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(continued)
(A) The employer shall provide a copy of the physician's written medical opinion to the examined employee within five working days after receipt thereof.
(B) The employer shall provide the employee with a copy of the employee's biological monitoring results and an explanation sheet explaining the results within five working days after receipt thereof.
(C) Within 30 days after a request by an employee, the employer shall provide the employee with the information the employer is required to provide the examining physician under subsection (l)(9).

(16) Reporting.
In addition to other medical events that are required to be reported on the Cal/OSHA Form No. 200, the employer shall report any abnormal condition or disorder caused by occupational exposure to cadmium associated with employment as specified in Title 8, Section 14301.
(m) Communication of Cadmium Hazards to Employees.
(1) General.
In communications concerning cadmium hazards, employers shall comply with the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, section 5194, including but not limited to the requirements concerning warning signs and labels, material safety data sheets (MSDS), and employee information and training. In addition, employers shall comply with the following requirements:
(2) Warning Signs.
(A) Warning signs shall be provided and displayed in regulated areas. In addition, warning signs shall be posted at all approaches to regulated areas so that an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective steps before entering the area.
(B) Warning signs required by subsection (m)(2)(A) shall bear the following information:
DANGER CADMIUM CANCER HAZARD CAN CAUSE LUNG AND KIDNEY DISEASE AUTHORIZED
PERSONNEL ONLY RESPIRATORS REQUIRED IN THIS AREA

(C) The employer shall assure that signs required by this subsection are illuminated, cleaned, and maintained as necessary so that the legend is readily visible.
(3) Warning Labels.
(A) Shipping and storage containers containing cadmium, cadmium compounds, or cadmium contaminated clothing, equipment, waste, scrap, or debris shall bear appropriate warning labels, as specified in subsection (m)(3)(B).
(B) The warning labels shall include at least the following information:
DANGER CONTAINS CADMIUM CANCER HAZARD AVOID CREATING DUST CAN CAUSE LUNG AND
KIDNEY DISEASE

(C) Where feasible, installed cadmium products shall have a visible label or other indication that cadmium is present.
(4) Employee Information and Training.
(A) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are potentially exposed to cadmium, assure employee participation in the program, and maintain a record of the contents of such program.
(B) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job involving potential exposure to cadmium and at least annually thereafter.
(C) The employer shall make the training program understandable to the employee and shall assure that each employee is informed of the following:
1. The health hazards associated with cadmium exposure, with special attention to the information incorporated in Appendix A;

2. The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of cadmium in the workplace and the specific nature of operations that could result in exposure to cadmium, especially exposures above the PEL;
3. The engineering controls and work practices associated with the employee's job assignment;
4. The measures employees can take to protect themselves from exposure to cadmium, including modification of such habits as smoking and personal hygiene, and specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to cadmium such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and the provision of personal protective equipment;
5. The purpose, proper selection, fitting, proper use, and limitations of respirators and protective clothing;
6. The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by subsection (l);
7. The contents of this section and its appendices, and,

8. The employee's rights of access to records under section 3204(e) and (g).
(D) Additional access to information and training program and materials.
1. The employer shall make a copy of this section and its appendices readily available to all affected employees and shall provide a copy without cost if requested.
2. Upon request, the employer shall provide to the Chief or NIOSH all materials relating to the employee information and the training program.
(5) Multi-employer Workplace.
In a multi-employer workplace, an employer who produces, uses, or stores cadmium in a manner that may expose employees of other employers to cadmium shall notify those employers of the potential hazard in accordance with subsection (e) of the hazard communication standard, section 5194.
(n) Recordkeeping.

(1) Exposure Monitoring.
(A) The employer shall establish and keep an accurate record of all air monitoring for cadmium in the workplace.
(B) This record shall include at least the following information:
1. The monitoring date, shift, duration, air volume, and results in terms of an 8-hour TWA of each sample taken, and if cadmium is not detected, the detection level;
2. The name, social security number, and job classification of all employees monitored and of all other employees whose exposures the monitoring result is intended to represent, including, where applicable, a description of how it was determined that the employee's monitoring result could be taken to represent other employee's exposures;
3. A description of the sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy;
4. The type of respiratory protective device, if any, worn by the monitored employee and by any other employee whose exposure the monitoring result is intended to represent;
5. A notation of any other conditions that might have affected the monitoring results.
6. Any exposure monitoring or objective data that were used and the levels.
(C) The employer shall maintain this record for at least thirty (30) years, in accordance with section 3204.
(D) The employer shall also provide a copy of the results of an employee's air monitoring prescribed in subsection (d) of this standard to an industry trade association and to the employee's union, if any, or, if either of such associations or unions do not exist, to another comparable organization that is competent to maintain such records and is reasonably accessible to employers and employees in the industry.
(2) Objective Data for Exemption from Requirement for Initial Monitoring.
(A) For purposes of this section, objective data are information demonstrating that a particular product or material containing cadmium or a specific process, operation, or activity involving cadmium cannot release dust or fumes in concentrations at or above the action level even under the worst-case release conditions. Objective data can be obtained from an industry-wide study or from laboratory product test results from manufacturers of cadmium-containing products or materials. The data the employer uses from an industry-wide survey must be obtained under workplace conditions closely resembling the processes, types of material, control methods, work practices and environmental conditions in the employer's current operations.
(B) The employer shall maintain the record for at least 30 years of the objective data relied upon.
(3) Medical Surveillance.
(A) The employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee covered by medical surveillance under subsection (l)(1)(A).
(B) The record shall include at least the following information about the employee:

1. Name, social security number, and description of duties;
2. A copy of the physician's written opinions and of the explanation sheets for biological monitoring results;
3. A copy of the medical history, and the results of any physical examination and all test results that are required to be provided by this section, including biological tests, X-rays, pulmonary function tests, etc., or that have been obtained to further evaluate any condition that might be related to cadmium exposure;
4. The employee's medical symptoms that might be related to exposure to cadmium; and
5. A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by subsection (l)(9).
(C) The employer shall assure that this record is maintained for the duration of employment plus thirty (30) years, in accordance with section 3204.
(D) At the employee's request, the employer shall promptly provide a copy of the employee's medical record, or update as appropriate, to a medical doctor or a union specified by the employee.
(4) Training.
The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was completed. The certification records shall be prepared at the completion of training and shall be maintained on file for one (1) year beyond the date of training of that employee.
(5) Availability.
(A) Except as otherwise provided for in this section, access to all records required to be maintained by subsections (n)(1)-(4) shall be in accordance with the provisions of section 3204.
(B) Within 15 days after a request, the employer shall make an employee's medical records required to be kept by subsection (n)(3) available for examination and copying to the subject employee, to designated representatives, to anyone having the specific written consent of the subject employee, and after the employee's death or incapacitation, to the employee's family members.
(6) Transfer of Records.
Whenever an employer ceases to do business and there is no successor employer or designated organization to receive and retain records for the prescribed period, the employer shall comply with the requirements concerning transfer of records set forth in section 3204 (h).
(o) Observation of Monitoring.
(1) Employee Observation.
The employer shall provide affected employees or their designated representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee exposure to cadmium.
(2) Observation Procedures.
When observation of monitoring requires entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or equipment is required, the employer shall provide the observer with that clothing and equipment and shall assure that the observer uses such clothing and equipment and complies with all other applicable safety and health procedures.
(p) Reporting requirements. See section 5203.
(q) Dates.
(1) Effective Date.
This section shall become effective on June 14, 1993.
(2) Start-up Dates.
All obligations of this section commence on the effective date except as follows:
(A) Exposure monitoring. Except for small businesses [nineteen (19) or fewer employees], initial monitoring required by subsection (d)(2) shall be completed as soon as possible and in any event no later than 60 days after the effective date of this standard. For small businesses, initial monitoring required by subsection (d)(2) shall be completed as soon as possible and in any event no later than 120 days after the effective date of this standard.
(B) The permissible exposure limit (PEL). Except for small businesses, as defined under subsection (q)(2)(A) above, the employer shall comply with the PEL established by subsection (c) as soon as possible and in any event no later than 90 days after the effective date. For small businesses, the employer shall comply with the PEL established by subsection (c) as soon as possible and in any event no later than 150 days after the effective date of this section.
(C) Regulated areas. Except for small businesses, as defined under subsection (q)(2)(A) above, regulated areas required to be established by subsection (e) shall be set up as soon as possible after the results of exposure monitoring are known and in any event no later than 90 days after the effective date of this section. For small businesses, regulated areas required to be established by subsection (e) shall be set up as soon as possible after the results of exposure monitoring are known and in any event no later than 150 days after the effective date of this section.
(D) Respiratory protection. Except for small businesses, as defined under subsection (q)(2)(A) above, respiratory protection required by subsection (g) shall be provided as soon as possible and in any event no later than 90 days after the effective date of this section. For small businesses, respiratory protection required by subsection (g) shall be provided as soon as possible and in any event no later than 150 days after the effective date of this section.
(E) Compliance program. Except for small businesses, as defined under subsection (q)(2)(A) above, written compliance programs required by subsection (f)(2) shall be completed and available as soon as possible and in any event no later than 90 days after the effective date of this section. For small businesses, written compliance programs required by subsection (f)(2) shall be completed and available as soon as possible and in any event no later than 180 days after the effective date of this section.
(F) Methods of compliance. Except for small businesses, as defined under subsection (q)(2)(A) above, the engineering controls required by subsection (f)(1) shall be implemented as soon as possible and in any event no later than 120 days after the effective date of this section. For small businesses, the engineering controls required by subsection (f)(1) shall be implemented as soon as possible and in any event no later than 240 days after the effective date of this section. Work practice controls shall be implemented as soon as possible. Work practice controls that are directly related to engineering controls to be implemented shall be implemented as soon as possible after such engineering controls are implemented.
(G) Hygiene and lunchroom facilities. Except for small businesses, as defined under subsection (q)(2)(A) above, handwashing facilities, showers, change rooms and eating facilities required by subsection (j), whether permanent or temporary, shall be provided as soon as possible and in any event no later than 60 days after the effective date of this section. For small businesses, handwashing facilities, showers, change rooms and eating facilities required by subsection (j), whether permanent or temporary, shall be provided as soon as possible and in any event no later than 120 days after the effective date of this section.
(H) Employee information and training. Except for small businesses, as defined under subsection (q)(2)(A) above, employee information and training required by subsection (m)(4) of this standard shall be provided as soon as possible and in any event no later than 90 days after the effective date of this standard. For small businesses, employee information and training required by subsection (m)(4) of this standard shall be provided as soon as possible and in any event no later than 180 days after the effective date of this standard.

(I) Medical surveillance. Except for small businesses, as defined under subsection (q)(2)(A) above, initial medical examinations required by subsection (l) of this standard shall be provided as soon as possible and in any event no later than 90 days after the effective date of this standard. For small businesses, initial medical examinations required by subsection (l) of this standard shall be provided as soon as possible and in any event no later than 180 days after the effective date of this standard.
(r) Appendices.
(1) Appendix C to this section is incorporated as part of this section, and compliance with its contents is mandatory.
(2) Except where portions of appendices A, B, D, E, and F to this section are expressly incorporated in requirements of this section, these appendices are purely informational and are not intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligations.









Appendix A
Substance Safety Data Sheet Cadmium

Refer to section 5207, Appendix A.









Appendix B
Substance Technical Guidelines for Cadmium

Refer to section 5207, Appendix B.









Appendix C
Qualitative and Quantitative Fit Testing Procedures

[See Section 5144, Appendix A]









Appendix D
Occupational Health History Interview With Reference to Cadmium Exposure

Refer to section 5207, Appendix D.









Appendix E
CADMIUM IN WORKPLACE ATMOSPHERES

Refer to section 5207, Appendix E.









Appendix F
NONMANDATORY PROTOCOL FOR BIOLOGICAL MONITORING

Refer to section 5207, Appendix F.




Note: Authority cited: Sections 142.3, 9020, 9030 and 9040, Labor Code. Reference: Sections 142.3, 9004(d), 9009, 9020, 9030, 9031 and 9040, Labor Code.









s 1532.1. Lead.
(a) Scope. This section applies to all construction work where an employee may be occupationally exposed to lead. All construction work excluded from coverage in the general industry standard for lead by section 5198(a)(2) is covered by this standard. Construction work is defined as work for construction, alteration and/or repair, including painting and decorating. It includes but is not limited to the following:
(1) Demolition or salvage of structures where lead or materials containing lead are present;
(2) Removal or encapsulation of materials containing lead;
(3) New construction, alteration, repair, or renovation of structures, substrates, or portions thereof, that contain lead, or materials containing lead;
(4) Installation of products containing lead;
(5) Lead contamination/emergency cleanup;
(6) Transportation, disposal, storage, or containment of lead or materials containing lead on the site or location at which construction activities are performed, and
(7) Maintenance operations associated with the construction activities described in this subsection.
(b) Definitions.
Action level means employee exposure, without regard to the use of respirators, to an airborne concentration of lead of 30 micrograms per cubic meter of air (30mg/m 3) calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).
Chief means the Chief of the Division of Occupational Safety and Health or designee.
Lead means metallic lead, all inorganic lead compounds, and organic lead soaps. Excluded from this definition are all other organic lead compounds.
NIOSH means the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or designee.
Supervisor means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable lead hazards in the surroundings or working conditions and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. Supervisors shall be trained, as required by this section, and, when required, be certified consistent with section (l)(3).
(c) Permissible exposure limit.

(1) The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than fifty micrograms per cubic meter of air (50mg/m 3) averaged over an 8-hour period.
(2) If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hours in any work day the employees' allowable exposure, as a time weighted average (TWA) for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula:
Allowable employee exposure (inmg/m 3)=400 divided by hours worked in the day.
(3) When respirators are used to limit employee exposure as required under subsection (c) and all the requirements of subsections (e)(1) and (f) have been met, employee exposure may be considered to be at the level provided by the protection factor of the respirator for those periods the respirator is worn. Those periods may be averaged with exposure levels during periods when respirators are not worn to determine the employee's daily TWA exposure.
(d) Exposure assessment.
(1) General.

(A) Each employer who has a workplace or operation covered by this standard shall initially determine if any employee may be exposed to lead at or above the action level.
(B) For the purposes of subsection (d), employee exposure is that exposure which would occur if the employee were not using a respirator.
(C) With the exception of monitoring under subsection (d)(3), where monitoring is required under this section, the employer shall collect personal samples representative of a full shift including at least one sample for each job classification in each work area either for each shift or for the shift with the highest exposure level.
(D) Full shift personal samples shall be representative of the monitored employee's regular, daily exposure to lead.
(2) Protection of employees during assessment of exposure.
(A) With respect to the lead related tasks listed in subsection (d)(2)(A), where lead is present, until the employer performs an employee exposure assessment as required in subsection (d) and documents that the employee performing any of the listed tasks is not exposed above the PEL, the employer shall treat the employee as if the employee were exposed above the PEL, and not in excess of ten (10) times the PEL, and shall implement employee protective measures prescribed in subsection (d)(2)(E). The tasks covered by this requirement are:
1. Where lead containing coatings or paint are present: manual demolition of structures (e.g., dry wall), manual scraping, manual sanding, heat gun applications, and power tool cleaning with dust collection systems;
2. Spray painting with lead paint
(B) In addition, with regard to tasks not listed in subsection (d)(2)(A), where the employer has any reasons to believe that an employee performing the task may be exposed to lead in excess of the PEL, until the employer performs an employee exposure assessment as required by subsection (d) and documents that the employee's lead exposure is not above the PEL the employer shall treat the employee as if the employee were exposed above the PEL and shall implement employee protective measures as prescribed in subsection (d)(2)(E).

(C) With respect to the tasks listed in this subsection (d)(2)(C), where lead is present, until the employer performs an employee exposure assessment as required in subsection (d), and documents that the employee performing any of the listed tasks is not exposed in excess of 500mg/m 3, the employer shall treat the employee as if the employee were exposed to lead in excess of 500mg/m 3 and shall implement employee protective measures as prescribed in subsection (d)(2)(E). Where the employer does establish that the employee is exposed to levels of lead below 500mg/m 3, the employer may provide the exposed employee with the appropriate respirator prescribed for such use at such lower exposures, in accordance with Table 1 of this section. The tasks covered by this requirement are:
1. Using lead containing mortar; lead burning
2. Where lead containing coatings or paint are present: rivet busting; power tool cleaning without dust collection systems; cleanup activities where dry expendable abrasives are used; and abrasive blasting enclosure movement and removal.
(D) With respect to the tasks listed in this subsection (d)(2)(D) of this section, where lead is present, until the employer performs an employee exposure assessment as required in subsection (d) and documents that the employee performing any of the listed tasks is not exposed to lead in excess of 2,500mg/m 3 (50 x PEL), the employer shall treat the employee as if the employee were exposed to lead in excess of 2,500 mg/m 3 and shall implement employee protective measures as prescribed in subsection (d)(2)(E). Where the employer does establish that the employee is exposed to levels of lead below 2,500mg/m 3, the employer may provide the exposed employee with the appropriate respirator prescribed for use at such lower exposures, in accordance with Table I of this section. Interim protection as described in this subsection is required where lead containing coatings or paint are present on structures when performing:
1. Abrasive blasting,
2. Welding,
3. Cutting, and
4. Torch burning.
(E) Until the employer performs an employee exposure assessment as required under subsection (d) and determines actual employee exposure, the employer shall provide to employees performing the tasks described in subsections (d)(2)(A), (d)(2)(B), (d)(2)(C) and (d)(2)(D) with interim protection as follows:
1. Appropriate respiratory protection in accordance with subsection (f).
2. Appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment in accordance with subsection (g).
3. Change areas in accordance with subsection (i)(2).
4. Hand washing facilities in accordance with subsection (i)(5).
5. Biological monitoring in accordance with subsection (j)(1)(A), to consist of blood sampling and analysis for lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels, and
6. Training as required under subsection (l)(1)(A) regarding section 5194, Hazard Communication; training as required under subsection (l)(2)(C), regarding use of respirators; and training in accordance with section 1510, Safety Instruction for Employees.

(3) Basis of initial determination.
(A) Except as provided under subsections (d)(3)(C) and (d)(3)(D) the employer shall monitor employee exposures and shall base initial determinations on the employee exposure monitoring results and any of the following, relevant considerations:
1. Any information, observations, or calculations which would indicate employee exposure to lead;
2. Any previous measurements of airborne lead; and
3. Any employee complaints of symptoms which may be attributable to exposure to lead.
(B) Monitoring for the initial determination where performed may be limited to a representative sample of the exposed employees who the employer reasonably believes are exposed to the greatest airborne concentrations of lead in the workplace.

(C) Where the employer has previously monitored for lead exposures, and the data were obtained within the past 12 months during work operations conducted under workplace conditions closely resembling the processes, type of material, control methods, work practices, and environmental conditions used and prevailing in the employer's current operations, the employer may rely on such earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of subsections (d)(3)(A) and (d)(6) if the sampling and analytical methods meet the accuracy and confidence levels of subsection (d)(9).
(D) Where the employer has objective data, demonstrating that a particular product or material containing lead or a specific process, operation or activity involving lead cannot result in employee exposure to lead at or above the action level during processing, use, or handling, the employer may rely upon such data instead of implementing initial monitoring.
1. The employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record documenting the nature and relevance of objective data as specified in subsection (n)(4), where used in assessing employee exposure in lieu of exposure monitoring.
2. Objective data, as described in subsection (d)(3)(D), is not permitted to be used for exposure assessment in connection with subsection (d)(2).

3. Objective data for surface coatings and materials that contain lead shall meet the following methodology:
a. Lead analysis shall be performed for each unique surface coating and material that may constitute a health hazard to employees engaged in activities within the scope of this section and;
b. Analysis of surface coatings and materials shall be performed in a manner that meets the requirements of subsection (d)(9) and shall be recorded, as described in subsection (n)(4),
(4) Positive initial determination and initial monitoring.
(A) Where a determination conducted under subsections (d)(1), (2) and (3) shows the possibility of any employee exposure at or above the action level the employer shall conduct monitoring which is representative of the exposure for each employee in the workplace who is exposed to lead.
(B) Where the employer has previously monitored for lead exposure, and the data were obtained within the past 12 months during work operations conducted under workplace conditions closely resembling the processes, type of material, control methods, work practices, and environmental conditions used and prevailing in the employer's current operations, the employer may rely on such earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of subsection (d)(4)(A) if the sampling and analytical methods meet the accuracy and confidence levels of subsection (d)(9).
(C) Objective data for an initial assessment that demonstrate surface coating or material that contain lead at concentrations equal to or exceeding 0.06% lead dry weight (600 ppm) demonstrate the presence of lead surface coatings or material that constitute a health hazard to employees engaged in lead-related construction work. The lead concentration of paint or materials is based on the lead content in the nonvolatile components of the surface coating or material such as paint. Objective data as described in this subsection are not permitted to be used in lieu of exposure assessment in connection with lead-related tasks listed in subsection (d)(2).
(5) Negative initial determination.
(A) Where a determination, conducted under subsections (d)(1), (2), and (3) is made that no employee is exposed to airborne concentrations of lead at or above the action level the employer shall make a written record of such determination. The record shall include at least the information specified in subsection (d)(3)(A) and shall also include the date of determination, location within the worksite, and the name and social security number of each employee monitored.
(B) Objective data that meet the requirements of subsection (n)(4) for an initial assessment that demonstrate surface coating or material that contain lead at concentrations less than 0.06% lead dry weight (600 ppm) are sufficient to establish a negative determination. The lead concentration of surface coatings or materials is based on the lead content in the nonvolatile components of the surface coating or material such as paint. Objective data as described in this subsection are not permitted to be used in lieu of exposure assessment in connection with lead-related tasks listed in subsection (d)(2).
(6) Frequency.
(A) If the initial determination reveals employee exposure to be below the action level further exposure determination need not be repeated except as otherwise provided in subsection (d)(7).

(B) If the initial determination or subsequent determination reveals employee exposure to be at or above the action level but at or below the PEL the employer shall perform monitoring in accordance with this subsection at least every 6 months. The employer shall continue monitoring at the required frequency until at least two consecutive measurements, taken at least 7 days apart, are below the action level at which time the employer may discontinue monitoring for that employee except as otherwise provided in subsection (d)(7).
(C) If the initial determination reveals that employee exposure is above the PEL the employer shall perform monitoring quarterly. The employer shall continue monitoring at the required frequency until at least two consecutive measurements, taken at least 7 days apart, are at or below the PEL but at or above the action level at which time the employer shall repeat monitoring for that employee at the frequency specified in subsection (d)(6)(B), except as otherwise provided in subsection (d)(7). The employer shall continue monitoring at the required frequency until at least two consecutive measurements, taken at least 7 days apart, are below the action level at which time the employer may discontinue monitoring for that employee except as otherwise provided in subsection (d)(7).
(7) Additional exposure assessments. Whenever there has been a change of equipment, process, control, personnel or a new task has been initiated that may result in additional employees being exposed to lead at or above the action level or may result in employees already exposed at or above the action level being exposed above the PEL, the employer shall conduct additional monitoring in accordance with this subsection.
(8) Employee notification.
(A) Within 5 working days after completion of the exposure assessment the employer shall notify each employee in writing of the results which represent that employee's exposure.
(B) Whenever the results indicate that the representative employee exposure, without regard to respirators, is at or above the PEL the employer shall include in the written notice a statement that the employees exposure was at or above that level and a description of the corrective action taken or to be taken to reduce exposure to below that level.
(9) "Accuracy of measurement". The employer shall use a method of monitoring and analysis which has an accuracy (to a confidence level of 95%) of not less than plus or minus 25 percent for airborne concentrations of lead equal to or greater than 30mg/m 3. Methods for the determination of lead concentrations of surface coatings and material shall be determined by methods which have an accuracy (to a confidence level of 95 percent) of not less than plus or minus 25 percent at 0.06% lead dry weight (600 ppm).
(e) Methods of compliance
(1) Engineering and work practice controls.
(A) General. The employer shall implement engineering and work practice controls, including administrative controls, to reduce and maintain employee exposure to lead to or below the permissible exposure limit to the extent that such controls are feasible. Wherever all feasible engineering and work practices controls that can be instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure limit prescribed in subsection (c), the employer shall nonetheless use them to reduce employee exposure to the lowest feasible level and shall supplement them by the use of respiratory protection that complies with the requirements of subsection (f).
(2) Compliance program.

(A) Prior to commencement of the job each employer shall establish and implement a written compliance program to achieve compliance with subsection (c).
(B) Written plans for these compliance programs shall include at least the following:
1. A description of each activity in which lead is emitted; e.g. equipment used, material involved, controls in place, crew size, employee job responsibilities, operating procedures and maintenance practices;
2. A description of the specific means that will be employed to achieve compliance and, where engineering controls are required engineering plans and studies used to determine methods selected for controlling exposure to lead;
3. A report of the technology considered in meeting the PEL;
4. Air monitoring data which documents the source of lead emissions;
5. A detailed schedule for implementation of the program, including documentation such as copies of purchase orders for equipment, construction contracts, etc.;
6. A work practice program which includes items required under subsections (g), (h) and (i) and incorporates other relevant work practices such as those specified in subsection (e)(5);
7. An administrative control schedule required by subsection (e)(4), if applicable;
8. A description of arrangements made among contractors on multi-contractor sites with respect to informing affected employees of potential exposure to lead and of regulated areas.
9. Other relevant information.
(C) The compliance program shall provide for frequent and regular inspections of job sites, regulated areas, materials, and equipment to be made by a supervisor.
(D) Written programs shall be submitted upon request to any affected employee or authorized employee representatives, to the Chief and NIOSH, and shall be available at the worksite for examination and copying by the Chief and NIOSH.
(E) Written programs shall be revised and updated at least every 6 months to reflect the current status of the program.
(3) Mechanical ventilation. When ventilation is used to control lead exposure, the employer shall evaluate the mechanical performance of the system in controlling exposure as necessary to maintain its effectiveness.
(4) Administrative controls. If administrative controls are used as a means of reducing employees TWA exposure to lead, the employer shall establish and implement a job rotation schedule which includes:
(A) Name or identification number of each affected employee;
(B) Duration and exposure levels at each job or work station where each affected employee is located; and
(C) Any other information which may be useful in assessing the reliability of administrative controls to reduce exposure to lead.

(5) The employer shall ensure that, to the extent relevant, employees follow good work practices such as described in Appendix B of this section.
(f) Respiratory protection.
(1) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer must provide respirators that comply with the requirements of this subsection. Respirators must be used during:
(A) Periods when an employee's exposure to lead exceeds the PEL;
(B) Work operations for which engineering controls and work practices are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the PEL;
(C) Periods when an employee requests a respirator; and
(D) Periods when respirators are required to provide interim protection for employees while they perform the operations specified in subsection (d)(2).
(2) Respirator program.

(A) An employer must implement a respiratory protection program in accordance with section 5144(b) (except (d)(1)(C)) through (m).
(B) If an employee exhibits breathing difficulty during fit testing or respirator use, the employer must provide the employee with a medical examination in accordance with subsection (j)(3)(A)2. to determine if the employee can use a respirator while performing the required duties.
(3) Respirator selection.
(A) The employer shall select the appropriate respirator or combination of respirators from Table I below.
(B) The employer shall provide a powered, air-purifying respirator in lieu of the respirator specified in Table I whenever:
1. An employee chooses to use this type of respirator; and
2. This respirator will provide adequate protection to the employee.



TABLE I. -RESPIRATIORY PROTECTION FOR LEAD AEROSOLS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Airborne concentration of
lead or condition of use . Required respirator [FN1]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Not in excess of 500
<>g/m3 .......... * 1/2 mask air purifying respirator with high
efficiency filters. [FN2], [FN3]
* 1/2 mask supplied air respirator operated in
demand (negative pressure) mode.
Not in excess of 1,250
<>g/m3 .......... * Loose fitting hood or helmet powered air
purifying respirator with high efficiency
filters. [FN3]
* Type C hood or helmet supplied air respirator
operated in continuous-flow mode. (For Type CE
abrasive blasting respirators operated in
continuous-flow mode see below.)
Not in excess of 2,500
<>g/m3 .......... * Full facepiece air purifying respirator with
high efficiency filters. [FN3]

* Tight fitting powered air purifying respirator
with high efficiency filters. [FN3]
* Full facepiece supplied air respirator operated
in demand mode.
* 1/2 mask or full facepiece supplied air
respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode.
* Full facepiece self-co tained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) operated in demand mode.
Not in excess of 50,000
<>g/m3 .......... *1/2 mask supplied air respirator operated in
pressure demand or other positive-pressure mode
*Type CE hood or helmet abrasive blasting
respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode.
[FN4]
Not in excess of 100,000
<>g/m3 .......... * Full facepiece supplied air respirator operated
in pressure demand or other positive-pressure
mode -e.g., type CE abrasive blasting
respirators operated in a positive-pressure
mode.
Greater than

100,000<>g/m3,
unknown concentration, or
fire fighting ............ * Full facepiece SCBA operated in pressure demand
or other positive-pressure mode.
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[FN1]1 Respirators specified for higher concentrations can be used at lower concentrations of lead.
[FN2]2 Full facepiece is required if the lead aerosols cause eye or skin irritation at the use concentrations.
[FN3]3 A high efficiency particulate filter (HEPA) means a filter that is 99.97 percent efficient against particles of 0.3 micron size or larger.
[FN4]4 These are Type CE respirators with neck cuff or neck sealing feature to help maintain positive air pressure in the respiratory inlet covering.


(g) Protective work clothing and equipment.
(1) Provision and use. Where an employee is exposed to lead above the PEL without regard to the use of respirators, where employees are exposed to lead compounds which may cause skin or eye irritation (e.g. lead arsenate, lead azide), and as interim protection for employees performing tasks as specified in subsection (d)(2), the employer shall provide at no cost to the employee and assure that the employee uses appropriate protective work clothing and equipment that prevents contamination of the employee and the employee's garments such as, but not limited to:
(A) Coveralls or similar full-body work clothing;
(B) Gloves, hats, and shoes or disposable shoe coverlets; and
(C) Face shields, vented goggles, or other appropriate protective equipment which complies with section 1516.
(2) Cleaning and replacement.
(A) The employer shall provide the protective clothing required in subsection (g)(1) in a clean and dry condition at least weekly, and daily to employees whose exposure levels without regard to a respirator are over 200mg/m 3 of lead as an 8-hour TWA.
(B) The employer shall provide for the cleaning, laundering, and disposal of protective clothing and equipment required by subsection (g)(1).
(C) The employer shall repair or replace required protective clothing and equipment as needed to maintain their effectiveness.
(D) The employer shall assure that all protective clothing is removed at the completion of a work shift only in change areas provided for that purpose as prescribed in subsection (A)(2).
(E) The employer shall assure that contaminated protective clothing which is to be cleaned, laundered, or disposed of, is placed in a closed container in the change area which prevents dispersion of lead outside the container.
(F) The employer shall inform in writing any person who cleans or launders protective clothing or equipment of the potentially harmful effects of exposure to lead.

(G) The employer shall assure that the containers of contaminated protective clothing and equipment required by subsection (g)(2)(E) are labelled as follows:
Caution: Clothing contaminated with lead. Do not remove dust by blowing or shaking. Dispose of lead contaminated wash water in accordance with applicable local, state, or federal regulations.
(H) The employer shall prohibit the removal of lead from protective clothing or equipment by blowing, shaking, or any other means which disperses lead into the air.
(h) Housekeeping.
(1) All surfaces shall be maintained as free as practicable of accumulations of lead.
(2) Clean-up of floors and other surfaces where lead accumulates shall wherever possible, be cleaned by vacuuming or other methods that minimize the likelihood of lead becoming airborne.

(3) Shoveling, dry or wet sweeping, and brushing may be used only where vacuuming or other equally effective methods have been tried and found not to be effective.
(4) Where vacuuming methods are selected, the vacuums shall be equipped with HEPA filters and used and emptied in a manner which minimizes the reentry of lead into the workplace.
(5) Compressed air shall not be used to remove lead from any surface unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system designed to capture the airborne dust created by the compressed air.
(i) Hygiene facilities, practices and regulated areas.
(1) The employer shall assure that in areas where employees are exposed to lead above the PEL without regard to the use of respirators, food or beverage is not present or consumed, tobacco products are not present or used, and cosmetics are not applied.
(2) Change areas.

(A) The employer shall provide clean change areas for employees whose airborne exposure to lead is above the PEL, and as interim protection for employees performing tasks as specified in subsection (d)(2), without regard to the use of respirators.
(B) The employers shall assure that change areas are equipped with separate storage facilities for protective work clothing and equipment and for street clothes which prevent cross-contamination.
(C) The employer shall assure that employees do not leave the workplace wearing any protective clothing or equipment that is required to be worn during the work shift.
(3) Showers.
(A) The employer shall provide shower facilities, where feasible, for use by employees whose airborne exposure to lead is above the PEL.
(B) The employer shall assure, where shower facilities are available, that employees shower at the end of the work shift and shall provide an adequate supply of cleansing agents and towels for use by affected employees.
(4) Eating facilities.
(A) The employer shall provide lunchroom facilities or eating areas for employees whose airborne exposure to lead is above the PEL, without regard to the use of respirators.
(B) The employer shall assure that lunchroom facilities or eating areas are as free as practicable from lead contamination and are readily accessible to employees.
(C) The employer shall assure that employees whose airborne exposure to lead is above the PEL, without regard to the use of a respirator, wash their hands and face prior to eating, drinking, smoking or applying cosmetics.
(D) The employer shall assure that employees do not enter lunchroom facilities or eating areas with protective work clothing or equipment unless surface lead dust has been removed by vacuuming, downdraft booth, or other cleaning method that limits dispersion of lead dust.

(5) Hand Washing facilities.
(A) The employer shall provide adequate handwashing facilities for use by employees exposed to lead in accordance with section 1527.
(B) Where showers are not provided the employer shall assure that employees wash their hands and face at the end of the work-shift.
(6) Regulated Area.
(A) Employers shall establish regulated areas, where feasible, for work areas where employees are exposed to lead at or above the PEL or performing the tasks described in subsection (d)(2).
(B) Regulated areas shall be posted with signs as described in subsection (m)(2).
(C) Employers shall restrict access to the regulated area to employees authorized by the supervisor, to representatives of affected employees, as described in subsection (o) and to persons authorized by the Chief or NIOSH.

(D) Each employee authorized to enter the regulated area shall be provided with and be required to wear protective equipment required by subsections (f) and (g).
(j) Medical surveillance.
(1) General.
(A) The employer shall make available initial medical surveillance to employees occupationally exposed on any day to lead at or above the action level. Initial medical surveillance consists of biological monitoring in the form of blood sampling and analysis for lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels.
(B) The employer shall institute a medical surveillance program in accordance with subsections (j)(2) and (j)(3) for all employees who are or may be exposed by the employer at or above the action level for more than 30 days in any consecutive 12 months;
(C) The employer shall assure that all medical examinations and procedures are performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician.

(D) The employer shall make available the required medical surveillance including multiple physician review under subsection (j)(3)(C) without cost to employees and at a reasonable time and place.
(2) Biological monitoring.
(A) Blood lead and ZPP level sampling and analysis. The employer shall make available biological monitoring in the form of blood sampling and analysis for lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels to each employee covered under subsections (j)(1)(A) and (B) on the following schedule:
1. For each employee covered under subsection (j)(1)(B), at least every 2 months for the first 6 months and every 6 months thereafter;
2. For each employee covered under subsections (j)(1)(A) or (B) whose last blood sampling and analysis indicated a blood lead level at or above 40mg/dl, at least every two months. This frequency shall continue until two consecutive blood samples and analyses indicate a blood lead level below 40mg/dl; and (continued)