Storm" means the maximum precipitation for a given duration that is expected during the given recurrence interval.
"Surface impoundment" means a waste management unit which is a natural topographic depression, excavation, or diked area, and which is designed to contain liquid wastes or wastes containing free liquids, and which is not an injection well.
"Tailings pond" means an excavated or diked area and which is intended to contain liquid and solid wastes from mining and milling operations.
"Transmissivity" means the rate at which water of the prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of the aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient rate at which fluid will pass through a given area of the saturated zone.
"Treatment" means any method, technique, or process designed to change the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of waste so as to render it less harmful to the quality of the waters of the state, safer to handle, easier to contain or manage, including use as fuel, nutrient, or soil amendment.
"Treatment zone" means a soil area of the unsaturated zone of a land treatment unit within which constituents of concern are degraded, transformed, or immobilized.
"Underlying ground water," for the purposes of waste management unit siting criteria, includes water which rises above the saturated zone of saturation due to capillary forces.
"Unified Soil Classification System" means one of the several generally accepted methods for soil identification and classification for construction purposes presented in Geotechnical Branch Training Manuals No. 4, 5, and 6, published by the United States Bureau of Reclamation in January of 1986, which is hereby incorporated by reference (available from Bureau of Reclamation, Engineering and Research Center, Attention: Code D-7923-A, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, Colorado 80225).
"Unsaturated zone" means the underground zone in which not all openings in and between natural geologic material are filled with water. The zone may contain water and other liquids held by capillary forces, or percolating liquids between the ground surface and the regional water table or, in cases where the uppermost aquifer is confined, the zone between the ground surface and the top of the saturated portion of the confining layer.
"Uppermost aquifer" means the geologic formation nearest the natural ground surface that is an aquifer, as well as lower aquifers that are hydraulically interconnected with this aquifer.
"Waste constituent" means a constituent that is reasonably expected to be in or derived from waste contained in a waste management unit.
"Waste management facility" or "facility" means the entire parcel of property at which waste discharge operations are conducted. Such a facility may include one or more waste management units.
"Waste management unit" means an area of land, or a portion of a waste management facility, at which waste is discharged. The term includes containment features and ancillary features for precipitation and drainage control and monitoring.
"Waste pile" means a waste management unit at which only noncontainerized, bulk, dry solid waste is discharged and piled on the land surface.
"X Bar chart" means a control chart for evaluating the process level or subgroup differences in terms of the subgroup average.
"Zone of saturation" means the subsurface zone extending downward from the base of the unsaturated zone in which the interstices are filled with water under pressure that is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure. Although the zone may contain gas-filled interstices or interstices filled with fluids other than water, it is still considered saturated.


Note: Authority cited: Section 1058, Water Code, Reference: Section 13172, Water Code.




Appendix I.
Step-By-Step Guide to Clay Liner-Leachate Compatibility Testing [FN1]

[FN1] Presented by David Anderson and Gordon Evans of K. W. Brown and Associates as part of the Soil Liners workshop, Permit Writers Training Program, conducted by EPA in San Francisco, California, November 14-17, 1983.
There is currently no standard scheme for evaluating clay liner-leachate compatibility. Following is a suggested step-by-step method for evaluating compatibility.
Step 1: Obtain Representative Waste Samples
Guidance
The first step in analyzing waste-liner compatibility is to obtain a representative sample of the waste to be stored. If any liquids are present in the waste, make sure that the liquids do not drain out of the waste. The sample must contain these liquids to adequately indicate waste liner compatibility.
Method
Several methods for obtaining samples of hazardous wastes are discussed in Section One of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (EPA, 1982b). Data supplied on the wastes should include the following:
a. EPA Hazardous Waste Numbers (D, F, and K numbers)
_________________ ___________________ __________________
_________________ ___________________ __________________
_________________ ___________________ __________________
b. Physical Class of Waste (aqueous-inorganic; aqueous-organic; organic, or solid, sludge, or slurry) Aqueous-inorganic (AI) and aqueous-organic (AO) are classes of waste in which water is the solvent (predominant liquid), and the solutes are mostly inorganic and organic, respectively. Organic (O) is the class of waste in which the predominant liquids are organic, and the solutes are mostly other organic chemicals dissolved in the organic solvent. Solids, sludges, and slurries (S) are wastes high in solids such as tailings, settled matter, or filter cakes.
c. Waste Stream Description (describe the production and waste treatment processes from which the waste stream is generated)
d. ______ Percent Solids (wet weight basis) (determine by drying waste at 10 degrees C for 24 hours)
Step 2: Extract Primary Leachate
Guidance
The primary leachate is the liquid that can be extracted from the waste. It is collected and used to evaluate liner compatibility with liquids present in a waste. If there is more than one distinct immiscible phase in the primary leachate, collect enough of each phase (approximately 5 liters per primary leachate phase) to perform the compatibility testing with each phase.
Method
The primary leachate is extracted from the waste by vacuum filtration at 25 degrees C and should be measured as a percentage of the total waste on a wet weight basis. Attach a large capacity porcelain buchner funnel to a large capacity sidearm flask. Place a rapid flow rate, glass fiber filter circle in the buchner funnel. Wet the filter with a few drops of water, and load the buchner funnel with fresh waste. Connect the flask to an aspirator pump and apply a vacuum to the waste for five minutes or until most of the liquids are removed from the waste. Remove the solids from the buchner funnel, place a clean filter circle in the funnel, wet the filter as before, and reload the funnel with fresh waste. Repeat the above process until sufficient primary leachate has been collected for testing (approximately five liters). If no liquids are extractable from the waste, proceed with step three.
Step 3: Extract Secondary Leachate
Guidance
The secondary leachate is an aqueous extract of the waste. It is collected and used to evaluate liner compatibility with leachate generated by water percolating through the waste.
Method
The secondary leachate is collected by thoroughly mixing the waste with just enough water to obtain the consistency of a saturated paste. (A saturated paste should be thick enough so that the waste barely flows together into a hole made in the paste with a spatula). Filtrate collected from vacuum filtration of the saturated paste is the secondary leachate to be used in the liner-leachate compatibility tests.
Secondary leachate can be extracted from the saturated paste in the same manner in which primary leachate is removed from liquid-bearing wastes. Enough saturated paste should be subjected to vacuum filtration to collect approximately five liters of secondary leachate. Do not reuse waste samples for the collection of additional leachate, as this would result in an excessively diluted leachate.
Step 4: Analyze Primary Leachate
Guidance
If the waste contained a primary leachate, it should be analyzed to establish the type and concentration of the organic liquids present. Some primary leachate may contain two distinct immiscible phases. It is advisable to analyze each phase separately. Subsequent routine analysis should be performed to assure that leachate composition has not changed in a way that would affect liner performance. While the initial analysis should be definitive with regard to the liquids and solutes present in the leachate, the routine analysis need only confirm that leachate composition has not appreciably changed.
Method
Permit applicants may be able to find analyses of similar wastes in company files, state regulatory agency files, or in the analyses of wastes compiled by EPA (EPA, 1980a; EPA, 1980b). It should be noted, however, that it is leachate analyses that will ultimately be needed for use in characterizing liner-leachate compatibility. The following information on the primary leachate should be collected.
a. ______ percent Filtrate (wet weight basis) that would be removed from waste by vacuum filtration (at 25 degrees C)
b. Predominant liquid constituents as a percentage of total primary leachate (filtrate) (indicate to 0.1 percent)
__________ percent Water ___________________________________
__________ percent _________________________________________
__________ percent _________________________________________
__________ percent _________________________________________
__________ percent _________________________________________
c. Predominant solutes as gL<>-1 of total primary leachate (indicate to 0.1 gL<>-1)
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
A two-step method can be used to analyze primary leachate. First, fractional distillation can be used to separate and quantify the liquids according to the temperature at which each fraction is removed from the bulk liquid. The mass of each fraction as a percent of the total primary leachate can then be determined gravimetrically. Secondly, each fraction obtained can be identified by gas chromatography and, if necessary, confirmed by mass spectrometry.
These methods are discussed in Section Eight of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (EPA, 1982b). After these initial detailed analyses, subsequent routine analyses may be limited to the first step of the method.
Primary Leachate pH = __________

Primary Leachate EC = __________
The pH of the primary leachate can be determined electrometrically using a saturated paste and a glass electrode in combination with a reference potential or a combination electrode. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the primary leachate is determined by using a saturated paste extract and a self-contained conductivity meter, such as a wheatstone bridge-type or equivalent.
Step 5: Analyze Secondary Leachate
Guidance
The secondary leachate is an aqueous-based liquid and may have the following types of solutes: acids, bases, salts, and organic chemicals. This leachate must be analyzed to determine the concentration of the solutes.
Method
The following information is needed to characterize secondary leachate. Some of the information may be collected by methods that are similar to those used for the primary leachate.
a. ______ percent Filtrate (wet weight basis) that could be removed from the waste made into a saturated paste by addition of distilled water.
b. Predominant solutes as gL<>-1 of total primary leachate (indicate to 0.1 gL<>-1)
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
__________ gL<>-1__________________________________________
c.Secondary Leachate pH = __________
Secondary Leachate EC = __________
The types and concentration of the solutes present in the leachate can be determined as follows:
Salts may be initially characterized by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and electrical conductivity. The method for measuring EC is discussed above and the methods for atomic absorption spectrophotometry for various inorganics are found in Section Seven of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (EPA, 1982b). Subsequent routine analysis may usually be limited to EC unless this measurement indicates the leachate is significantly different from that originally analyzed.
Acids and Bases may be satisfactorily characterized by measuring the pH of the leachate using a standard pH meter and electrodes, as described for the primary leachate.
Organic Solutes can be quantified by determining the total organic carbon in the leachate by converting organic carbon in the sample to carbon dioxide (CO 2) by catalytic combustion or wet chemical oxidation. The CO 2 formed can be measured directly by an infrared detector or converted to methane (CH 4) and measured by a flame ionization detector (EPA, 1979). The amount of CO 2 or CH 4 is directly proportional to the concentration of carbonaceous material in the sample. If low molecular weight organics are present in the leachate at concentrations of parts per thousand or greater, it may be advisable to use the fractionation and analysis technique described above for the primary leachate. For more dilute solutions, it may be necessary to extract the organic constituents and analyze them by liquid chromatograpy and gas chromatography. These are discussed in Section Eight of Test Methods for Solid Waste (EPA, 1982b).
Step 6: Characterize the Clay Liner Guidance
Characterization should include the determination of effective pore volume and permeability of the clay liner.
Method
Characterization of a clay liner will not, in itself, reveal if a liner has all the appropriate properties to prevent failure. This characterization can, however, establish the baseline permeability and effective pore volume values with a standard aqueous leachate (0.01 N CaSO 4) and nonattenuated ion (bromide), respectively. These baseline values can be compared with the values obtained with the leachates of a waste. Suitable methods for analyzing soil physical properties are available in the latest edition of ASTM Standards (part 19: Natural Building Stones; Soil and Rock), in Black (1965), or in most soil testing manuals. Determination of bromide breakthrough can be accomplished by using a bromide selective electrode to analyze permeameter outflow. The following information should be determined for the clay liner.
a. Particle size distribution and clay minerology
1. ________percent Sand (>50 m m, dry wt. basis)
2. ________percent Silt (50-2.0 m m, dry wt. basis)
3. ________percent Clay (<2.0 m m dry wt. basis)
4. ________percent of Clay that is coarse (2.0-0.2 m m, dry wt. basis)
5. Predominant coarse Clay minerals
________percent _______________________________________________

________percent _______________________________________________
________percent _______________________________________________
6. ________percent of Clay that is fine (0.2 m m, dry wt. basis)
7. Predominant fine Clay minerals
________percent _______________________________________________
________percent _______________________________________________
________percent _______________________________________________
b. Physical properties
1.________g cm<>-3particle density
2.________percent in-place (as compacted) water content (dry wt. basis)
3.________g cm<>3-place (as compacted) density (dry wt. basis)
4.________percent pore space (percent of total liner volume)
5. Permeability to an aqueous solution of 0.02 N CaSo 4 or CaCL 2 after percolation of:
0.5 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.0 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.5 pore volume __________ cm/sec
2.0 pore volume __________ cm/sec
6. Pore volume values for Bromide breakthrough
________percent Bromide at 0.1 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 0.2 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 0.3 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 0.4 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 0.5 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 0.6 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 0.7 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 0.8 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 0.9 pore volume
________percent Bromide at 1.0 pore volume
The permeability of the clay liner should first be evaluated using a standard leachate (such as 0.01 N CaSO 4 or CaCl 2). After the permeability has stabilized, the effective pore volume can be estimated by spiking the standard leachate with bromide and monitoring the breakthrough of bromide in the permeameter outflow. Assuming that a clay liner is presaturated with clean water, nonattenuated leachate constituents (e.g., bromide) will be present in the outflow from the permeameter after passage of leachate equal to approximately 50 percent of the volume represented by one effective pore volume.
Step 7: Determine Compatibility of the Proposed Clay Liner with the Expected Leachates
Guidance
A substantial body of data suggests that concentrated organic liquids may significantly degrade the performance of clay liners; consequently, clay liner-waste leachate compatibility tests should be conducted to verify that leachates will not move beyond the clay liner during the active life of the facility. These organic liquids include polar, nonpolar, basic, and acidic organic liquids. In all probability, organic liquids will degrade clay liner performance to an extent that these liners will have either a short lifetime or a large thickness requirement. There are also substantial data indicating that either strong aqueous salt, acidic, or basic solutions may degrade clay liner performance. It should be noted, however, that acids and bases can be neutralized, and certain treated clays may resist degradation upon exposure to many strong aqueous salt solutions.

Basic and nonpolar organic liquids have shown the potential to significantly decrease the effective pore volume of clay liners. Polar organic liquids appear to degrade clay liner permeability to a greater extent than they initially degrade effective pore volume. There is substantial evidence that a wide range of organic liquids may degrade clay liner effectiveness.
Method
The permeability and lowest pore volume at which waste constituents appear in permeameter outflow should be determined with both the primary and secondary leachates of the wastes if these solutions are appreciably different. These values should be compared with the baseline values previously determined to see if the leachates are likely to degrade the ability of a clay liner to meet the leachate containment performance standard. Whenever either organic liquids or concentrated solutes are present in leachates, it is suggested that clay liners be tested by passing at least two full pore volumes of the leachates through the liner. If the primary leachate of a waste contains two or more immiscible phases, it is advisable to test each phase separately and to test the phases sequentially on the same clay core. The leachates used in the permeability tests should be at the highest concentration at which they would ever be while in contact with the clay liner. For constant head permeability tests, the following equation may be used:
V
K = ----
AtH
where:
K = permeability constant (cm sec<>-1);
t = time (sec);
v = volume of leachate passed through the soil (cm <>3);
A = cross sectional area of liquid flow (cm <>2); and
H = hydraulic gradient or (h+L) / (L) where:

h = hydraulic head (cm of H 2 O) and
L = length of soil column (cm)
For failing head permeability tests, the following permeability equation can be used (Olson and Daniel 1981):
aL h(O)
K= ---- ln ----
At h(l)
where: K = permeability constant (cm sec <>-1)
a = cross sectional area of the buret (cm <>2)

A = cross sectional area of the soil (cm <>-2)
L = length of the soil (cm)
t = elapsed time from 5(0) to t(1)(sec)
h(0) = height of water in standpipe above the discharge level at t(0)(cm)
h(1) = height of water above the discharge level at time t(1)(cm)
This equation can be arranged as follows:
h(O) KAt
In ------ = -----

h(l) AL
Thus, the slope of the line obtained by plotting ln hydraulic head versus time may be used to determine the permeability constant:
aL
K= slope ----
A
Permeability (k) should be plotted along the Y-axis, while the cumulative pore volume at which each permeability is obtained should be plotted along the X-axis. Incremental pore volumes are obtained by dividing the volume of leachate (v) by the total pore volume of the compacted soil specimen used in the test. Total pore volume of a specimen is obtained as follows:
total pore volume = pAL
where porosity (p) is multiplied by the total volume (AL) of the soil specimen. Porosity is determined as follows:
BV
p = 1 - ----- x 100
Gs

where the bulk density, or unit weight (BD) is divided by the particle density (G s).
If elevated hydraulic gradients are to be used and there is a failure in the clay liner being tested, a rough estimate of the time to failure can be made by rearranging Darcy's law so that time is isolated as follows:
Vi
ti1 = ------
AKH1)
where: t i1 = laboratory test time increment (sec) = laboratory test time increment (sec)

H 1 = hydraulic gradient used in the laboratory (unitless)
To convert laboratory time to the corresponding time in the field, the maximum hydraulic gradient that will occur in the field (H 2) may be substituted for the value used in the laboratory (H 1) as follows:
Vi
ti2 = ----------
(AKH2)
where: t i2 = field time increment (sec) = field time increment (sec)
H 2 = maximum hydraulic gradient in the field (unitless)
The field time values obtained from the beginning of the test until waste constituents appear in the permeameter outflow should be summed together. This total time value should then be multiplied by the ratio of the field liner thickness to the laboratory liner thickness to arrive at the useful life of the clay liner as follows:
where: T = useful life of the clay liner (sec)
n = time increment where leachate constituents are first detected permeameter outflow

Y = thickness of field liner (cm)
---------------------------------
thickness of laboratory liner (cm)
a. Permeability to primary leachate (where two or more distinct immiscible primary leachates are present, test the solutions separately).
0.1 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.2 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.3 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.4 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.5 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.6 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.7 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.8 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.9 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.0 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.1 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.2 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.3 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.4 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.5 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.6 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.7 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.8 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.9 pore volume __________ cm/sec
2.0 pore volume __________ cm/sec
b. Permeability to secondary leachate
0.1 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.2 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.3 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.4 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.5 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.6 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.7 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.8 pore volume __________ cm/sec
0.9 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.0 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.1 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.2 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.3 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.4 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.5 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.6 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.7 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.8 pore volume __________ cm/sec
1.9 pore volume __________ cm/sec
2.0 pore volume __________ cm/sec
c. Pore volume values for breakthrough to two mobile waste constituents (waste constituent in eluate as percent of constituent inleachate).
1. Constituent No. 1
____percent of 0.1 pore volume ____percent at 1.1 pore volume
____percent of 0.2 pore volume ____percent at 1.2 pore volume
____percent of 0.3 pore volume ____percent at 1.3 pore volume
____percent of 0.4 pore volume ____percent at 1.4 pore volume
____percent of 0.5 pore volume ____percent at 1.5 pore volume
____percent of 0.6 pore volume ____percent at 1.6 pore volume
____percent of 0.7 pore volume ____percent at 1.7 pore volume
____percent of 0.8 pore volume ____percent at 1.8 pore volume
____percent of 0.9 pore volume ____percent at 1.9 pore volume
____percent or 1.0 pore volume ____percent at 2.0 pore volume 2.
Constituent References:
Black, C. A. (ed.) (1965). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Properties Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, Wisconsin. 770p. EPA. (1979). Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. EPA 600/4-79-020 (PB 297-686/8BE).
EPA. (1980a). Listing of Hazardous Waste. RCRA, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D. C. Section 261.20 through Section 261.21. May 19, 1980.
EPA. (1980b.) Hazardous Waste Land Treatment. Written for U.S. EPA by K. W. Brown and Associates, Inc. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio. SW-874. (continued)