CCLME.ORG - DIVISION 1. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CHAPTERS 1 through 6

(continued)

(Title 24, Part 7, Section 7-3097)

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 3098. Construction Requirements for Manlifts Arranged for Side Loading.
(a) Enclosures. The enclosures for the manlift shall comply with the requirements of Section 3097(a).
(b) Floor Openings. The floor openings through which the steps of a manlift pass shall be the same size as and form no ledges with the walls required by Section 3098(f) and shall have the edge of the opening on the loading side not more than 9 inches nor less than 7 inches from the edge of the up or down steps.
(c) Landings. The landings shall comply with the requirements of Section 3097(c).
(d) Floor Opening Guards. On the ascending side of the manlift, all landings shall be provided with a bevel guard on the open side. The angle of bevel and construction of the guard shall comply with the requirements of Section 3097(d)(1).
(e) Protection of Entrances and Exits to Steps.
(1) The entrance and exit to the manlift shall be arranged so the landing area extends not less than 2 feet nor more than 3 feet from the edge of the floor opening to the enclosure measured parallel to the plane of the belt. Where the enclosure is more than 3 feet from the edge of the floor opening, or where the enclosure is not required by Section 3097(a), the following additional guards shall be required:
(A) A standard guardrail located so the landing area extends not less than 2 feet nor more than 3 feet from the edge of the floor opening measured parallel to the plane of the belt, and
(B) Standard guard rails or partitions arranged so that the access to the floor opening is by a definite guided indirect route.
(f) Special Runways for Side Loading.
(1) Runways shall be enclosed by smooth walls on 3 sides of the runway. The enclosure shall extend the entire height on one side, at right angles to the faces of the belt, located not more than 9 inches nor less than 7 inches from the edges of the up and down steps.
The enclosure shall extend from the bottom landing to the floor level at the top landing on the up side of the manlift and from the second landing to not less than 6 feet above the top floor on the down side. The enclosures on the up and down sides shall be located parallel to the face of the belt not more than 15 inches nor less than 14 inches from the nose of the steps and shall extend not less than the full width of the floor openings.

FIGURE 3098-A

(g) Bottom Arrangement. The bottom landing on the down side shall be arranged with a platform for side unloading similar to that at the upper floors and for front unloading on floor supporting the boot pulley. No wall or other obstruction shall be within 6 feet of the face of the down side belt at the bottom landing measured at right angles to the face of the belt. The ascending side shall be arranged with a platform for loading similar to that at upper floors and above the point at which the upper surface of the ascending step assumes a horizontal position.
(h) Top Arrangement.
(1) The top landing on the up side of the belt shall be arranged for front unloading in addition to the required side unloading. No wall or obstruction shall be within 3 feet of the edge of the up side floor opening at the top floor measured at right angles to the face of the belt.
(2) The top clearance and the location of the head pulley shall comply with the requirements of Sections 3097(h)(1) and 3097(h)(2).

(3) An emergency ladder shall be provided to allow any person traveling above the top floor to safely return to the top floor.
(4) Hand rails shall be provided over the head pulley to insure a safe hand hold for any person traveling above the top floor.
(i) Emergency Exit Ladders.Emergency exit ladders shall be provided where required by and shall comply with the requirements of Section 3097(i).
(j) Illumination.The lighting shall comply with the requirements of Section 3097(j).
(k) Electrical Wiring and Equipment. The electrical equipment shall comply with the requirements of Section 3097(k).
(l) Access to and Work Space for Machinery.The access and work space shall comply with the requirements of Section 3097(l).
(Title 24, Part 7, Section 7-3098)

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 3099. Mechanical Requirements and Operation.
(a) Machines.
(1) Machines shall be of the direct connected type or shall be driven by multiple V-belts. Cast iron gears shall not be used.
(2) Drive (head) pulleys and idler (boot) pulleys shall have a diameter not less than given in Table 3099.
TABLE 3099

Belt .......... Minimum Strength Minimum Pulley
Construction .. (Lb. Per Inch of Width) Diameter (inches)
5 Ply.......... 1500 20
6 Ply.......... 1800 20
7 Ply.......... 2100 22

(The above values are based on 32 ounce duck; 300 pounds per liner inch per ply.)
(3) The machine shall be so designed and constructed as to catch and hold the driving pulley in event of shaft failure.
(4) All parts of the machine shall have a factor of safety of 6 based on a static load of 200 pounds on each horizontal step on the up and down runs.
(b) Brakes.

(1) An inherently self-engaging brake requiring power or force from an external source to cause disengagement that applies automatically when the circuit to the drive motor is opened shall be provided on every manlift.
(A) The brake shall be electrically released and shall be applied to the motor shaft for direct connected units.
(B) No belt or connecting means, other than a direct mechanical connection shall exist between the brake and the head pulley on belt driven units.
(2) A mechanically applied brake that will apply should the pulley speed exceed 125 percent of rated speed or should the direction of rotation of the head pulley be reversed shall be on every manlift.
(A) This brake shall be applied directly to the head pulley or to the head pulley shaft at the side opposite the driving means.
(B) The power to the drive motor shall be automatically disconnected at or before the time the brake sets and shall remain disconnected until the brake or disconnecting means is manually reset.

(3) Either brake required by Section 3099(b)(1) and Section 3099(b)(2) shall be capable of stopping and holding the manlift when the descending side is loaded with 250 pounds on each step.
(4) The automatic brake required by Section 3099(b)(1) shall be capable of stopping the manlift within not more than 12 inch travel after an up limit stop device has been actuated.
(c) Belts.
( 1) The belt shall be of hard-woven canvas, rubber-coated canvas, leather, or other material meeting the strength requirements of Section 3099(c)(3) and having a coefficient of friction such that when used in conjunction with an adequate tension device it will meet the brake test specified in Section 3099(b)(3).
(2) The width of the belt shall be not less than:

Belt Width

Total Rise in Feet .. in Inches
Less than 100........ 12
100 to 150........... 14
More than 150........ 16

(3) The strength of the belt shall be not less than:

Strength in Pounds
Total Rise in Feet .. Per Inch Width
Less than 100........ 1500
100 to 200........... 1800
More than 200........ 2450

(4) Belts shall be fastened by a lapped splice or shall be butt-spliced with a strap on the side away from the pulley.
(A) For lapped splices, the overlap of the belt at the splice shall be not less than 3 feet where the total travel of the manlift does not exceed 100 feet, and not less than 4 feet if the travel exceeds 100 feet.
Where butt splices are used, the strap shall extend not less than 3 feet on each side of the butt for a travel not in excess of 100 feet, and 4 feet for a travel in excess of 100 feet.
(B) Splices shall be fastened with special elevator bolts arranged to cover the splice area effectively. These bolts shall have a minimum diameter of 1/4 inch and conform to the following:

Minimum Number of Bolts
Belt Width .. Lap Splice Butt Splice
12'......... 20 40
14'......... 23 46
16'......... 27 54

(5) A belt that has become torn while in use on a manlift shall not be spliced and put back in service.

(d) Speed.
(1) The rated speed of a manlift shall not exceed 80 feet per minute.
To take care of variations in voltage, etc., the actual noload running speed of the belt may exceed rated speed by not more than 10 percent.
(2) All manlifts in a given plant should run at approximately the same speed.
(e) Platforms or Steps.
(1) Steps or platforms shall be not less than 12 inches nor more than 14 inches deep, measured from the belt to the edge of the step or platform.
(2) The width of the step or platform shall be not less than 17 inches nor more than 21 inches.
(3) The distance between steps shall be equally spaced and not less than 16 feet measured from the upper surface of one step to the upper surface of the next step above it.

(4) The surface of the step shall be approximately level.
(5) Surface of the step shall be of a nonslip material.
(6) When subjected to a load of 400 pounds applied at the approximate center of the step, step frames or supports and their guides shall be of adequate strength to:
(A) Prevent the disengagement of any step roller.
(B) Prevent any appreciable misalignment.
(C) Prevent any visible deformation of the step or its support.
(7) No step shall be provided unless there is a corresponding handhold above or below it meeting the requirements of Section 3099(f). If a step is removed for repairs or permanently, the handholds immediately above and below it shall be removed before the lift is again placed in service.
(f) Handholds.

(1) Handholds attached to the belt shall be provided and so installed that they are not less than 4 feet nor more than 4 feet 8 inches above the step tread. These shall be so located as to be available on both the "up" and "down" run of the belt.
(2) The grab surface of the handhold shall be not less than 4 1/2 inches in width, not less than 3 inches in depth and shall provide 2 inches of clearance from the belt. Fastenings for handholds shall not come within 1 inch of the edge of the belt.
(3) The handhold shall be capable of withstanding without damage a load of 300 pounds applied parallel to the run of the belt.
(4) No handhold shall be provided without a corresponding step. If a handhold is removed permanently or temporarily, the corresponding step and handhold for the opposite direction of travel shall also be removed before the lift is again placed in service.
(5) All handholds shall be of the closed type.
Exception:
1. Existing installations where the same handhold is used for both directions.
2. Existing installations where a belt flat arrangement is provided.
(g) Up Limit Stops.
(1) Two separate automatic stop device shall be provided to cut off the power and apply the brake when a loaded step passes the upper terminal landing.
(A) One of these devices shall consist of two switches each actuated by the deflection of a step roller due to a load on the step traveling above the top floor and arranged to stop the manlift should one or both of the switches be actuated. Each rail shall be provided with a switch located so that the device will function when the surface of the step is not more than 12 inches above the top landing.
(B) The second device shall be a switch actuated by a lever, rod, or plate located above the center line of the head pulley but projecting over the ascending steps so as to just clear a passing step. The lever, rod, or plate shall be not more than 10 1/2 feet above the top landing.

(2) After the manlift has been stopped by an up limit stop, it shall be necessary to reset the device manually.
(3) After resetting an up limit stop, it shall be necessary to start the manlift by a restart button so located at the top landing as to provide a clear view of both up limit stops.
(4) Existing manlifts shall be provided with an automatic limit stop which will shut off the power and stop the belt if any passenger rides a step more than 12 inches above the upper landing.
(h) Starting and Stopping Device.
(1) A manually operated starting and stopping device shall be provided.
(2) This device shall be within easy reach of the ascending and descending runs of the belt.
(3) The starting and stopping means shall be so connected with the control lever or operating mechanism that it will cut off the power and apply the brake when pulled in the direction of travel.
(4) This stop shall consist of a cotton rope with a wire center, manila or sisal rope, marlin covered wire rope, or synthetic fiber, not less than 3/8 inch in diameter.
(5) Where a spring is used to maintain rope tension, the rope connection shall be made in such a manner that failure of the spring will not disconnect the operating rope.
(i) Instruction and Warning Signs.
(1) Signs of conspicuous and easily read style, giving instructions for the use of the manlift, shall be posted at each landing or stenciled on the belt.
(A) Such signs shall be of letters not less than 1 inch in height and of a color having high contrast with the surface on which it is stenciled or painted (white or yellow on black or black on white or gray).
(B) The instructions shall read approximately as follows:

"Face the Belt."
"Use the Handhold."
"To Stop--Pull Rope in Direction of Travel."
(2) At the top floor, illuminated signs shall be displayed bearing the following wording:
"Top Floor--Get Off."
(A) Signs shall be in block letters not less than 2 inches in height.
(B) A sign shall be located on the inside of each side guard on front loading manlifts and not more than 2 feet above the floor at the top landing.
(C) A sign shall be located just before reaching the top landing of side loading manlifts, readily visible when facing the side used for unloading.
(3) At the approach to the bottom floor, an illuminated sign shall be displayed bearing the following wording:

"Bottom Floor--Get Off."
(4) On existing installations, illuminated warning signs shall be displayed at points before reaching the top and bottom landings.
(j) Carrying of Materials and Tools.
(1) No freight or packaged goods shall be carried on any manlift.
(2) No pipe, lumber, or other construction material shall be handled on any manlift.
(3) No tools except those which will fit entirely within a pocket in usual working clothes shall be carried on any manlift except that tools may be carried inside a canvas bag having dimensions not larger than 11 inches by 13 inches and provided with carrying loops or handles. Such bag shall be provided with a leather bottom. Such bag shall not be provided with shoulder straps but shall be carried in the passenger's hand while he is riding the manlift.
(k) Periodic Inspections.

(1) Periodic Inspection Frequency. All manlifts shall be inspected by a competent designated person at intervals of not more than 30 days. Limit switches shall be checked weekly. Manlifts found to be unsafe shall not be operated until properly repaired.
(2) Items Covered. This periodic inspection should cover all portions of the manlift and the immediate area around the manlift including but not limited to the following items:
Steps.
Step Fastenings.
Rails.
Rail Supports and Fastenings.
Rollers and Slides.
Belts and Belt Tension.

Handholds and Fastenings.
Floor Landings.
Guardrails.
Lubrication.
Limit Switches.
Warning Signs and Lights.
Illumination.
Drive Pulley.
Bottom (boot) Pulley and Clearance.
Pulley Supports.

Motor.
Driving Mechanisms.
Brake.
Electrical Switches.
Vibration and Misalignment.
"Skip" on up or down run when mounting step. (Indicating worn gears)
(3) Inspection Record. A certification record shall be kept of each inspection which includes the date of the inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection and the serial number, or other identifier, of the manlift which was inspected. Records of inspection shall be made available to the division.
( l) Design Requirements. All new manlift installations and equipment installed after the effective date of these regulations shall meet the strength of materials requirements of the "American National Safety Standard for Manlifts ANSI A90.1-1969" and the requirements of this section.
(m) Beams and Supports Required. Machines, machinery, rails and pulleys shall be so supported and maintained in place as to effectually prevent any part from becoming loose or displaced under the conditions imposed in service.
(n) Out-of-Service Requirements. When it is intended to remove a manlift from service for an extended period of time, the leads to the disconnecting switch shall be disconnected and taped, the drive pulley and belt shall be restrained to prevent movement of the belt and the floor openings shall be covered over with plywood not less than 3/4" thick fastened in place.
(o) Guarding. Guarding of mechanical equipment and floor openings shall conform to the requirements of Subchapter 7, Chapter 4, Part 1 of Title 8 (General Industry Safety Orders) of the California Administrative Code.
(Title 24, Part 7, Section 7-3099)

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 3100. Rated Load of Passenger Elevators.
(a) Minimum Rated Load of Passenger Elevators. The following formulas shall be used for determining the minimum rated load of passenger elevators.
(1) For a passenger elevator having an inside net platform area of not more than 50 square feet
W = (2A 2 /3) + (200A/3).

(2) For a passenger elevator having an inside net platform area of more than 50 square feet
W = 7A 2 /150) + (125A - 1367).

Where W = Minimum rated load in pounds, and A = inside net platform area in square feet.
(3) Figures 3100 A1, 3100 A2 and 3100 A3 are graphs of the above two formulas.

Minimum Rated Loads for Passenger Elevators

(3) Figures 3100 A1IMGID0068.I52a48cd0732a11dabac9740042049591
Minimum Rated Loads for Passenger Elevators

(3) Figures 3100 A2IMGID0068.I52dcb75e732a11da9878740042049591
Minimum Rated Loads for Passenger Elevators

(3) Figures 3100 A3MP21(b)Additional Requirements for Passenger Overload.Passenger ele-vators shall be designed and installed to safely lower and,stop and hold the car with an additional load up to 25 percent in excess of the rated load; however, the elevator is not required to attain rated load performance under the overload conditions. For passenger elevators, the term "125 percent of the rated load" shall be used in place of "rated load" in the following sections:
(1) Duplex Safeties -Section 3035(b).
(2) Function and Stopping Distance of Safeties -Section
3035(c)(1).
(3) Driving Machine Brakes -Section 3038(h)(2).

(4) Normal Terminal Stopping Devices -Section 3039(a)(2).
(5) Control and Operating Circuit Requirements -Section 3040(f)(5).
(6) Absorption of Regenerative Power -CCR, Title 24, Part 3, Article 620.
(Title 24, Part 7, Section 7-3100)

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

s 3101. Electric Elevator Car Frame and Platform Stresses and Deflections.
(a) General Requirements.
(1) Steel, where used in the construction of car frames and platforms, shall conform to the following requirements:
(A) Steel shall be rolled, formed, forged, or cast, conforming to the requirements of the following specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials:
1. Rolled and Formed Steel, ASTM A36 or ASTM A283 Grade D
2. Forged Steel, ASTM 235 Class C.
3. Cast Steel, ANSI G50.1 ASTM A27 Grade 60/30.
(B) Steel used for rivets, bolts, and rods shall conform to the following specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials.
1. Rivets, ASTM A502.
2. Bolts and Rods, ASTM A307.
Exception: Steels of greater strength than those specified may be used provided they have an elongation of not less than 22 percent in a length of 2 inches, and provided that the stresses and deflections conform to the requirements of Design Sections 3101(a)(4) and (a)(5).

(2) Wood used for platform stringers and for platform floors and subfloors shall conform to the requirements of ANSI 04.3 -(ASTM D245-687).
(3) Paint used for protection against fire shall be of an approved type having a flame spread rating of not over 50, applied in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. Such ratings shall be based on the test procedures specified in ANSI A2.5.
(4) The stresses in car frame members and their connections, based on the static loads imposed upon them, shall not exceed the following:
(A) For steels meeting the requirements of Sections 3101(a)(1)(A) and 3101(a)(1)(B), the stresses listed in Table 3101 A4.
(B) For steels of greater strength, the stresses listed in Table 3101 A4 may be increased proportionately based on the ratio of the ultimate strengths.
(C) For metals other than steel, the factor of safety shall be not less than is required for steel.
TABLE 3101 A4 Maximum Allowable Stresses in Car Frame and Platform Members
and Connections, for Steels Specified in Sections 3101(a)(1)(A) and
3101(a)(1)(B)

Max stress
Member .......................... Type of stress psi Area basis
Car Crosshead ................... Bending 12,500 Gross Section
Car Frame Plank Normal .......... Bending 12,500 Gross Section
Loading
Car Frame Plank Buffer .......... Bending 25,000 Gross Section
Reaction
Car Frame Uprights (Stiles) ..... Bending plus 15,000 Gross Section
Tension 18,000 Net Section
Hoisting Rope ................... Bending plus
Hitch Shapes ................... Tension 8,000 Net Section
Platform Framing ................ Bending 12,500 Gross Section
Platform Stringers .............. Bending 15,000 Gross Section
Threaded Brace Rods and ......... Tension 8,000 Net Section
other Tension Members
Except Bolts
Bolts ........................... Tension 7,000 Net Section

Bolts in Clearance Holes ........ Shear 7,000 Actual Area in
Shear Plane
Bolts in Clearance Holes ........ Bearing 16,000 Gross Section
Rivets or Tight Body-fit Bolts .. Shear 10,000 Actual Area in
Shear Plane
Rivets or Tight Body-fit Bolts .. Bearing 18,000 Gross Section
Any Framing Member, Normal ...... Compression 14,000 Gross Section
Loading ........................................ 59L/R

(5) The deflections of car frame and platform members, based on the static loads imposed upon them, shall be not more than the following, irrespective of the type of steel or other metal used:
(A) For crosshead, 1/960th of the span.
(B) For plank, 1/960th of the span.
(C) For stiles or uprights, as determined by Section 3101(e)(3).
(D) For platform frame members, 1/960th of the span.

(6) The stresses and deflections in side-post-type car frame and platform members shall be based on the data and formulas listed in this section.
(7) For cars with corner-post or underslung-type car frames, the formulas and specified methods of calculation do not generally apply and shall be modified to suit the specific conditions and requirements in each case.
(b) Car Frame Crosshead. The stresses in the car frame crosshead shall be based on the total load supported by the crosshead with the car and its rated load at rest at the top terminal landing.
(1) Where a hoisting rope sheave is mounted on the car frame, the construction shall conform to the following:
(A) Where multiple sheaves mounted on separate sheave shafts are used, provision shall be made to take the compressive forces, developed by tension in the hoist ropes between the sheaves, on a strut or struts between the sheave shaft supports, or by providing additional compressive strength in the car frame or car frame members supporting the sheave shafts.

(B) Where the sheave shaft extends through the web of a car frame member, the reduction in area of the member shall not reduce the strength of the member below that required. Where necessary, reinforcing plates shall be welded or riveted to the member to provide the required strength. The bearing pressure shall in no case be more than that permitted in Table 3101 A4 for bolts in clearance holes.
(C) Where the sheave is attached to the car crosshead by means of a single threaded rod or specially designed member or members in tension, the following requirements shall be conformed to:
1. The single rod, member or members, in tension shall have a factor of safety 50 percent higher than the factor of safety required for the suspension wire ropes, but in no case less than 15.
2. The means for fastening the single threaded rod, member or members, in tension to the car frame shall conform to Section 3033(m).
(c) Car Frame Plank (Normal). The stresses in the car frame plank shall be based on a uniformly distributed load equal to not less than the sum of 5/8 of the rated load, 5/8 of the platform weight, and the concentrated loads due to the tensions in the compensating ropes and traveling cables.
(d) Car Frame Plank (Buffer Engagement). In calculating the stress resulting from oil-buffer engagement, 1/2 the sum of the weight of the car and its rated load shall be considered as being concentrated at each end of the plank with the buffer force applied at the middle. The buffer force shall be considered to be that required to produce gravity retardation with rated load in the car.
The following formula shall be used to determine the stress resulting from buffer engagement:
Stress = (D[C + W]) /2Z

Where more than one oil buffer is used, the formula shall be modified to suit the location of the buffers.
Note: Symbols used in the above and subsequent formulas are defined in Section 3101(g).
(e) Car Frame Stiles (Uprights). The total stress in each car frame upright due to tension and bending, and the slenderness ratio of each upright and its moment of inertia, shall be determined in accordance with the following formulas:
(1) Stress Due to Bending and Tension.
Total Stress = (KL/4HZ u) + (G/2A)

Where KL/4HZ u is the bending stress in each upright in the plane of the frame due to the live load W on the platform for the class of loading A, B, or C for which the elevator is to be used, and G/2A is the tensile stress in each upright.
K is determined by the following formulas (See Figure 3101 E):
(A) For class A freight loading or passenger loading, K = WE/8
(B) For class B freight loading, K = W([E/2] - 48) or K = WE/8, whichever is greater
(C) For class C freight loading, K = WE/4

Note: Symbols used in the above formulas are defined in Section 3101(h).
TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE
Turning Moment Based on Class of Loading FIGURE 3101E

(2) Slenderness Ratio. The slenderness ratio L/R for uprights subject to compressions other than those resulting from safety and buffer action shall not exceed 120.
Exception: Where the upper side-brace connections on passenger elevator car frame uprights are located at a point less than 2/3 of L from the bottom (top fastening in car frame plank), a slenderness ratio of L/R not exceeding 160 shall be permissible.
Note: Symbols used in the above formulas are defined in Section 3101(h).
(3) Moment of Inertia. The moment of inertia of each upright shall be not less than determined by the following formula:
I = KL 3 /18EH

Note: Symbols used in the above formula are defined in Section 3101(h).
(f) Freight Elevator Platforms.
(1) The calculations for the stresses in the platform members of freight elevators shall be based on the following concentrated loads assumed to occupy the position which will produce the maximum stress:
(A) Class A Loading: 1/4 of the rated load.
(B) Class B Loading: 75 percent of the rated load divided into two equal loads 5 feet apart.
(C) Class C1 and C2 Loading with a Full Load Rating of 20,000 pounds or less: 80 percent of the rated load or of the loaded truck, whichever is greater, divided into equal loads 2 feet 6 inches apart.
(D) Class C1 and C2 Loading with a Full Load Rating in excess of 20,000 pounds: 80 percent of 20,000 pounds or of the loaded truck weight whichever is the greater, divided into two equal parts 2 feet 6 inches apart.
(E) Class C3 Loading: Determine on the basis of the actual loading conditions but not less than that required for Class A loading.
(2) Freight elevators shall be designed for one of the following classes of loading:
(A) Class A -General Freight Loading. Where the load is distributed, the weight of any single piece of freight or of any single hand truck and its load is not more than 1/4 of the rated load of the elevator, and the load is handled on and off the car platform manually or by means of hand trucks.
For this class of loading, the rated load shall be based on not less than 50 pounds per square foot of inside net platform area.
(B) Class B -Motor Vehicle Loading. Where the elevator is used solely to carry automobile trucks or passenger automobiles up to the rated capacity of the elevator.

For this class of loading, the rated load shall be based on not less than 30 pounds per square foot of inside net platform area.
(C) Class C -These loadings apply where the weight of the concentrated load, including an industrial power or hand truck, if used, is more than 1/4 of the rated load and where the load to be carried does not exceed the rated load.
There are three types of Class C loading as follows:
Class C1 -Industrial Truck Loading where truck is carried by the elevator.
Class C2 -Industrial Truck Loading where truck is not carried by the elevator but used only for loading and unloading.
Class C3 -Other loading with Heavy Concentrations where truck is not used.
The following requirements shall apply to all three types of Class C loading:
1. The rated load of the elevator shall be not less than the load (including any truck) to be carried, and shall in no case be less than load based on 50 pounds per square foot of inside net platform area.

2. The elevator shall be provided with a two-way automatic leveling device.
For Class C1 and Class C2 loadings, the following additional requirements shall apply:
3. For elevators with rated loads of 20,000 pounds or less, the car platform shall be designed for a loaded truck of weight equal to the rated load or for the actual weight of the loaded truck to be used, whichever is greater. For elevators with rated loads exceeding 20,000 pounds, the car platform shall be designed for a loaded truck weighing 20,000 pounds, or for the actual weight of the loaded truck to be used, whichever is greater.
4. For Class C2 loading, the maximum load on the car platform during loading or unloading shall not exceed 150 percent of rated load. For any load in excess of the rated load, the driving machine motor, brake, and traction relation shall be adequate to sustain and level the full 150 percent of rated load.
Note: When the entire rated load is loaded or unloaded by an industrial truck in increments, the load imposed on the car platform while the last increment is being loaded or the first increment unloaded will exceed the rated load by part of the weight of the empty industrial truck.
(g) Passenger Elevator Platforms. The stresses in platform members of passenger elevators shall be based on concentrated loads not less than those which apply to Class A freight loading.
(h) Formula Symbols. The symbols used in the formulas in Section 3101 shall have the following meanings:
W = Rated load in pounds.
C = Net weight in pounds of complete elevator car.
G = Load in pounds supported by crosshead with rated load in car at rest at top terminal landing.
K = Turning moment in inch-pounds as determined by class of loading.
D = Distance in inches between guide rails.
E = Inside clear width of car in inches, except in formulas in Sections 3101(e)(3) and 3103(a)(4)(D) where E = modules of elasticity (psi) of the material used.
H = Vertical center distance between upper and lower guide shoes (or rollers) in inches.
L = Free length of uprights in inches (distance from lowest fastening in crosshead to top fastening in plank).
A = Net area of section in (inches) 2.
R = Least radius of gyration of section in inches.
I = Moment of inertia of member, gross section in (inches) 4.
Z = Combined section moduli of plank members, gross section, (inches) 3.
Z u =Section modulus of one upright, gross section, (inches) 3.

s 3102. Hydraulic Plunger, Cylinder, and Piping Design.
(a) Plunger Design. Plunger shall be designed and constructed in accordance wth one of the following formulas.
(1) Where slenderness ratio of plunger is less than 120:
W/A = 13600 - 0.485(L/R) 2

(2) Where slenderness ratio of plunger is greater than 120:
W/A = 95,000,000/(L/R) 2
Where:
W = Allowable gross weight to be sustained by plunger. Where a counterweight is provided, the weight of the counterweight plus the unbalanced weight of the counterweight ropes may be deducted in determining W. In determining W, 1/2 of the weight of the plunger shall be included. Where the cylinder is attached to the car frame, the weight of the cylinder, the liquid in the cylinder, and 1/2 the weight of the plunger shall be included.
A = Net sectional area of plunger (area of metal) in square inches.
L = Maximum free length of plunger in inches.
R = Radius of gyration of plunger section in inches.
W/A = Maximum allowable fiber stress.

Exception: Plungers having a free length of 25 feet or less may be accepted without further examination for strength and elastic stability provided all of the following conditions exist:
1. The working pressure is 300 pounds per square inch or less.
2. The plunger is 4 inches nominal pipe size or larger.
3. Pipe not lighter than schedule 40 is used and not more than 1/16 inch of metal has been removed from the wall thickness in machining.
4. The plunger is not of the telescoping type.
TABULAR OR GRAPHIC MATERIAL SET AT THIS POINT IS NOT DISPLAYABLE
(3) Figures 3102 A1 and 3102 A2 may be used as a guide for the maximum free lengths for various loads on some of the more common pipe sizes used for plungers.
(b) Design of Joints in Plungers. Plungers composed of more than one section shall have the joints designed and constructed to:
(1) Carry in tension the weight of all plunger sections below the joint, and
(2) Transmit in compression the gross load on the plunger with a factor of safety of not less than 5 based on ultimate strength.
(c) Attachment of Plunger to Platform. The plunger shall be attached to the car platform with fastenings of sufficient strength to support the weight of the plunger with a factor of safety of not less than 4.
(d) Plungers Subjected to External Pressure. For plungers subjected to external pressure, the working pressure shall be not more than that indicated by the following formula:
Where:
p = Working pressure in pounds per square inch.
t = Finished wall thickness in inches.
d = External finished diameter in inches.
(e) Cylinder Design
(1) Cylinders shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the following formula:
t = (pd) / (2S)
Where:
t = Thickness of wall in inches, minimum.
p = Working pressure in pounds per square inch.
d = Internal diameter in inches.
S = Design stress in pounds per square inch (12,000 psi maximum for mild steel and 1/5 the ultimate strength for other metals).
(2) Gray cast iron (or other brittle material), if used in the cylinder assembly, shall have a factor of safety of not less than 10.
(f) Cylinder and Plunger Heads.
(1) Heads of cylinders, and heads of plungers subject to fluid pressure, shall conform to the following requirements:
(A) They shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the applicable formulas in 3102(f)(2), provided that steel heads shall in no case have a thickness less than that required for the adjoining shell.
(B) Dished seamless heads, convex to pressure, shall have a maximum allowable working pressure not more than 60 percent of that for heads of the same dimensions with pressure on the concave.
(C) Reinforced heads shall be designed and constructed so that the maximum stress at rated capacity shall not exceed 12,000 pounds per square inch for mild steel and 1/5 of the ultimate strength of the material for other metals.
(D) Pressure heads subjected to mechanical loads in addition to fluid pressure loads shall be so designed and constructed that the combined stresses will not exceed the limits specified in Sections 3102(f)(1)(A), 3102(f)(1)(B), and 3102(f)(1)(C).
(2) Heads of cylinders and heads of plungers subject to fluid pressure shall be designed and constructed in accordance with one of the following applicable formulas:
(A) Flat unreinforced heads:
t = d / (p / 4S)

(B) Dished seamless heads, concave to pressure:
t = 5pr / 6S

Where:
t = Thickness of head in inches, minimum.
d = Diameter of head between supporting edges in inches.

p = Working pressure in pounds per square inch.
S = Design stress in pounds per square inch (12,000 psi maximum for mild steel and 1/5 of ultimate strength for other metals).
r = Radius to which head is dished, measured on concave in inches (not greater than d).
(3) Welding of parts on which safe operation depends shall conform to Section 3033(g).
(g) Pipe Design.
(1) The minimum wall thickness of pipe for working pressures over 250 pounds per square inch shall be determined by the following formula:
t = (pD / 2S) + C

Where:
D = Outside diameter of pipe in inches.

t = Minimum wall thickness in inches.
p = Working pressure in pounds per square inch.
S = Allowable stress in pounds per square inch (1/5 ultimate strength).
(2) Supply piping materials and fittings shall conform with the applicable provisions of USAS B31.1.0 except that non-ductile material shall not be used. The material used shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5 based on ultimate strength and on elongation of not less than 10 percent.
(3) Plain end nonferrous pipe or tubing shall have a wall thickness not less than that determined by the formula in Section 3102(g)(1) where C = 0.000 and S (max) 1/5 of the ultimate strength of the material used.
(4) Welding of parts on which safe operation depends shall conform to Section 3033(g).
(5) Threads if piping, fittings, and valves shall conform to USAS B2.1.

s 3103. Hydraulic Elevator Car Frame and Platform Stresses and Deflections.
(a) General Requirements. The stresses and deflections in car frame and platform members shall be based on the data and formulas listed in this section. For cars with corner-post or subpost car frames, the formulas and data do not generally apply and shall be modified to suit the specific conditions in each case.

(1) The maximum stresses in car frame uprights which are normally subject to compression shall be such that the quantity [(f suba /F suba) + (f subb /F subb)] does not exceed unity.
Where:
F suba = Allowable axial compressive unit stress (not exceeding 17,000- 0.485(L/R) 2).
F subb = Allowable bending unit stress (15,000 psi if area basis is gross section or 18,000 psi if area basis is net section).
f suba = Actual axial compressive unit stress based on gross section.
f subb = Actual bending unit stress.
L = Free length of uprights in inches (distance from lowest fastening in crosshead to top fastening in plank).
R = Least radius of gyration of section in inches.

(2) The stresses in the car frame crosshead shall be based on the total load, if any, supported by the crosshead.
The moment of inertia in the crosshead shall be not less than twice that of the stile section about an axis parallel to that of the crosshead section. The connection between the crosshead and the stile shall have sufficient rigidity to transmit the bending moment in the stile into the crosshead.
(3) The normal stresses in the car frame plank for elevators having a single plunger shall be based on a load equal to 1/2 the maximum static load on the plunger concentrated at each end of the plank with the plunger force applied at the middle. Where multiple plungers are used, the stresses shall be analyzed for the specific case. Stresses resulting from oil buffer engagement shall be calculated in accordance with Design Section 3101(d).
(4) The stresses in each car frame upright due to compression and bending and the slenderness ratio of each upright and its moment of inertia shall be determined in accordance with the following formulas:
(A) Stresses due to bending.
f subb = KL/4HZu

where:
f subb = The bending stress in each upright in the plane of the frame due to the live load W on the platform for the class of loading A, B, or C for which the elevator is to be used.
K = Turning moment in inch-pounds as determined by the class of loading by the following formulas:
1. For Class A freight loading or passenger loading:
K = WE/8

2. For class B freight loading:
K = W [E/2-48] or K = WE/8

whichever is greater
3. For Class C freight loading:
K = WE/4

For explanation of symbols L, H, and Z subu see Design Section 3101(g).
(B) Stresses due to compression:
f suba = Compressive stress in each upright.
(C) Slenderness Ratio:
The slenderness ratio L/R for uprights subject to compressions other than those resulting from buffer action shall not exceed 120.
Exception: Where the upper side-brace connections on passenger elevator car frame uprights are located at a point less than 2/3 of L from the bottom (top fastening in car frame plank), a slenderness ratio of L/R not exceeding 160 shall be permissible.

(D) Moment of Inertia.
The moment of inertia of each upright shall be not less than determined by the following formula:
I = KL 3/18EH

For explanation of symbols see Design Section 3101(g).
Group II regulations apply to existing elevators installed prior to October 25, 1998. Italicized paragraphs, sentences, or phrases apply to all existing elevators while non-italicized apply to elevators installed after 1970 or after the date the regulation was adopted.

s 3104. Factor of Safety for Driving Machines and Sheaves.
(a) Factor of Safety for Driving Machines and Sheaves.
(1) The factor of safety to be used in the design of driving machines and in the design of sheaves used with hoisting and compensating ropes shall be not less than:

(A) Eight for steel, bronze, or for other metals having an elongation of at least 14 percent in a length of 2 inches.
(B) Ten for cast iron, or for other metals having an elongation of less than 14 percent in a length of 2 inches.
(2) The load to be used in determining the factor of safety shall be the resultant of the maximum tensions in the ropes leading from the sheave or drum with the elevator at rest and with rated load in the car.
(b) Data Required for Approval.
(1) Two complete sets of assembly and detail drawings of the governor shall be submitted, and shall show the following:
(A) The construction of the governor and the dimensions of major parts for identification.
(B) The adjustment range and values of the data as marked on the governor marking plate required by Section 3036(h).

(2) The results of a test performed at the maximum tripping speeds for which the approval is to be issued. This test shall be witnessed by an authorized representative of the Division of Industrial Safety, or the division may accept reports of witnesses recognized as competent by the division.

s 3105. Governor Trip Speeds and Approval Data.
(a) Governor Tripping Speeds. Figure 3105 A gives the maximum tripping speeds for various rated speeds.

Maximum Governor Tripping Speeds

FIGURE 3105 A

(b) Data Required for Approval.
(1) Two complete sets of assembly and detail drawings of the governor shall be submitted, and shall show the following:
(A) The construction of the governor and the dimensions of major parts for identification.
(B) The adjustment range and values of the data as marked on the governor marking plate required by Section 3036(h).
(2) The results of a test performed at the maximum tripping speeds for which the approval is to be issued. This test shall be witnessed by an authorized representative of the Division of Industrial Safety, or the division may accept reports of witnesses recognized as competent by the division.

Group II regulations apply to existing elevators installed prior to October 25, 1998. Italicized paragraphs, sentences, or phrases apply to all existing elevators while non-italicized apply to elevators installed after 1970 or after the date the regulation was adopted.

s 3106. Car and Counterweight Safety Stopping Distances and Approval Data.
(a) Stopping Distances, Type B Safeties.
(1) The following formulas shall be used to determine the maximum and minimum stopping distances for Type B car and counterweight safeties:
Where:
S = Maximum stopping distance in feet.
S ' = Minimum stopping distance in feet.
V = Governor tripping speed in feet per minute.
(2) Figures 3106 A1 to 3106 A7 show the maximum and minimum stopping distances from various governor tripping speeds.
Design Data and Formulas

STOPPING DISTANCE IN FEET Stopping Distances for Type B Car and
Counterweight Safeties FIG. 3106 A-1

(b) Data Required for Approval.
(1) Two complete sets of assembly and detail drawings of the safety device shall be submitted to the division and shall show the following:
(A) The construction of the safety device and the dimensions of major parts for identification.
(B) The adjustment range and valves of the data as marked on the safety marking plate required by Section 3035(n).
(C) The design and operational details indicating that the safety device complies with Sections 3035(g), 3035(i), 3035(j), 3035(k), 3035(l), 3035(o), and 3035(p).
(2) The results of performance tests conducted by the manufacturer or an approved testing laboratory. These tests shall be conducted to demonstrate that the safety device will function satisfactorily within the range of loads and speeds for which the safety is to be approved.
(c) Performance Tests Required for Safety Approval.

(1) On Type B safeties in which the maximum retarding force does not depend on the pull in the governor rope, the tests shall be of the drop-test type or of the overspeed type. On such tests the governor tripping speed need not exceed 280 feet per minute.
(2) On Type B safeties in which the maximum retarding force depends on the pull in the governor rope and the car speed at which the safety is applied, the tests shall be of the drop-test type.
(3) On Type A safeties the tests shall be:
(A) A test shall be made of the inertia application of the safety by attaching the proper weight, as determined by the manufacturer, to the return run of the governor rope. This weight shall be that necessary to reproduce inertia operation of the safety at not to exceed 9/10 gravity. The inertia application shall be made with the car stationary, and the weight when released shall move the safety pats into contact with the rails, and
(B) A runaway test made from governor tripping speed with the safety device applied by the governor mechanism.

(4) On Type C safeties, the tests shall be of the overspeed type. The inertia application of the safety is not required.
(d) Factor of Safety. Parts of safeties, except springs, shall have a factor of safety of not less than 3.5, and the materials used shall have an elongation of not less than 15 percent in a length of 2 inches. Forged, cast, or welded parts shall be stress relieved.
Exception: Safety-rope drums, leading sheaves, and their supporting brackets and safety jaw gibs may be made of cast iron and other metals, provided such parts have a factor of safety of not less than 10.
(1) Rope used as a connection from the safety to the governor rope, including rope wound on the safety rope drum, shall be not less than 3/8 inch in diameter and shall be made of a corrosion-resistant metal. Tiller rope construction shall not be used. The factor of safety of the rope shall be not less than 5.
(2) The factors of safety shall be based upon the maximum stresses developed in the parts during the operation of the safety when stopping rated load from governor tripping speed.

(3) Springs may be used in the operation of car or counterweights safeties. Where used, and where partially loaded prior to safety operation, the loading on the spring shall not produce a fiber stress exceeding 1/2 the elastic limit of the material. During operation of the safety, the fiber stress shall not exceed 85 percent of the elastic limit of the material. Helical springs, where used, shall be in compression.
(4) Safety-rope leading-sheave brackets and other safety operating parts shall not be attached to or supported by wood platform members.

s 3106.1. Plunger Engaging Safety Device for Direct Plunger Hydraulic Elevators.
(a) Plunger Engaging Safety Device Design and Operation.
The plunger engaging safety device (PESD), when used on direct plunger hydraulic elevators to stop uncontrolled descent due to loss of pressure, shall comply with the following requirements: (continued)