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(continued)
(3) Medical and dyed cotton. Medical grade (USP) cotton, cotton that has been scoured, bleached and dyed, and mercerized yarn shall be exempt from all provisions of this standard.
(4) Higher grade washed cotton. The handling or processing of cotton classed as "low middling light spotted or better" which has been washed:
(A) On a continuous batt system or a rayon rinse system.
(B) With water,
(C) At a temperature of no less than 60 degrees C.
(D) With a water-to-fiber ratio of no less than 40:1, and
(E) With bacterial levels in the wash water controlled to limit bacterial contamination of the cotton, shall be exempt from all provisions of the standard except the requirements of Section 5190(h) Medical Surveillance, (k)(2)-(4) Recordkeeping-Medical Records, and Appendices B, C, and D.
(5) Lower grade washed cotton. The handling and processing of cotton of grades lower than "low middling light spotted, " that has been washed as specified in Section 5190(n)(4) and has also been bleached, shall be exempt from all provisions of the standard except the requirements of Sections 5190(c)(1)(B) Permissible Exposure Limit, (d)Exposure Monitoring, (h) Medical Surveillance, (k) Recordkeeping, and Appendices B, C and D.
(6) Mixed grades of washed cotton. If more than one grade of washed cotton is being handled or processed together, the requirements of the grade with the most stringent exposure limit, medical and monitoring requirements shall be followed.
(o) Appendices.
(1) Appendices B, C, and D of this section are incorporated as part of this section and the contents of these appendices are mandatory.
(2) Appendix A of this section contains information which is not intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligations.
(3) Appendix E of this section is a protocol which may be followed in the validation of alternative measuring devices as equivalent to the vertical elutriator cotton dust sampler. Other protocols may be used if it is demonstrated that they are statistically valid, meet the requirements in Section 5190(d)(1)(C), and are appropriate for demonstrating equivalency.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







Appendix A
Air Sampling and Analytical Procedures for Determining Concentrations of Cotton
Dust

I. SAMPLING LOCATIONS
The sampling procedures must be designed so that samples of the actual dust concentrations are collected accurately and consistently and reflect the concentrations of dust at the place and time of sampling. Sufficient number of 6-hour area samples in each distinct work area of the plant should be collected at locations which provide representative samples of air to which the worker is exposed. In order to avoid filter overloading, sampling time may be shortened when sampling in dusty areas. Samples in each work area should be gathered simultaneously or sequentially during a normal operating period. The daily time-weighted average (TWA) exposure of each worker can then be determined by using the following formula:

(T1C1+T2C2....+TnCn),
TWA= _____________________________
Total Hours Exposed


where:
T sub1,T sub2 Tn=the number of hours spent in a given location;

and
C sub1,C sub2 Cn=the dust concentration in the same location.
A time-weighted average concentration should be computed for each worker and properly logged and maintained on file for review.
II. SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
A. Sampler:
The instrument selected for monitoring is the Lumsden-Lynch vertical elutriator. It should operate at a flow rate of 7.4 plus or minus 0.2 liters/minute.
The samplers should be cleaned prior to sampling. The pumps should be monitored during sampling.
B. Filter Holder:

A three-piece cassette constructed of polystyrene designed to hold a 37 mm diameter filter should be used. Care must be exercised to assure that an adequate seal exists between elements of the cassette.
C. Filters and Support Pads:
The membrane filters used should be polyvinyl chloride with a 5- m m pore size and 37 mm diameter. A support pad, commonly called a backup pad, should be used under the filter membrane in the field monitor cassette.
D. Balance:
A balance sensitive to 10 micrograms should be used.
III. INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
Samplers shall be calibrated when first received from the factory, after repair, and after receiving any abuse. The samplers should be calibrated in the laboratory both before they are used in the field and after they have been used to collect a large number of field samples. The primary standard, such as a wet test meter, should be used. Instructions of calibration with the wet test meter follow. If another calibration device is selected, equivalent procedures should be used:
(a) Level wet test meter. Check the water level which should just touch the calibration point at the left side of the meter. If water level is low, add water 1-2 degrees F warmer than room temperature to the fill point. Run the meter for 30 minutes before calibration;
(b) Place the polyvinyl chloride membrane filter in the filter cassette;
(c) Assemble the calibration sampling train;
(d) Connect the wet test meter to the train. The pointer on the meter should run clockwise and a pressure drop of not more than 1.0 inch of water indicated. If the pressure drop is greater than 1.0 inch, disconnect and check the system;
(e) Operate the system for ten minutes before starting the calibration;
(f) Check the vacuum gauge on the pump to assure that the pressure drop across the orifice exceeds 17 inches of mercury;

(g) Record the following on calibration data sheets;
(1) Wet test meter reading, start and finish;
(2) Elapsed time, start and finish (at least two minutes);
(3) Pressure drop at manometer;
(4) Air temperature;
(5) Barometric pressure; and
(6) Limiting orifice number;
(h) Calculate the flow rate and compare against the flow of 7.4 plus or minus 0.2 liters/minute. If flow is between these limits perform calibration again, average results, and record orifice number and flow rate. If flow is not within these limits, discard or modify orifice and repeat procedure.
(i) Record the name of the person performing the calibration, the date, serial number of the wet test meter, and the number of the critical orifices being calibrated.
IV. SAMPLING PROCEDURE
A. Sampling data sheets should include a log of:
1. The date of the sample collection;
2. The time of sampling;
3. The location of the sampler;
4. The sampler serial number;
5. The cassette number;
6. The time of starting and stopping the sampling and the duration of sampling;
7. The weight of the filter before and after sampling;
8. The weight of the dust collected (corrected for controls);

9. The dust concentration measured;
10. Other pertinent information; and
11. Name of person taking sample;
B. Assembly of filter cassette should be as follows:
1. Loosely assemble 3-piece cassette;
2. Number cassette;
3. Place absorbent pad in cassette;
4. Weigh filter to an accuracy of 10 m g;
5. Place filter in cassette;
6. Record weight of filter in log, using cassette number for identification;

7. Fully assemble cassette, using pressure to force parts tightly together;
8. Install plugs top and bottom;
9. Put shrink band on cassette, covering joint between center and bottom parts of cassette; and
10. Set cassette aside until shrink band dries thoroughly.
C. Sampling collection should be performed as follows:
1. Clean lint out of the motor and elutriator;
2. Install vertical elutriator in sampling locations with inlet 4 1/2 to 5 1/2 feet from floor (breathing zone height);
3. Remove top section of cassette;
4. Install cassette in ferrule of elutriator;
5. Tape cassette to ferrule with masking tape or similar material for air-tight seal;
6. Remove bottom plug of cassette and attach hose containing critical orifice;
7. Start elutriator pump and check to see if gauge reads above 17 inches of Hg vacuum;
8. Record starting time, cassette number, and sampler number;
9. At end of sampling period, stop pump and record time;
10. Controls with each batch of samples collected; two additional filter cassettes should be subjected to exactly the same handling as the samples, except that they are not opened. These control filters should be weighted in the same manner as the sample filters.
Any difference in weight in the control filters would indicate that the procedure for handling sample filters may not be adequate and should be evaluated to ascertain the cause of the difference, whether and what necessary corrections must be made, and whether additional samples must be collected.

D. Shipping:
The cassette with samples should be collected along with the appropriate number of blanks, and shipped to the analytical laboratory in a suitable container to prevent damage in transit.
E. Weighing of the sample should be achieved as follows:
1. Remove shrink band;
2. Remove top and middle sections of the cassette and bottom plug;
3. Remove filter from cassette and weigh to an accuracy of 10 m g; and
4. Record weight in log against original weight.
F. Calculation of volume of air sampled should be determined as follows:
1. From starting and stopping times of sampling period, determine length of time in minutes of sampling period;

2. Multiply sampling time in minutes by flow rate of critical orifices in liters per minute divide by 1000 to find air quality in cubic meters.
G. Calculation of dust concentrations should be made as follows:
1. Subtract weight of clean filter from dirty filter and apply control correction to find actual weight of sample. Record this weight (in m g) in log; and
2. Divide mass of sample in ug by air volume in cubic meters to find dust concentration in m g/m 3. Record in log.







Appendix B-I
Respiratory Questionnaire



PRESENT WORK AREA
If working in more than one specified work area, X area where most of the work shift is spent. If "other," but spending 25% of the work shift in one of the specified work areas, classify in that work area. If carding department employee, check area within that department where most of the work shift is spent (if in doubt, check "throughout") For work areas such as spinning and weaving where many work rooms may be involved, be sure to check the specific work room to which employee is assigned-if he works in more than one work room within a department classify, as 7 (all) for that department.











Appendix B -II
Respiratory Questionnaire for Non -Textile Workers for the Cotton Industry











Appendix B-III
Abbreviated Respiratory Questionnaire

A. Identification Data of Appendix B-III.
Note: Non-textile employers may substitute sections A. Identification, and B. Occupational History Table from Appendix B-II in lieu of section


PRESENT WORK AREA
If working in more than one specified work area, X area where most of the work shift is spent. If "other," but spending 25% of the work shift in one of the specified work areas, classify in that work area. If carding department employee, check area within that department where most of the work shift is spent (:if in doubt, check "throughout"). For work areas such as spinning and weaving where many work rooms may be involved, be sure to check the specific work room to which employee is assigned -if he works in more than one work room within a department classify as 7 (all) for that department.









Appendix C
-Spirometry Prediction Tables for Normal Males and Females











Appendix D
Pulmonary Function Standards for Cotton Dust Standard

The spirometric measurements of pulmonary function shall conform to the following minimum standards, and these standards are not intended to preclude additional testing or alternate methods which can be determined to be superior.
I. Apparatus

a. The instrument shall be accurate to within_____+ 50 millimeters or within_____+ 3 percent of reading, whichever is greater.
b. The instrument shall have a low inertia and offer low resistance to airflow such that the resistance to airflow at 12 liters per second must be less than 1.5 cm H sub2 0/liter/sec.
c. The instrument shall have a low inertia and offer low resistance to airflow such that the resistance to airflow at 12 liters per second must be less than 1.5 cm H sub2 0/liter/sec.
d. The zero time point for the purpose of timing the FEV sub1 shall be determined by extrapolating the steepest portion of the volume time curve back to the maximal inspiration volume (1,2,3,4) or by an equivalent method.
e. Instruments incorporating measurements of airflow to determine volume shall conform to the same volume accuracy stated in (a) of this section when presented with flow rates from at least 0 to 12 liters per second.
f. The instrument or user of the instrument must have a means of correcting volumes to body temperature saturated with water vapor (BTPS) under conditions of varying ambient spirometer temperatures and barometric pressures.
g. The instrument used shall provide a tracing or display of either flow versus volume or volume versus time during the entire forced expiration. A tracing or display is necessary to determine whether the patient has performed the test properly. The tracing must be stored and available for recall and must be of sufficient size that hand measurements may be made within requirement of paragraph (a) of this section. If a paper record is made, it must have a paper speed of at least 2 cm/sec and a volume sensitivity of at least 10.0 mm of chart per liter of volume.
h. The instrument shall be capable of accumulating volume for a minimum of 10 seconds and shall not stop accumulating volume before (1) the volume change for a 0.5 second interval is less than 25 milliliters, or (2) the flow is less than 50 milliliters per second for a 0.5 second interval.
i. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV sub1.0) measurements shall comply with the accuracy requirements stated in paragraph (a) of this section. That is, they should be accurately measured to within_____+ 50 ml or within_____+ 3 percent of reading, whichever is greater.

j. The instrument must be capable of being calibrated in the field with respect to the FEV sub1 and FVC. This calibration of the FEV sub1 and FVC may be either directly or indirectly through volume and time base measurements. The volume calibration source should provide a volume displacement of at least 2 liters and should be accurate to within_____+ 30 milliliters.
II. Technique for Measurement of Forced Vital Capacity Maneuver
a. Use of a nose clip is recommended but not required. The procedures shall be explained in simple terms to the patient who shall be instructed to loosen any tight clothing and stand in front of the apparatus. The subject may sit, but care should be taken on repeat testing that the same position be used and, if possible, the same spirometer. Particular attention shall be given to insure that the chin is slightly elevated with the neck slightly extended. The patient shall be instructed to make a full inspiration from a normal breathing pattern and then blow into the apparatus, without interruption, as hard, fast, and completely as possible. At least three forced expirations shall be carried out. During the maneuvers, the patient shall be observed for compliance with instruction. The expirations shall be checked visually for reproducibility from flow-volume or volume-time tracings or displays. The following efforts shall be judged unacceptable when the patient:
1. has not reached full inspiration preceding the forced expiration,
2. has not used maximal effort during the entire forced expiration,
3. has not continued the expiration of at least 5 seconds or until an obvious plateau in the volume time curve has occurred,
4. has coughed or closed his glottis,
5. has an obstructed mouthpiece or a leak around the mouthpiece (obstruction due to tongue being placed in front of mouthpiece, false teeth falling in front of mouthpiece, etc.),
6. has an unsatisfactory start of expiration, one characterized by excessive hesitation (or false starts), and therefore not allowing back extrapolation of time 0 (extrapolated volume on the volume time tracing must be less than 10 percent of the FVC),
7. has an excessive variability between the three acceptable curves. The variation between the two largest FVC's and FEV sub1's of the three satisfactory tracings should not exceed 10 percent or_____+ 100 milliliters, whichever is greater.
b. Periodic and routine recalibration of the instrument or method for recording FVC and FEV sub1.0 should be performed using a syringe or other volume source of at least two liters.
III. Interpretation of Spirogram
a. The first step in evaluating a spirogram should be to determine whether or not the patient has performed the test properly or as described in II above. From the three satisfactory tracings, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV sub1.0) shall be measured and recorded. The largest observed FVC and largest observed FEV sub1 shall be used in the analysis regardless of the curve(s) on which they occur.
b. The following guidelines are recommended by NIOSH for the evaluation and management of workers exposed to cotton dust. It is important to note that employees who show reductions in FEV sub1 /FVC ration below .75 or drops in Monday FEV sub1 of 5 percent or greater on their initial screening exam, should be reevaluated within a month of the first exam. Those who show consistent decrease in lung function should be managed as recommended.
IV. Qualifications of Personnel Administering the Test
Technicians who perform pulmonary function testing should have the basic knowledge required to produce meaningful results. Training consisting of approximately 16 hours of formal instruction should cover the following areas.
a. Basic physiology of the forced vital capacity maneuver and the determinants of airflow limitation with emphasis on the relation to reproducibility of results.
b. Instrumentation requirements including calibration procedures, sources of error and their correction.
c. Performance of the testing including subject coaching, recognition of improperly performed maneuvers and corrective actions.
d. Data quality with emphasis on reproducibility.

e.Actual use of the equipment under supervised conditions.
f. Measurement of tracings and calculations of results.







Appendix E
Vertical Elutriator Equivalency Protocol

a. Samples to be taken -In order to ascertain equivalency, it is necessary to collect a total of 100 samples from at least 10 sites in a mill. That is, there should be 10 replicate readings at each of 10 sites. The sites should represent dust levels which vary over the allowable range of 0.5 to 2 times the permissible exposure limit. Each sample requires the use of two vertical elutriators (VE's) and at least one but not more than two alternative devices (AD's). Thus, the end result is 200 VE readings and either 100 or 200 AD readings. The 2 VE readings and the 1 or 2 AD readings at each time and site must be made simultaneously. That is, the two VE's and one or two AD's must be arranged together in such a way that they are measuring essentially the same dust levels.
b. Data averaging -The two VE readings taken at each site are then averaged. These averages are to be used as the 100 VE readings. If two alternate devices were used their test results are also averaged. Thus, after this step is accomplished, there will be 100 VE readings and 100 AD readings.
c. Differences -For each of the 100 sets of measurements (VE and AD) the difference is obtained as the average VE reading minus the AD reading. Call these differences D subi. Thus, we have;
D subi = VE subi - AD subi i = 1,2...,100 (1)
Next we compute the arithmetic mean and standard deviations of the differences, using equations (2)




Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5191. Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories.
(a) Scope and application.
(1) This section shall apply to all employers engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals as defined below.
(2) Where this section applies, it shall supersede, for laboratories, the requirements of Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations Section 5190 and Article 110, Regulated Carcinogens of the General Industry Safety Orders, except as follows:
(A) The requirement to limit employee exposure to the specific exposure limit.
(B) When that particular regulation states otherwise, as in the case of Section 5209(c)(6).
(C) Prohibition or prevention of eye and skin contact where specified by any health regulation shall be observed.
(D) Where the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the exposure limit) is exceeded for a regulated substance with exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements.
(E) The "report of use" requirements of Article 110, (Section 5200 et. seq.) Regulated Carcinogens regulations.
(F) Section 5217 shall apply to anatomy, histology and pathology laboratories.
(3) This regulation shall not apply to:

(A) Uses of hazardous chemicals which do not meet the definition of laboratory use, and in such cases, the employer shall comply with the relevant regulations in Title 8, California Code of Regulations, even is such use occurs in a laboratory.
(B) Laboratory uses of hazardous chemicals which provide no potential for employee exposure. Examples of such conditions might include:
1. Procedures using chemically-impregnated test media such as Dip-and-Read tests where a reagent strip is dipped into the specimen to be tested and the results are interpreted by comparing the color reaction to a color chart supplied by the manufacturer of the test strip; and
2. Commercially prepared kits such as those used in performing pregnancy tests in which all of the reagents needed to conduct the test are contained in the kit.
(b) Definitions
Action level. A concentration designated in Title 8, California Code of Regulations for a specific substance, calculated as an eight (8)-hour time weighted average, which initiates certain required activities such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.
Carcinogen (see "select carcinogen").
Chemical Hygiene Officer. An employee who is designated by the employer, and who is qualified by training or experience, to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. This definition is not intended to place limitations on the position description or job classification that the designated individual shall hold within the employer's organizational structure.
Chemical Hygiene Plan. A written program developed and implemented by the employer which sets forth procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment and work practices that
(1) are capable of protecting employees from the health hazards presented by hazardous chemicals used in that particular work place and
(2) meets the requirements of subsection 5191(e).

Chief. The Chief of the Division of Occupational Safety and Health.
Combustible liquid. Any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 ° F (37.8 ° C), but below 200 ° F (93.3 ° C) except any mixturehaving components with flashpoints of 200 ° C) except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200 ° F (93.3 ° C), or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
Compressed gas.
(1) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70 ° F (21.1 ° C); or
(2) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 ° F (54.4 ° C) regardless of the pressure at 70 ° F (21.1 ° C); or
(3) A liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 ° F (37.8 ° C) as determined by ASTM D-323-72.

Designated area. An area which may be used for work with "select carcinogens," reproductive toxins or substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. A designated area may be the entire laboratory, an area of a laboratory or a device such as a laboratory hood.
Emergency. Any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers or failure of control equipment which results in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace.
Employee. An individual employed in a laboratory workplace who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in the course of his or her assignments.
Explosive. A chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature.
Flammable. A chemical that falls into one of the following categories:
(1) "Aerosol, flammable" means an aerosol that, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.45, yields a flame projection exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a flame extending back to the valve) at any degree of valve opening;
(2) "Gas, flammable" means:
(A) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13 percent by volume or less; or
(B) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air greater than 12 percent by volume, regardless of the lower explosive limit.
(3) "Liquid, flammable" means any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 ° F (37.8 ° C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 ° F (37.8 ° C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
(4) "Solid, flammable" means a solid, other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in 29 CFR 1910.109(a), that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard. A chemical shall be considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis.
Flashpoint. The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite when tested as follows:
(1) Tagliabue Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, Z11.24 - 1979 (ASTM D 56-79) - for liquids with a viscosity of less than 45 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100 ° F (37.8 ° C), or that do not contain suspended solids, and do not have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or
(2) Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (see American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens closed tester), Z11.7 - 1979 (ASTM D 93-79) for liquids with a viscosity equal to or greater than 45 SUS at 100 ° F (37.8 ° C), or that contain suspended solids, or that have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or
(3) Setaflash Closed Tester (see American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester (ASTM D 3278-78)). Organic peroxides, which undergo autoaccelerating thermal decomposition, are excluded from any of the flashpoint determination methods specified above.
Hazardous chemical. A chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic systems, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.
Appendices A and B of the Hazard Communication Standard (Section 5194) provide further guidance in defining the scope of health hazards and determining whether or not a chemical is to be considered hazardous for purposes of this regulation.
Laboratory. A facility where the "laboratory use of hazardous chemicals" occurs. It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis.

Laboratory scale. Work with substances in which the containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of substances are designed to be easily and safety manipulated by one person. "Laboratory scale" excludes those workplaces whose function is to produce commercial quantities of materials.
Laboratory-type hood. A device located in a laboratory, enclosed on five sides with a movable sash or fixed partial enclosure on the remaining side; constructed and maintained to draw air from the laboratory and to prevent or minimize the escape of air contaminants into the laboratory; and allows chemical manipulations to be conducted in the enclosure without insertion of any portion of the employee's body other than hands and arms.
Walk-in hoods with adjustable sashes meet the above definition provided that the sashes are adjusted during use so that the airflow and the exhaust of air contaminants are not compromised and employees do not work inside the enclosure during the release of airborne hazardous chemicals.
Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals. Handling or use of such chemicals in which all of the following conditions are met:

(1) Chemical manipulations are carried out on a "laboratory scale";
(2) Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used;
(3) The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor in any way simulate a production process; and
(4) "Protective laboratory practices and equipment" are available and in common use industry-wide to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Medical consultation. A consultation which takes place between an employee and a licensed physician for the purpose of determining what medical examinations or procedures, if any, are appropriate in cases where a significant exposure to a hazardous chemical may have taken place.
Organic peroxide. An organic compound that contains the bivalent -o-o-structure and which may be considered to be a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical.

Oxidizer. A chemical other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in Section 5237(a), that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases.
Physical hazard. A chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive.
Protective laboratory practices and equipment. Those laboratory procedures, practices and equipment accepted by laboratory health and safety experts as effective, or that the employer can show to be effective, in minimizing the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Reproductive toxins. Chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis).
Select carcinogen. Any substance which meets one of the following criteria:

(1) It is regulated by Cal/OSHA as a carcinogen; or
(2) It is listed under the category, "known to be carcinogens," in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (1985 edition); or
(3) It is listed under Group 1 ( "carcinogenic to humans") by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs (IARC) (Volumes 1-48 and Supplements 1-8); or
(4) It is listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category, "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens" by NTP, and causes statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in accordance with any of the following criteria:
(A) After inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a significant portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10 mg/m 3;
(B) After repeated skin application of less than 300 mg/kg of body weight per week; or

(C) After oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per day.
Unstable (reactive). A chemical which is the pure state, or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure or temperature.
Water-reactive. A chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.
(c) Exposure limits. For laboratory uses of Cal/OSHA regulated substances, the employer shall ensure that laboratory employees' exposures to such substances do not exceed the exposure limits specified in Title 8, California Code of Regulations, Group 16, Section 5139 et seq., of the General Industry Safety Orders.
(d) Employee exposure determination
(1) Initial monitoring. The employer shall measure the employee's exposure to any substance regulated by a standard which requires monitoring if there is reason to believe that exposure levels for that substance exceed the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the exposure limit). The person supervising, directing or evaluating the monitoring shall be competent in industrial hygiene practice.
(2) Periodic monitoring. If the initial monitoring prescribed by subsection 5191(d)(1) discloses employee exposure over the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the exposure limit), the employer shall immediately comply with the exposure monitoring provisions of the relevant regulation.
(3) Termination of monitoring. Monitoring may be terminated in accordance with the relevant regulation.
(4) Employee notification of monitoring results. The employer shall, within 15 working days after the receipt of any monitoring results, notify the employee of these results in writing either individually or by posting results in an appropriate location that is accessible to employees.
(e) Chemical hygiene plan.
(1) Where hazardous chemicals as defined by this regulation are used in the workplace, the employer shall develop and carry out the provisions of a written Chemical Hygiene Plan which is:

(A) Capable of protecting employees from health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in that laboratory and
(B) Capable of keeping exposures below the limits specified in subsection 5191(c).
(2) The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall be readily available to employees. employee representatives and, upon request, to the Chief.
(3) The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall include each of the following elements and shall indicate specific measures that the employer will take to ensure laboratory employee protection;
(A) Standard operating procedures relevant to safety and health considerations to be followed when laboratory work involves the use of hazardous chemicals:
(B) Criteria that the employer will use to determine and implement control measures to reduce employee exposure to hazardous chemicals including engineering controls, the use of personal protective equipment and hygiene practices; particular attention shall be given to the selection of control measures for chemicals that are known to be extremely hazardous;
(C) A requirement that fume hoods comply with Section 5154.1, that all protective equipment shall function properly and that specific measures shall be taken to ensure proper and adequate performance of such equipment;
(D) Provisions for employee information and training as prescribed in subsection 5191(f);
(E) The circumstances under which a particular laboratory operation, procedure or activity shall require prior approval from the employer or the employer's designee before implementation;
(F) Provisions for medical consultation and medical examinations in accordance with subsection 5191(g);
(G) Designation of personnel responsible for implementation of the Chemical Hygiene Plan including the assignment of a Chemical Hygiene officer and, if appropriate, establishment of a Chemical Hygiene Committee; and
(H) Provisions for additional employee protection for work with particularly hazardous substances. These include "select carcinogens," reproductive toxins and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. Specific consideration shall be given to the following provisions which shall be included where appropriate;
1. Establishment of a designated area;
2. Use of containment devices such as fume hoods or glove boxes;
3. Procedures for safe removal of contaminated waste; and
4. Decontamination procedures.
(4) The employer shall review and evaluate the effectiveness of the Chemical Hygiene Plan at least annually and update it as necessary.
Note: Appendix A of this section is non-mandatory but provides guidance to assist employers in the development of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
(f) Employee information and training.

(1) The employer shall provide employees with information and training to ensure that they are apprised of the hazards of chemicals present in their work area. Information and training may relate to an entire class of hazardous substances to the extent appropriate.
(2) Such information shall be provided at the time of an employee's initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and prior to assignments involving new exposure situations. The frequency of refresher information and training shall be determined by the employer.
(3) Information. Employees shall be informed of:
(A) The contents of this regulation and its appendices which shall be available to employees;
(B) The location and availability of the employer's Chemical Hygiene Plan;
(C) The exposure limits for Cal/OSHA regulated substances or recommended exposure limits for other hazardous chemicals where there is no applicable Cal/OSHA regulation;

(D) Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals used in the laboratory; and
(E) The location and availability of known reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory including, but not limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets received from the chemical supplier.
(4) Training.
(A) Employee training shall include;
1. Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.);
2. The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area; and
3. The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used.
(B) The employee shall be trained on the applicable details of the employer's written Chemical Hygiene Plan.
(g) Medical consultation and medical examinations.
(1) The employer shall provide all employees who work with hazardous chemicals an opportunity to receive medical attention, including any follow-up examinations which the examining physician determines to be necessary, under the following circumstances;
(A) Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory, the employee shall be provided an opportunity to receive an appropriate medical examination.
(B) Where exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level above the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the exposure limit) for a Cal/OSHA regulated substance for which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, medical surveillance shall be established for the affected employee as prescribed by the particular standard.
(C) Whenever an event takes place in the work area such as a spill, leak, explosion or other occurrence resulting in the likelihood of a hazardous exposure, the affected employee shall be provided an opportunity for a medical consultation. Such consultation shall be for the purpose of determining the need for a medical examination.
(2) All medical examinations and consultations shall be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed physician and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay and at a reasonable time and place.
(3) Information provided to the physician. The employer shall provide the following information to the physician;
(A) The identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the employee may have been exposed;
(B) A description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred including quantitative exposure data, if available; and

(C) A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure that the employee is experiencing, if any.
(4) Physician's written opinion.
(A) For examination or consultation required under this standard, the employer shall obtain a written opinion from the examining physician which shall include the following;
1. Any recommendation for further medical follow-up;
2. The results of the medical examination and any associated tests, if requested by the employee;
3. Any medical condition which may be revealed in the course of the examination which may place the employee at increased risk as a result of exposure to a hazardous chemical found in the workplace; and
4. A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the consultation or medical examination and any medical condition that may require further examination or treatment.
(B) The written opinion shall not reveal specific findings of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.
(h) Hazard identification.
(1) With respect to labels and material safety data sheets;
(A) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced.
(B) Employers shall maintain in the workplace any material safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous chemicals, and ensure that they are readily accessible to laboratory employees during each work shift when they are in their work area(s).
(2) The following provisions shall apply to chemical substances developed in the laboratory;
(A) If the composition of the chemical substance which is produced exclusively for the laboratory's use is known, the employer shall determine if it is a hazardous chemical as defined in subsection 5191(b). If the chemical is determined to be hazardous, the employer shall provide appropriate training as required under subsection 5191(f).
(B) If the chemical produced is a byproduct whose composition is not known, the employer shall assume that the substance is hazardous and shall implement subsection 5191(e).
(C) If the chemical substance is produced for commercial purposes by another user outside of the laboratory, the employer shall comply with the Hazard Communication Standard (Section 5194) including the requirements for preparation of material safety data sheets and labeling.
(i) Use of respirators.
Where the use of respirators is necessary to maintain exposure below permissible exposure limits, the employer shall provide, at no cost to the employee, the proper respiratory equipment. Respirators shall be selected and used in accordance with the requirements of Section 5144.
(j) Recordkeeping.
(1) The employer shall establish and maintain for each employee an accurate record of any measurements taken to monitor employee exposures and any medical consultation and examinations including tests or written opinions required by this regulation.
(2) The employer shall ensure that such records are kept, transferred, and made available in accordance with Section 3204.
(k) Dates
(1) Employers shall have developed and implemented a written Chemical Hygiene Plan no later than October 31, 1991.
(2) Subsection (a) (2) shall not take effect until the employer has developed and implemented a written Chemical Hygiene Plan.
(l) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices is not intended, by itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligation.


Note: Authority cited: Sections 142.3 and 9020, Labor Code. Reference: Sections 142.3, 9004(d), 9009 and 9020, Labor Code.







Appendix A - National Research Council
Recommendations Concerning Chemical Hygiene in Laboratories (Non-Mandatory)

Table of Contents
Foreword
Corresponding Sections of the Regulation and This Appendix
A. General Principles 1. Minimize all Chemical Exposures 2. Avoid Underestimation of Risk 3. Provide Adequate Ventilation 4. Institute Chemical Hygiene Program 5. Observe the exposure limits and TLV's
B. Responsibilities 1. Chief Executive Officer 2. Supervisor of Administrative Unit 3. Chemical Hygiene Officer 4. Laboratory Supervisor 5. Project Director 6. Laboratory Worker
C. The Laboratory Facility 1. Design 2. Maintenance 3. Usage 4. Ventilation
D. Components of the Chemical Hygiene Plan 1. Basic Rules and Procedures 2. Chemical Procurement, Distribution, and Storage 3. Environmental Monitoring 4. Housekeeping, Maintenance and Inspections 5. Medical Program 6. Personal Protective Apparel and Equipment 7. Records 8. Signs and Labels 9. Spills and Accidents 10. Training and Information 11. Waste Disposal
E. General Procedures for Working With Chemicals 1. General Rules for all Laboratory Work with Chemicals 2. Allergens and Embryotoxins 3. Chemicals of Moderate Chronic or High Acute Toxicity 4. Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity 5. Animal Work with Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity
F. Safety Recommendations
G. Safety Data Sheets
Foreword
As guidance for each employer's development of an appropriate laboratory Chemical Hygiene Plan, the following non-mandatory recommendations are provided. They were extracted from "Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories" (referred to below as "Prudent Practices"), which was published in 1981 by the National Research Council and is available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW., Washington DC 20418.
"Prudent Practices" is cited because of its wide distribution and acceptance and because of its preparation by members of the laboratory community through the sponsorship of the National Research Council. However, none of the recommendations given here will modify any requirements of the laboratory regulation. This Appendix merely presents pertinent recommendations from "Prudent Practices," organized into a form convenient for quick reference during development and application of a Chemical Hygiene Plan. Users of this appendix should consult "Prudent Practices" for a more extended presentation and justification for each recommendation.
"Prudent Practices" deals with both safety and chemical hazards while the laboratory regulation is concerned primarily with chemical hazards. Therefore, only those recommendations directed primarily toward control of toxic exposures are cited in this appendix, with the term "chemical hygiene" being substituted for the word "safety." However, since conditions producing or threatening physical injury often pose toxic risks as well, page references concerning major categories of safety hazards in the laboratory are given in section F.
The recommendations from "Prudent Practices" have been paraphrased, combined, or otherwise reorganized, and headings have been added. However, their sense has not been changed.
Corresponding Sections of the Regulation and this Appendix

The following table is given for the convenience of those who are developing a Chemical Hygiene Plan which will satisfy the requirements of subsection 5191(e). It indicates those sections of this appendix which are most pertinent to each of the sections of subsection 5191(e) and related paragraphs.

Paragraph and topic in laboratory appendix
standard section
(e) (3) (A) Standard operating procedures for
handling toxic chemicals. C, D, E
(e) (3) (B) Criteria to be used for implementation
of measures to reduce exposures. D
(e) (3) (C) Fume hood performance C4b
(e) (3) (D) Employee information and training
(including emergency procedures). D10, D9
(e) (3) (E) Requirements for prior approval of laboratory
activities. E2b, E4b
(e) (3) (F) Medical consultation and medical examinations. D5, E4f
(e) (3) (G) Chemical hygiene responsibilities. B
(e) (3) (H) Special precautions for work with E2, E3,
particularly hazardous substances. E4


In this appendix, those recommendations directed primarily at administrators and supervisors are given in sections A - D. Those recommendations of primary concern to employees who are actually handling laboratory chemicals are given in section E. (Reference to page numbers in "Prudent Practices" are given in parentheses.)
A. General Principles for Work with Laboratory Chemicals
In addition to the more detailed recommendations listed below in sections B-E, "Prudent Practices" expresses certain general principles, including the following:
1. It is prudent to minimize all chemical exposures. Because few laboratory chemicals are without hazards, general precautions for handling all laboratory chemicals should be adopted, rather than specific guidelines for particular chemicals (2,10). Skin contact with chemicals should be avoided as a cardinal rule (198). (continued)