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_______________________________________________________________________________
Constricted fuel filler neck
Catalyst beads (pellet-type
converter),
Ceramic support and monolith
coating (monolith-type
converter),
Converter body and internal
supports,
Catalytic Exhaust manifold
Converter/Thermal Reactor casing and lining
Reactor/exhaust Exhaust manifold and
exhaust
port liner
Manifold
Exhaust port liners,
Double walled portion of
exhaust system,
Heat riser valve and control
assembly
_______________________________________________________________________________
Miscellaneous Items Hoses, clamps, and pipers
Used in Above Systems Pulleys, belts, and
idlers
_______________________________________________________________________________
Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
Computer-coded engine
operating parameter (including
Computer Controls computer chips)
All sensors and actuators associated
with the ECU
Quality Control Inspector Final Verification All Emission-Related Parts Removed
and Destroyed
Quality Control Inspector Signature:____________________________
Date: ______________
s 2700. Applicability.
These procedures apply to in-use strategies which, through the use of sound principles of science and engineering, control emissions of particulate matter (PM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from diesel-fueled diesel engines. These strategies may include but are not limited to, diesel particulate filters, diesel oxidation catalysts, fuel additives, selective catalytic reduction systems, exhaust gas recirculation systems, and alternative diesel fuels.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39002, 39003, 39500, 39600, 39601, 39650-39675, 40000, 43000, 43000.5, 43011, 43013, 43018, 43105, 43600 and 43700, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 39650-39675, 43000, 43009.5, 43013, 43018, 43101, 43104, 43105, 43106, 43107 and 43204-43205.5, Health and Safety Code; and Title 17 California Code of Regulations Section 93000.
s 2701. Definitions.
(a) The definitions in Section 1900(b), Chapter 1, Title 13 of the California Code of Regulations are incorporated by reference herein. The following definitions shall govern the provisions of this chapter:
(1) "15 ppmw or less sulfur fuel" means diesel fuel with a sulfur content equal to or less than 15 parts per million by weight (ppmw).
(2) "Alternative Diesel Fuel" means any fuel used in diesel engines that is not commonly or commercially known, sold or represented as diesel fuel No. 1-D or No. 2-D, pursuant to the specifications in ASTM Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils D975-81, and does not require engine or fuel system modifications for the engine to operate, although minor modifications (e.g. recalibration of the engine fuel control) may enhance performance. Examples of alternative diesel fuels include, but are not limited to, biodiesel, Fischer Tropsch fuels, and emulsions of water in diesel fuel. Natural gas is not an alternative diesel fuel. An emission control strategy using a fuel additive will be treated as an alternative diesel fuel based strategy unless:
(A) The additive is supplied to the vehicle or engine fuel by an on-board dosing mechanism, or
(B) The additive is directly mixed into the base fuel inside the fuel tank of the vehicle or engine, or
(C) The additive and base fuel are not mixed until vehicle or engine fueling commences, and no more additive plus base fuel combination is mixed than required for a single fueling of a single engine or vehicle.
(3) "Approach Light System with Sequenced Flasher Lights in Category 1 and Category 2 Configurations" (ALSF-1 and ALSF-2) mean high intensity approach lighting systems with sequenced flashers used at airports to illuminate specified runways during category II or III weather conditions, where category II means a decision height of 100 feet and runway visual range of 1,200 feet, and category III means no decision height or decision height below 100 feet and runway visual range of 700 feet.
(4) "Applicant" means the entity that has applied for or has been granted verification under this Procedure.
(5) "Auxiliary Emission Control Device" (AECD) means any device or element of design that senses temperature, vehicle speed, engine revolutions per minute (RPM), transmission gear, manifold vacuum, or any other parameter for the purpose of activating, modulating, delaying, or deactivating the operation of the emission control system.
(6) "Average" means the arithmetic mean.
(7) "Backpressure Monitor" means a device that includes a sensor for measuring the engine backpressure upstream of a hardware-based diesel emission control system or component thereof installed in the exhaust system and an indicator to notify the operator when the backpressure exceeds specified high and in some cases low backpressure limits, as defined by the engine manufacturer or the applicant for verification of a diesel emission control strategy.
(8) "Baseline" means the test of a vehicle or engine without the diesel emission control strategy implemented.
(9) "Cold Start" means the start of an engine only after the engine oil and water temperatures are stabilized between 68 and 86 degrees F for a minimum of 15 minutes.
(10) "Diesel emission control strategy" or "Diesel emission control system" means any device, system, or strategy employed with an in-use diesel vehicle or piece of equipment that is intended to reduce emissions. Examples of diesel emission control strategies include, but are not limited to, particulate filters, diesel oxidation catalysts, selective catalytic reduction systems, fuel additives used in combination with particulate filters, alternative diesel fuels, and combinations of the above.
(11) "Diesel Emission Control Strategy Family Name." See Section 2706(g)(2).
(12) "Diesel Engine" means an internal combustion engine with operating characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical diesel combustion cycle. The primary means of controlling power output in a diesel cycle engine is by limiting the amount of fuel that is injected into the combustion chambers of the engine. A diesel cycle engine may be petroleum-fueled (i.e., diesel-fueled) or alternate-fueled.
(13) "Durability" means the ability of the applicant's diesel emission control strategy to maintain a level of emissions below the baseline and maintain its physical integrity over some period of time or distance determined by the Executive Officer pursuant to these regulations. The minimum durability testing periods contained herein are not necessarily meant to represent the entire useful life of the diesel emission control strategy in actual service.
(14) "Emergency Standy Engine" means a diesel engine operated solely for emergency use, except as otherwise provided in airborne toxic control measures adopted by the ARB.
(15) "Emergency Use" means using a diesel engine to provide electrical power or mechanical work during any of the following events and subject to the following conditions:
(A) The failure or loss of all or part of normal electrical power service or normal natural gas supply to the facility,
(B) The failure of a facility's internal power distribution system,
(C) The pumping of flood water or sewage to prevent or mitigate a flood or sewage overflow,
(D) The pumping of water for fire suppression or protection,
(E) The powering of ALSF-1 and ALSF-2 airport runway lights under category II or III weather conditions,
(F) Other conditions as specified in airborne toxic control measures adopted by the ARB.
(16) "Emission control group" means a set of diesel engines and applications determined by parameters that affect the performance of a particular diesel emission control strategy. The exact parameters depend on the nature of the diesel emission control strategy and may include, but are not limited to, certification levels of engine emissions, combustion cycle, displacement, aspiration, horsepower rating, duty cycle, exhaust temperature profile, and fuel composition. Verification of a diesel emission control strategy and the extension of existing verifications are done on the basis of emission control groups.
(17) "Executive Officer" means the Executive Officer of the Air Resources Board or the Executive Officer's designee.
(18) "Executive Order" means the document signed by the Executive Officer that specifies the verification level of a diesel emission control strategy for an emission control group and includes any enforceable conditions and requirements necessary to support the designated verification.
(19) "Fuel Additive" means any substance designed to be added to fuel or fuel systems or other engine-related systems such that it is present in-cylinder during combustion and has any of the following effects: decreased emissions, improved fuel economy, increased performance of the entire vehicle or one of its component parts, or any combination thereof; or assists diesel emission control strategies in decreasing emissions, or improving fuel economy or increasing performance of a vehicle or component part, or any combination thereof. Fuel additives used in conjunction with diesel fuel may be treated as an alternative diesel fuel. See Section 2701 (a)(2).
(20) "Hot Start" means the start of an engine within four hours after the engine is last turned off. The first hot start test run should be initiated 20 minutes after the cold start for Federal Test Procedure testing following Section 86.1327-90 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86.
(21) "Portable Engine" means an engine designed and capable of being carried or moved from one location to another, except as defined in section 2701(a)(24). Engines used to propel mobile equipment of a motor vehicle of any kind are not portable. Indicators of portability include, but are not limited to, wheels, skids, carrying handles, dolly, trailer, or platform. A portable engine cannot remain at the same facility location for more than 12 consecutive rolling months or 365 rolling days, whichever occurs first, not including time spent in a storage facility. If it does remain at the facility for more than 12 months, it is considered to be a stationary engine. The definitions in Title 13 California Code of Regulations section 2452(g) and section 2452(x) are incorporated by reference herein.
(22) "Regeneration", in the context of diesel particulate filters, means the periodic or continuous combustion of collected particulate matter that is trapped in a particulate filter through an active or passive mechanism. Active regeneration requires a source of heat other than the exhaust itself to regenerate the particulate filter. Examples of active regeneration strategies include, but are not limited to, the use of fuel burners and electrical heaters. Passive regeneration does not require a source of heat for regeneration other than the exhaust stream itself. Examples of passive regeneration strategies include, but are not limited to, the use of fuel additives and the catalyst-coated particulate filter. In the context of NOx reduction strategies, "regeneration" means the desorption and reduction of NOx from NOx adsorbers (or NOx traps) during rich operation conditions.
(23) "Revoke" means to cancel the verification status of a diesel emission control strategy. If a diesel emission control strategy's verification status is revoked by the Executive Officer, the applicant must immediately cease and desist selling the diesel emission control strategy to end-users.
(24) "Stationary Engine" means an engine that is designed to stay in one location, or remains in one location. An engine is stationary if any of the following are true:
(A) The engine or its replacement is attached to a foundation, or if not so attached, will reside at the same location for more than 12 consecutive months. Any engine that replaces engine(s) at a location, and is intended to perform the same or similar function as the engine(s) being replaced, will be included in calculating the consecutive time period. In that case, the cumulative time of all engine(s), including the time between the removal of the original engine(s) and installation of the replacement engine(s), will be counted toward the consecutive time period; or
(B) The engine remains or will reside at a location for less than 12 consecutive months if the engine is located at a seasonal source and operates during the full annual operating period of the seasonal source, where a seasonal source is a stationary source that remains in a single location on a permanent basis (at least two years) and that operates at that single location at least three months each year; or
(C) The engine is moved from one location to another in an attempt to circumvent the residence time requirements [Note: The period during which the engine is maintained at a storage facility shall be excluded from the residency time determination.] The definitions in Title 13 California Code of Regulations section 2452(g) and section 2452(x) are incorporated by reference herein.
(25) "Verification" means a determination by the Executive Officer that a diesel emission control strategy meets the requirements of this Procedure. This determination is based on both data submitted or otherwise known to the Executive Officer and engineering judgement.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39002, 39003, 39500, 39600, 39601, 39650-39675, 40000, 43000, 43000.5, 43011, 43013, 43018, 43105, 43600 and 43700, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 39650-39675, 43000, 43009.5, 43013, 43018, 43101, 43104, 43105, 43106, 43107 and 43204-43205.5, Health and Safety Code; and Title 17 California Code of Regulations Section 93000.
s 2702. Application Process.
(a) Overview. Before submitting a formal application for the verification of a diesel emission control strategy for use with an emission control group, the applicant must submit a proposed verification testing protocol (pursuant to Section 2702(b)) at the Executive Officer's discretion. To obtain verification, the applicant must conduct emission reduction testing (pursuant to Section 2703), durability testing (pursuant to Section 2704), a field demonstration (pursuant to Section 2705), and submit the results along with comments and other information (pursuant to Sections 2706 and 2707) in an application to the Executive Officer, in the format shown in Section 2702(d). If the Executive Officer grants verification of a diesel emission control strategy, it will issue an Executive Order to the applicant identifying the verified emission reduction and any conditions that must be met for the diesel emission control strategy to function properly. After the Executive Officer grants verification of a diesel emission control strategy, the applicant must provide a warranty, conduct in-use compliance testing of the strategy after having sold or leased a specified number of units, and report the results to the Executive Officer (pursuant to Section 2709). A diesel emission control strategy that employs two or more individual systems or components must be tested and submitted for evaluation as one system. Applicants seeking verification of an alternative diesel fuel must follow the procedure described in Section 2710.
(b) Proposed Verification Testing Protocol. Before formally submitting an application for the initial verification of a diesel emission control strategy, the applicant must submit a proposed verification testing protocol at the Executive Officer's discretion. The Executive Officer shall use the information in the proposed protocol to help determine whether the strategy relies on sound principles of science and engineering to control emissions, the need for additional analyses, and the appropriateness of allowing alternatives to the prescribed requirements. The protocol should include the following information:
(1) Identification of the contact persons, phone numbers, names and addresses of the responsible party proposing to submit an application.
(2) Description of the diesel emission control strategy's principles of operation. A schematic depicting operation should be included as appropriate. It is the responsibility of the applicant to demonstrate that its product relies on sound principles of science and engineering to achieve emission reductions.
(A) If, after reviewing the proposed protocol, the Executive Officer determines that the applicant has not made a satisfactory demonstration that its product (diesel emission control strategy) relies on sound principles of science and engineering to achieve emission reductions, the Executive Officer shall notify the applicant of the determination in writing. The applicant may choose to withdraw from the verification process or submit additional materials and clarifications. The additional submittal must be received by the Executive Officer no later than 60 days from the date of the notification letter or the application may be suspended.
(B) If, after reviewing the additional submittal, the Executive Officer determines that the applicant has not yet made a satisfactory demonstration that its product relies on sound principles of science and engineering to achieve emission reductions, the application shall be suspended. If an application has been suspended, it may only be reactivated at the discretion of the Executive Officer.
(C) If at any time, the Executive Officer has reason to doubt the scientific or engineering soundness of a product, the Executive Officer may require the applicant to submit additional supporting materials and clarifications no later than 60 days from the date of the notification letter. If the additional submittal is not received by the Executive Officer by the deadline established in the notification letter, the application may be suspended or the existing verification may be revoked. In deciding whether to suspend an application or revoke an existing verification the Executive Officer will review submittals as provided in subsection (B) above.
(3) Preliminary parameters for defining emission control groups that are appropriate for the diesel emission control strategy. The Executive Officer will work with the applicant to determine appropriate emission control group parameters.
(4) The applicant's plan for meeting the requirements of Sections 2703-2706. Existing test data may be submitted for the Executive Officer's consideration. The protocol must focus on verification of the diesel emission control strategy for use with a single emission control group.
(5) A brief statement that the applicant agrees to provide a warranty pursuant to the requirements of section 2707.
(c) If an applicant submits a proposed verification testing protocol, the Executive Officer shall, within 30 days of its receipt, determine whether the applicant has identified an appropriate testing protocol to support an application for verification and notify the applicant in writing that it may submit an application for verification. The Executive Officer may suggest modifications to the proposed verification testing protocol to facilitate verification of the diesel emission control strategy. All applications, correspondence, and reports must be submitted to:
Chief, Heavy-Duty Diesel In-Use Strategies Branch Air Resources Board 9528 Telstar Avenue El Monte, CA 91731
(d) Application Format. The application for verification of a diesel emission control strategy must follow the format shown below. If a section asks for information that is not applicable to the diesel emission control strategy, the applicant must indicate "not applicable." If the Executive Officer concurs with the applicant's judgement that a section is not applicable, the Executive Officer may waive the requirement to provide the information requested in that section.
1. Introduction
1.1 Identification of applicant, manufacturer, and product
1.2 Identification of type of verification being sought
1.2.1 Description of emission control group selected
1.2.2 Emission reduction claim
2. Diesel Emission Control Strategy Information
2.1 General description of the diesel emission control strategy
2.1.1 Discussion of principles of operation and system design
2.1.2 Schematics depicting operation (as appropriate)
2.2 Description of regeneration method
2.2.1 Operating condition requirements for regeneration
2.2.2 Thresholds and control logic to activate regeneration
2.2.3 Description of backpressure monitor including thresholds and control logic
2.3 Favorable operating conditions
2.4 Unfavorable operating conditions and associated reductions in performance
2.5 Fuel requirements and misfueling considerations
2.6 Identification of failure modes and associated consequences
2.7 Complete discussion of potential safety issues (e.g., uncontrolled regeneration, lack of proper maintenance, unfavorable operating conditions, etc.)
2.8 Installation requirements
2.9 Maintenance requirements
3. Alternative Diesel Fuel Information
3.1 Information from Section 2710(b)
3.2 Emission control group compatibility considerations
3.3 Misfueling prevention strategies
4. Diesel Emission Control Strategy and Emission Control Group Compatibility
4.1 Compatibility with the engine
4.1.1 Discussion on calibrations and design features that may vary from engine to engine
4.1.2 Effect on overall engine performance
4.1.3 Effect on engine backpressure
4.1.4 Additional load on the engine
4.1.5 Effect on fuel consumption
4.1.6 Engine oil consumption considerations
4.2 Compatibility with the application
4.2.1 Dependence of calibration and other design features on application characteristics
4.2.2 Presentation of typical exhaust temperature profiles and other relevant field-collected data from representative applications within the emission control group
4.2.3 Comparison of field-collected application data with operating conditions suitable for the diesel emission control strategy
5. Testing Information
5.1 Emission reduction testing
5.1.1 Test facility identification
5.1.2 Description of test vehicle and engine (make, model year, engine family name, etc.)
5.1.3 Test procedure description (-pre-conditioning period, test cycle, etc.)
5.1.4 Test results and comments
5.2 Durability testing
5.2.1 Test facility identification
5.2.2 Description of field application (where applicable)
5.2.3 Description of test vehicle and engine(make, model year, engine family name, etc.)
5.2.4 Test procedure description (field or bench, test cycle, etc.)
5.2.5 Test results and comments
5.2.6 Summary of evaluative comments from third-party for in-field durability demonstration (e.g., driver or fleet operator)
5.3 Field demonstration (where applicable)
5.3.1 Field application identification
5.3.2 Description of test vehicle and engine (make, model year, engine family name, etc.)
5.3.3 Engine backpressure and exhaust temperature graphs with comments
5.3.4 Summary of evaluative comments from third-party (e.g., driver or fleet operator)
6. References
7. Appendices
A. Laboratory test report information (for all tests)
A.1 Actual laboratory test data
A.2 Plots of engine backpressure and exhaust temperature
A.3 Driving traces for chassis dynamometer tests
A.4 Quality assurance and quality control information
B. Third-party letters or questionnaires describing in-field performance
C. Diesel emission control system label
D. Owner's manual (as described in Section 2706(i))
E. Other supporting documentation
(e) Within 30 days of receipt of the application, the Executive Officer shall notify the applicant whether the application is complete.
(f) Within 60 days after an application has been deemed complete, the Executive Officer shall determine whether the diesel emission control strategy merits verification and shall classify it as shown in Table 1:
Table 1. Verification Classifications for Diesel Emission Control Strategies
Pollutant Reduction Classification
PM < 25% Not verified
> or =25% Level 1
> or =50% Level 2
> or =85% Level 3
or < or =0.01g/bhp-hr
NOx < 15% Not verified
> or =15% Verified in 5% increments
The applicant and the Executive Officer may mutually agree to a longer time period for reaching a decision, and additional supporting documentation may be submitted by the applicant before a decision has been reached. The Executive Officer shall notify the applicant of the decision in writing and specify the verification level for the diesel emission control strategy and identify any terms and conditions that are necessary to support the verification.
(g) Extensions of an Existing Verification. If the applicant has verified a diesel emission control strategy with one emission control group and wishes to extend the verification to include additional emission control groups, it may apply to do so using the original test data, additional test data, engineering justification and analysis, and any other information deemed necessary by the Executive Officer to address the differences between the emission control group already verified and the additional emission control group(s). Processing time periods follow sections (e) and (f) above.
(h) Design Modifications. If an applicant modifies the design of a diesel emission control strategy that has already been verified or is under consideration for verification by the Executive Officer, the modified version must be evaluated under this Procedure. The applicant must provide a detailed description of the design modification along with an explanation of how the modification will change the operation and performance of the diesel emission control strategy. To support its claims, the applicant must submit additional test data, engineering justification and analysis, and any other information deemed necessary by the Executive Officer to address the differences between the modified and original designs. Processing time periods follow sections (e) and (f) above.
(i) Treatment of Confidential Information. Information submitted to the Executive Officer by an applicant may be claimed as confidential, and such information shall be handled in accordance with the procedures specified in Title 17, California Code of Regulations, Sections 91000-91022. The Executive Officer may consider such confidential information in reaching a decision on a verification application.
(j) The Executive Officer may lower the verification level or revoke the verification status of a verified diesel emission control strategy family if there are errors, omissions or inaccurate information in the application for verification or supporting information.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39002, 39003, 39500, 39600, 39601, 39650-39675, 40000, 43000, 43000.5, 43011, 43013, 43018, 43105, 43600 and 43700, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 39650-39675, 43000, 43009.5, 43013, 43018, 43101, 43104, 43105, 43106, 43107 and 43204-43205.5, Health and Safety Code; and Title 17 California Code of Regulations Section 93000.
s 2703. Emission Testing Requirements.
(a) The applicant must test the diesel emission control strategy on an emission control group basis and identify the emission control group. The applicant must identify the test engines and vehicles, if applicable, by providing the engine family name, make, model, model year, and PM and NOx certification levels if applicable. The applicant must also describe the applications for which the diesel emission control strategy is intended to be used by giving examples of in-use vehicles or equipment, characterizing typical duty cycles, indicating any fuel requirements, and/or providing other application-related information.
(b) Engine Pre-conditioning. The applicant may tune-up or rebuild test engines prior to, but not after, baseline testing unless rebuilding the engine is an integral part of the diesel emission control strategy. All testing should be performed with the test engine in a proper state of maintenance.
(c) Diesel Emission Control System Pre-conditioning. The engine or vehicle installed with a diesel emission control system must be operated for a break-in period of between 25 and 125 hours before emission testing.
(d) Test Fuel.
(1) The test fuel must meet the specifications in the California Code of Regulations (Sections 2280 through 2283 of Title 13), with the exception of the sulfur content or other properties previously identified by the applicant and approved by the Executive Officer.
(2) If operation or performance of a diesel emission control strategy is affected by fuel sulfur content, the sulfur content of the test fuel must be no less than 66 percent of the stated maximum sulfur content for the diesel emission control strategy, unless
(A) the testing is performed with fuel containing 15 ppmw or less sulfur for verification on 15 ppmw or less sulfur diesel fuel, or
(B) the testing is performed with diesel fuel commercially available in California for verification on CARB diesel fuel (i.e., fuel meeting the specifications in Title 13, California Code of Regulations, Sections 2280 through 2283).
(3) Baseline testing may be conducted with commercially available diesel fuel or diesel fuel with 15 ppmw or less sulfur. Baseline and control tests must be performed using the same fuel unless the control fuel is specified as a component of the emission control strategy.
(4) The test fuel (or batch of fuel purchased) must be analyzed using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test methods listed in Table 6 (See Section 2710), which are incorporated herein by reference. At a minimum, sulfur content, aromatic content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen content, and cetane number must be reported. The Executive Officer may ask for additional properties to be reported if evidence suggests those properties may affect functioning of the diesel emission control strategy.
(e) Test Cycle. The diesel emission control strategy must be tested using the test cycles indicated in subparagraphs 1-3 below (summarized in Table 2) or with an alternative cycle(s) approved by the Executive Officer pursuant to subsection (f) below.
Table 2. Test Cycles for Emission Reduction Testing*
Off-Road (including
Test Type On-Road portable engines) Stationary
Engine FTP Heavy-duty Steady-state test Steady-state test
Transient Cycle (1 cold- cycle from ARB cycle from ARB
start and 3 hot-starts) off-road regulations off-road
(3 hot-starts) regulations
(3 hot-starts)
Chassis UDDS (3 hot-starts)
and a low-speed test
cycle per 2703 Not Applicable Not Applicable
(e)(1)(B)(ii) (3
hot-starts).
[FN*Additional] hot-starts are required for NOx emission reductions between 15 to 25 percent (see Section 2703(h)). FTP = Federal Test Procedure; UDDS = Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule
(1) On-road Engines and Vehicles. For on-road diesel-fueled vehicles, the applicant may choose between engine dynamometer testing and chassis dynamometer testing, subject to the following conditions. Engine testing may be used for verification of an absolute engine emissions level or a percent emission reduction. Chassis testing may be used only to verify a percent emission reduction. The applicant may use emission test data to satisfy the durability test data requirement, but must follow the same testing option for the remaining durability tests (see Section 2704).
(A) Engine testing must consist of one cold-start and at least three hot-start tests using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) Heavy-duty Transient Cycle for engines used in on-road applications, in accordance with the provisions in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Subpart N.
(B) The applicant must conduct all chassis tests in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Subpart N insofar as they pertain to chassis dynamometer testing. Chassis testing must include two separate test cycles as follows:
1. At least three hot-start tests using the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) (see Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, appendix I (d)).
2. Three hot-start tests using a low-speed chassis test cycle representing urban stop-and-go traffic operation. The test cycle must include a repetitive series of idling periods immediately followed by events of maximum vehicle acceleration. The applicant can propose, for Executive Officer approval, a low-speed cycle as applicable to the type of vehicle and vehicle operation for which the diesel emission control strategy is intended. The Executive Officer will provide examples (e.g., New York Bus Cycle) of appropriate test cycles upon request by the applicant during the verification process. The applicant may request that the Executive Officer waive the requirement to conduct the low-speed chassis test. In reviewing this request, the Executive Officer may consider all relevant information including, but not limited to, characteristics of the duty cycles in the emission control group and the principles of operation of the diesel emission control strategy.
3. The driver must follow the test cycles as closely as possible and must not deviate beyond the following tolerances (See Code of Federal Regulation, Part 86, Subpart M, 86.1215-85).
(i) The upper limit is 4 miles per hour higher than the highest point on the trace within 1 second of the given time.
(ii) The lower limit is 4 miles per hour lower than the lowest point on the trace within 1 second of the given time.
(iii) Speed variations greater than the tolerances (such as may occur during gear changes or braking spikes) are acceptable, provided they occur for less than 2 seconds on any occasion and are clearly documented as to the time and speed at that point of the test cycle.
(iv) Speeds lower than those prescribed are acceptable, provided the vehicle is operated at maximum available power during such occurrences.
(C) For any diesel emission control strategy intended to reduce NOx from on-road applications, the following requirements apply: (i) The applicant must identify and discuss the effects of elevated NOx emissions on the diesel emission control strategy (emissions of NOx that are significantly greater than certified levels are said to be elevated, and may result, for example, from the activation of an AECD that advances fuel injection timing under cruise conditions). The applicant's discussion must include effects on emission reduction performance, durability, and safety considerations, how the strategy would respond to elevated NOx emissions that do not occur at the time the strategy is calibrated, and must be supported by engineering justification and any pertinent data. (ii) The applicant must perform three hot-start tests with an additional test cycle that gives rise to significant periods of elevated NOx emissions, except as provided below.
1. The applicant may request that the Executive Officer provide assistance with determining an engine or chassis test cycle or may propose a test cycle for approval by the Executive Officer. The Executive Officer will evaluate the proposed test cycle based on its representativeness of real-life operation and consistency with established procedures for determining off-cycle emissions.
2. The applicant may request that the Executive Officer waive the requirement to conduct this additional testing. In reviewing the request, the Executive Officer may consider all relevant information including, but not limited to, the principles of operation of the diesel emission control strategy and the availability of an appropriate test cycle.
(2) Off-road Engines and Equipment (including portable engines). For off-road diesel-fueled vehicles and equipment, the applicant must follow the steady-state test procedure outlined in the ARB off-road regulations (California Code of Regulations, Title 13, Section 2423 and the incorporated California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for New 2000 and Later Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engines, Part I-B). A minimum of three hot-start tests must be conducted using the specified test cycle. Applicants may request that the Executive Officer consider alternative test cycles, as described in subsection (f).
(3) Stationary Engines. For stationary engines, the applicant must follow the steady-state test procedure outlined in the ARB off-road regulations (as referenced in (2) above). A minimum of three hot-start tests must be conducted using the specified test cycle. Applicants may request that the Executive Officer consider alternative test cycles and methods, as described in subsection (f).
(f) Alternative Test Cycles and Methods. The applicant may request the Executive Officer to approve an alternative test cycle or method in place of a required test cycle or method. In reviewing this request, the Executive Officer may consider all relevant information including, but not limited to, the following:
(1) Test procedures specified in airborne toxic control measures adopted by the ARB, e.g. the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Stationary Compression Ignition Engines,
(2) Similarity of average speed, percent of time at idle, average acceleration, and other characteristics to the specified test cycle or method and in-use duty cycle,
(3) Body of existing test data generated using the alternative test cycle or method,
(4) Technological necessity, and
(5) Technical ability to conduct the required test.
(g) Test Run. The number of tests indicated in Table 2 must be run for both baseline (without the diesel emission control strategy implemented) and control configurations. For strategies that include exhaust aftertreatment, engine backpressure and exhaust temperature must be measured and recorded on a second-by-second basis (1 Hertz) during at least one baseline run and each of the control test runs.
(h) Verification of NOx Emission Reductions. The procedure for verifying NOx reductions depends on the magnitude and nature of the claimed reductions as follows:
(1) For NOx reductions of 25 percent or more below the baseline NOx emissions, the testing protocol described in (e) may be used.
(2) For NOx reductions of less than 25 percent below the baseline NOx emissions, additional hot-start test runs are required to attain equivalent confidence in the results.
(A) For NOx reductions equal to or more than 20 percent, but less than 25 percent, each set of three hot-starts in paragraph (e) above must be augmented to five hot-starts
(B) For NOx reductions equal to or more than 15 percent, but less than 20 percent, each set of three hot-starts in paragraph (e) above must be augmented to nine hot-starts.
(i) Emissions During Particulate Filter Regeneration Events. For any diesel emission control strategy that has a distinct regeneration event, emissions that occur during the event must be measured and taken into account when determining the net emission reduction efficiency of the system. If a regeneration event will not occur during emission testing, applicants may pre-load the diesel emission control system with diesel PM to force such an event to occur during testing, subject to the approval of the Executive Officer. Applicants must provide data or engineering analysis indicating when events occur on test cycles and in actual operation (e.g., backpressure data).
(j) Results. For all valid emission tests used to support emission reduction claims, the applicant must report emissions of total PM, non-methane hydrocarbons or total hydrocarbons (whichever is used for the relevant engine or vehicle certification), oxides of nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.
(1) For mobile sources, or for engines tested using an engine dynamometer, emissions must be reported in grams/mile (g/mile) or grams/brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr).
(2) For stationary engines, gaseous and particulate matter emissions must be reported as required by the test methods approved by the Executive Officer.
(k) Incomplete and Aborted Tests. The applicant must identify all incomplete and aborted tests and explain why those tests were incomplete or aborted.
(l) Additional Analyses. The Executive Officer may require the applicant to perform additional analyses if there is reason to believe that the use of a diesel emission control strategy may result in the increase of toxic air contaminants, other harmful compounds, or a change in the nature or amount of the emitted particulate matter.
(1) In its determination, the Executive Officer may consider all relevant data, including but not limited to the following:
(A) The addition of any substance to the fuel, intake air, or exhaust stream,
(B) Whether a catalytic reaction is known or reasonably suspected to increase toxic air contaminants or ozone precursors,
(C) Results from scientific literature,
(D) Field experience, and
(E) Any additional data.
(2) These additional analyses may include, but are not limited to, measurement of the following:
(A) Benzene
(B) 1,3-butadiene
(C) Formaldehyde
(D) Acetaldehyde
(E) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
(F) Nitro-PAH
(G) Dioxins
(H) Furans
(3) The Executive Officer will determine appropriate test methods for additional analyses in consultation with the applicant.
(m) Quality Control of Test Data. The applicant must provide information on the test facility, test procedure, and equipment used in the emission testing. For data gathered using on-road and off-road test cycles and methods, applicants must provide evidence establishing that the test equipment used meets the specifications and calibrations given in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, subpart N.
(n) The Executive Officer may, with respect to any diesel emission control strategy sold, leased, offered for sale, or manufactured for sale in California, order the applicant or strategy manufacturer to make available for testing and/or inspection a reasonable number of diesel emission control systems, and may direct that they be delivered at the applicant's expense to the state board at the Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 9528 Telstar Avenue, El Monte, California or where specified by the Executive Officer. The Executive Officer may also, with respect to any diesel emission control strategy being sold, leased, offered for sale, or manufactured for sale in California, have an applicant test and/or inspect a reasonable number of units at the applicant or manufacturer's facility or at any test laboratory under the supervision of the Executive Officer.
Note: Authority cited: Sections 39002, 39003, 39500, 39600, 39601, 39650-39675, 40000, 43000, 43000.5, 43011, 43013, 43018, 43105, 43600 and 43700, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 39650-39675, 43000, 43009.5, 43013, 43018, 43101, 43104, 43105, 43106, 43107 and 43204-43205.5, Health and Safety Code; and Title 17 California Code of Regulations Section 93000.
s 2704. Durability Testing Requirements.
(a) The applicant must demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the Executive Officer, the durability of the applicant's diesel emission control strategy through an actual field or laboratory-based demonstration combined with chassis or engine dynamometer-based emission tests. If the applicant chooses a laboratory-based durability demonstration, an additional field demonstration will be required to demonstrate in-field compatibility (pursuant to Section 2705). If the applicant has demonstrated the durability of the identical system in a prior verification or has demonstrated durability through field experience, the applicant may request that the Executive Officer accept the previous demonstration in fulfillment of this requirement. In evaluating such a request, the Executive Officer may consider all relevant information including, but not limited to, the similarity of baseline emissions and application duty cycles, the relationship between the emission control group used in previous testing and the current emission control group, the number of engines tested, evidence of successful operation and user acceptance, and published reports.
(b) Engine Selection. Subject to the approval of the Executive Officer, the applicant may choose the engine and application to be used in the durability demonstration. The engine and application must be representative of the emission control group for which verification is sought. The selected engine need not be the same as the engine used for emission testing, but if the applicant does use the same engine, the emission testing may also be used for the initial durability tests.
(c) Test Fuel.
(1) The test fuel must meet the specifications in the California Code of Regulations (Sections 2280 through 2283 of Title 13), with the exception of the sulfur content or other properties previously identified by the applicant and approved by the Executive Officer.
(2) If operation or performance of a diesel emission control strategy is affected by fuel sulfur content, the sulfur content of the test fuel must be no less than 66 percent of the stated maximum sulfur content for the diesel emission control strategy, unless
(A) the testing is performed with fuel containing 15 ppmw or less sulfur for verification on 15 ppmw or less sulfur diesel fuel, or
(B) the testing is performed with diesel fuel commercially available in California for verification on CARB diesel fuel (i.e., fuel meeting the specifications in Title 13, California Code of Regulations, Sections 2280 through 2283).
(3) Baseline testing may be conducted with commercially available diesel fuel or diesel fuel with 15 ppmw or less sulfur. Baseline and control tests must be performed using the same fuel unless the control fuel is specified as a component of the emission control strategy.
(4) The test fuel (or batch of fuel purchased) must be analyzed using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test methods listed in Table 6 (See Section 2710), which are incorporated herein by reference. At a minimum, sulfur content, aromatic content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen content, and cetane number must be reported. The Executive Officer may ask for additional properties to be reported if evidence suggests those properties may affect functioning of the diesel emission control strategy.
(d) Service Accumulation. The durability demonstration consists of an extended service accumulation period in which the diesel emission control strategy is implemented in the field or in a laboratory, with emission reduction testing before and after the service accumulation. Service accumulation begins after the first emission test and concludes before the final emission test. The pre-conditioning period required in Section 2703 (c) cannot be used to meet the service accumulation requirements.
(1) Minimum Durability Demonstration Periods. The minimum durability demonstration periods are shown in Table 3, below. For strategies that include exhaust aftertreatment, engine backpressure and exhaust temperature must be measured and recorded for 1000 hours or over the entire durability period (whichever is shorter). The applicant may propose a sampling scheme for approval by the Executive Officer. The sampling scheme may include, but is not limited to, logging only significant changes in a parameter, averages, or changes above some threshold value. Data must be submitted electronically in columns as a text file or another format approved by the Executive Officer.
Table 3. Minimum Durability Demonstration Periods
Minimum Durability
Engine Type Demonstration Period
On-Road 50,000 miles or
1000 hours
Off-Road (including
portable engines) 1000 hours
and Stationary
Stationary
Emergency 500 hours
Standby Engines
(2) Fuel for Durability Demonstrations. The fuel used during durability demonstrations should be equivalent to the test fuel, or a fuel with properties less favorable to the durability of the emission control strategy. Durability demonstrations may, at the applicant's option and with the Executive Officer's approval, include intentional misfueling events so that data on the effects of misfueling may be obtained.
(e) Third-Party Statement for In-field Durability Demonstrations. For in-field durability demonstrations, the applicant must provide a written statement from an Executive Officer approved third party, such as the owner or operator of the vehicle or equipment used, at the end of the durability period. The statement must describe overall performance, maintenance required, problems encountered, and any other relevant comments. The results of a visual inspection conducted by the third party at the end of the demonstration period must also be described. The description should comment on whether the diesel emission control strategy is physically intact, securely mounted, leaking any fluids, and should include any other evaluative observations.
(f) Test Cycle. Testing requirements are summarized in Table 4. Note that the same cycle(s) must be used for both the initial and final tests.
(1) On-Road Applications. The applicant must perform either chassis or engine dynamometer-based testing before beginning and after completion of the service accumulation as specified in Table 4. A minimum of three hot-start tests are required for chassis testing while a minimum of one cold-start and three hot-start tests are required for engine testing. Chassis testing requires an additional three hot-starts on a low-speed cycle as described in Section 2703(e)(1)(B)2. As indicated in Section 2703(e)(1)(B)2., the applicant may request the Executive Officer to waive the tests on a low-speed cycle. If a field durability demonstration is selected, the applicant must perform chassis dynamometer testing, or request that the Executive Officer consider engine dynamometer testing. In reviewing the request, the Executive Officer may consider all relevant information, including, but not limited to the following: (continued)