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Rescue. Arrangements for rescue services are not required where there is no attendant. See the rescue portion of section B., below, for instructions regarding rescue planning where an entry permit is required.
B. ENTRY PERMIT REQUIRED
Permits. Confined Space Entry Permit. All spaces shall be considered permit-required confined spaces until the pre-entry procedures demonstrate otherwise. Any employee required or permitted to pre-check or enter a permit-required confined space shall have successfully completed, as a minimum, the training as required by the following sections of these procedures. A written copy of operating and rescue procedures as required by these procedures shall be at the work site for the duration of the job. The Confined Space Entry Permit must be completed before approval can be given to enter a permit-required confined space. This permit verifies completion of items listed below. This permit shall be kept at the job site for the duration of the job. If circumstances cause an interruption in the work or a change in the alarm conditions for which entry was approved, a new Confined Space Entry Permit must be completed.
Control of atmospheric and engulfment hazards.
Surveillance. The surrounding area shall be surveyed to avoid hazards such as drifting vapors from tanks, piping or sewers.
Testing. The confined space atmosphere shall be tested to determine whether dangerous air contamination and/or oxygen deficiency exists. A direct reading gas monitor shall be used. Testing shall be performed by the SUPERVISOR who has successfully completed the gas detector training for the monitor he will use. The minimum parameters to be monitored are oxygen deficiency, LFL and hydrogen sulfide concentration. A written record of the pre-entry test results shall be made and kept at the work site for the duration of the job. Affected employees shall be able to review the testing results. The most hazardous conditions shall govern when work is being performed in two adjoining, connected spaces.
Space Ventilation. Mechanical ventilation systems, where applicable, shall be set at 100% outside air. Where possible, open additional manholes to increase air circulation. Use portable blowers to augment natural circulation if needed. After a suitable ventilating period, repeat the testing. Entry may not begin until the testing has demonstrated that the hazardous atmosphere has been eliminated.
Entry Procedures. The following procedure shall be observed under any of the following conditions:
1.) Testing demonstrates the existence of dangerous or deficient conditions and additional ventilation cannot reduce concentrations to safe levels;
2.) The atmosphere tests as safe but unsafe conditions can reasonably be expected to develop;
3.) It is not feasible to provide for ready exit from spaces equipped with automatic fire suppression systems and it is not practical or safe to deactivate such systems; or
4.) An emergency exists and it is not feasible to wait for pre-entry procedures to take effect.
All personnel must be trained. A self contained breathing apparatus shall be worn by any person entering the space. At least one worker shall stand by the outside of the space ready to give assistance in case of emergency. The standby worker shall have a self contained breathing appara tus available for immediate use. There shall be at least one additional worker within sight or call of the standby worker. Continuous powered communications shall be maintained between the worker within the confined space and standby personnel.
If at any time there is any questionable action or non-movement by the worker inside, a verbal check will be made. If there is no response, the worker will be moved immediately. Exception: If the worker is disabled due to falling or impact, he/she shall not be removed from the confined space unless there is immediate danger to his/her life. Local fire department rescue personnel shall be notified immediately. The standby worker may only enter the confined space in case of an emergency (wearing the self contained breathing apparatus) and only after being relieved by another worker. Safety belt or harness with attached lifeline shall be used by all workers entering the space with the free end of the line secured outside the entry opening. The standby worker shall attempt to remove a disabled worker via his lifeline before entering the space.
When practical, these spaces shall be entered through side openings -those within 3 1/2 feet (1.07 m) of the bottom. When entry must be through a top opening, the safety belt shall be of the harness type that suspends a person upright and a hoisting device or similar apparatus shall be available for lifting workers out of the space.
In any situation where their use may endanger the worker, use of a hoisting device or safety belt and attached lifeline may be discontinued.
When dangerous air contamination is attributable to flammable and/or explosive substances, lighting and electrical equipment shall be Class 1, Division 1 rated per National Electrical Code and no ignition sources shall be introduced into the area.
Continuous gas monitoring shall be performed during all confined space operations. If alarm conditions change adversely, entry personnel shall exit the confined space and a new confined space permit issued.
Rescue. Call the fire department services for rescue. Where immediate hazards to injured personnel are present, workers at the site shall implement emergency procedures to fit the situation.
Example 2.
Workplace. Meat and poultry rendering plants.
Cookers and dryers are either batch or continuous in their operation. Multiple batch cookers are operated in parallel. When one unit of a multiple set is shut down for repairs, means are available to isolate that unit from the others which remain in operation.
Cookers and dryers are horizontal, cylindrical vessels equipped with a center, rotating shaft and agitator paddles or discs. If the inner shell is jacketed, it is usually heated with steam at pressures up to 150 psig (1034.25 kPa). The rotating shaft assembly of the continuous cooker or dryer is also steam heated.
Potential Hazards. The recognized hazards associated with cookers and dryers are the risk that employees could be:
1. Stuck or caught by rotating agitator;
2. Engulfed in raw material or hot, recycled fat;
3. Burned by steam from leaks into the cooker/dryer steam jacket or the condenser duct system if steam valves are not properly closed and locked out;
4. Burned by contact with hot metal surfaces, such as the agitator shaft assembly, or inner shell of the cooker/dryer;
5. Heat stress caused by warm atmosphere inside cooker/dryer;
6. Slipping and falling on grease in the cooker/dryer;
7. Electrically shocked by faulty equipment taken into the cooker/dryer;
8. Burned or overcome by fire or products of combustion; or
9. Overcome by fumes generated by welding or cutting done on grease covered surfaces.
Permits. The supervisor in this case is always present at the cooker/dryer or other permit entry confined space when entry is made. The supervisor must follow the pre-entry isolation procedures described in the entry permit in preparing for entry, and ensure that the protective clothing, ventilating equipment and any other equipment required by the permit are at the entry site.
Control of hazards.
Mechanical. Lock out main power switch to agitator motor at main power panel. Affix tag to the lock to inform others that a permit entry confined space entry is in progress.
Engulfment. Close all valves in the raw material blow line. Secure each valve in its closed position using chain and lock. Attach a tag to the valve and chain warning that a permit entry confined space entry is in progress. The same procedure shall be used for securing the fat recycle valve.
Burns and heat stress. Close steam supply valves to jacket and secure with chains and tags. Insert solid blank at flange in cooker vent line to condenser manifold duct system. Vent cooker/dryer by opening access door at discharge end and top center door to allow natural ventilation throughout the entry. If faster cooling is needed, use a portable ventilation fan to increase ventilation. Cooling water may be circulated through the jacket to reduce both outer and inner surface temperatures of cooker/dryers faster. Check air and inner surface temperatures in cooker/dryer to assure they are within acceptable limits before entering, or use proper protective clothing.
Fire and fume hazards. Careful site preparation, such as cleaning the area within 4 inches (10.16 cm) of all welding or torch cutting operations, and proper ventilation are the preferred controls. All welding and cutting operations shall be done in accordance with the requirements of California Code of Regulations, Title 8, welding standards. Proper ventilation may be achieved by local exhaust ventilation, or the use of portable ventilation fans, or a combination of the two practices.
Electrical shock. Electrical equipment used in cooker/dryers shall be in serviceable condition.
Slips and falls. Remove residual grease before entering cooker/dryer.
Attendant. The supervisor shall be the attendant for employees entering cooker/dryers.
Permit. The permit shall specify how isolation shall be done and any other preparations needed before making entry. This is especially important in parallel arrangements of cooker/dryers so that the entire operation need not be shut down to allow safe entry into one unit.
Rescue. When necessary, the attendant shall call the fire department as previously arranged.
Example 3.
Workplace. Workplaces where tank cars, trucks, and trailers, dry bulk tanks and trailers, railroad tank cars, and similar portable tanks are fabricated or serviced.
A. During fabrication. These tanks and dry-bulk carriers are entered repeatedly throughout the fabrication process. These products are not configured identically, but the manufacturing processes by which they are made are very similar.
Sources of hazards. In addition to the mechanical hazards arising from the risks that an entrant would be injured due to contact with components of the tank or the tools being used, there is also the risk that a worker could be injured by breathing fumes from welding materials or mists or vapors from materials used to coat the tank interior. In addition, many of these vapors and mists are flammable, so the failure to properly ventilate a tank could lead to a fire or explosion.
Control of hazards.
Welding. Local exhaust ventilation shall be used to remove welding fumes once the tank or carrier is completed to the point that workers may enter and exit only through a manhole. (Follow the requirements of California Code of Regulations, Title 8, welding standards at all times.) Welding gas tanks may never be brought into a tank or carrier that is a permit entry confined space.
Application of interior coatings/linings. Atmospheric hazards shall be controlled by forced air ventilation sufficient to keep the atmospheric concentration of flammable materials below 10% of the lower flammable limit (LFL) (or lower explosive limit (LEL), whichever term is used locally). The appropriate respirators are provided and shall be used in addition to providing forced ventilation if the forced ventilation does not maintain acceptable respiratory conditions.
Permits. Because of the repetitive nature of the entries in these operations, an "Area Entry Permit" will be issued for a 1 month period to cover those production areas where tanks are fabricated to the point that entry and exit are made using manholes.
Authorization. Only the area supervisor may authorize an employee to enter a tank within the permit area. The area supervisor must determine that conditions in the tank trailer, dry bulk trailer or truck, etc. meet permit requirements before authorizing entry.

Attendant. The area supervisor shall designate an employee to maintain communication by employer specified means with employees working in tanks to ensure their safety. The attendant may not enter any permit entry confined space to rescue an entrant or for any other reason, unless authorized by the rescue procedure, and even then, only after calling the rescue team and being relieved by as attendant by another worker.
Communications and observation. Communications between attendant and entrant(s) shall be maintained throughout entry. Methods of communication that may be specified by the permit include voice, voice powered radio, tapping or rapping codes on tank walls, signalling tugs on a rope, and the attendant's observation that work activities such as chipping, grinding, welding, spraying, etc., which require deliberate operator control continue normally. These activities often generate so much noise that the necessary hearing protection makes communication by voice difficult.
Rescue procedures. Acceptable rescue procedures include entry by a team of employee-rescuers, use of public emergency services, and procedures for breaching the tank. The area permit specifies which procedures are available, but the area supervisor makes the final decision based on circumstances. (Certain injuries may make it necessary to breach the tank to remove a person rather than risk additional injury by removal through an existing manhole. However, the supervisor must ensure that no breaching procedure used for rescue would violate terms of the entry permit. For instance, if the tank must be breached by cutting with a torch, the tank surfaces to be cut must be free of volatile or combustible coatings within 4 inches (10.16 cm) of the cutting line and the atmosphere within the tank must be below the LFL.
Retrieval line and harnesses. The retrieval lines and harnesses generally required under this standard are usually impractical for use in tanks because the internal configuration of the tanks and their interior baffles and other structures would prevent rescuers from hauling out injured entrants. However, unless the rescue procedure calls for breaching the tank for rescue, the rescue team shall be trained in the use of retrieval lines and harnesses for removing injured employees through manholes.
B. Repair or service of "used" tanks and bulk trailers.
Sources of hazards. In addition to facing the potential hazards encountered in fabrication or manufacturing, tanks or trailers which have been in service may contain residues of dangerous materials, whether left over from the transportation of hazardous cargoes or generated by chemical or bacterial action on residues of non-hazardous cargoes.
Control of atmospheric hazards. A "used" tank shall be brought into areas where tank entry is authorized only after the tank has been emptied, cleansed (without employee entry) of any residues, and purged of any potential atmospheric hazards.
Welding. In addition to tank cleaning for control of atmospheric hazards, coating and surface materials shall be removed 4 inches (10.16 cm) or more from any surface area where welding or other torch work will be done and care taken that the atmosphere within the tank remains well below the LFL. (Follow the requirements of California Code of Regulations, Title 8, welding standards, at all times.)
Permits. An entry permit valid for up to 1 year shall be issued prior to authorization of entry into used tank trailers, dry bulk trailers or trucks. In addition to the pre-entry cleaning requirement, this permit shall require the employee safeguards specified for new tank fabrication or construction permit areas.

Authorization. Only the area supervisor may authorize an employee to enter a tank trailer, dry bulk trailer or truck within the permit area. The area supervisor must determine that the entry permit requirements have been met before authorizing entry.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







Appendix D-1 Confined Space Entry Permit







Appendix D-2 Entry Permit




Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







Appendix E -Sewer System Entry.
Sewer entry differs in three vital respects from other permit entries;first, there rarely exists any way to completely isolate the space (a sectionof a continuous system) to be entered; second, because isolation is notcomplete, the atmosphere may suddenly and unpredictably become lethally hazardous (toxic, flammable or explosive) from causes beyond thecontrol of the entrant or employer, and third, experienced sewer workersare especially knowledgeable in entry and work in their permit spaces because of their frequent entries. Unlike other employments where permitspace entry is a rare and exceptional event, sewer workers' usual workenvironment is a permit space.
(1) Adherence to procedure. The employer should designate as entrants only employees who are thoroughly trained in the employer's sewer entry procedures and who demonstrate that they follow these entryprocedures exactly as prescribed when preforming sewer entries.
(2) Atmospheric monitoring. Entrants should be trained in the use of,and be equipped with, atmospheric monitoring equipment which soundsan audible alarm, in addition to its visual readout, whenever one of thefollowing conditions is encountered: oxygen concentration less than 19.5percent; flammable gas or vapor at 10 percent or more of the lower flammable limit (LFL); or hydrogen sulfide or carbon monoxide at or abovetheir permissible exposure limit (PEL) (10 ppm or 25 ppm, respectively,measured as an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA)). Atmosphericmonitoring equipment needs to be calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Substance specific devices should be used wheneveractual contaminants have been identified. The instrument should be carried and used by the entrant in sewer line work to monitor the atmospherein the entrant's environment, and in advance of the entrants' direction ofmovement, to warn the entrant of any deterioration in atmospheric conditions. Where several entrants are working together in the same immediate location, one instrument, used by the lead entrant, is acceptable.
(3) Surge flow and flooding. Sewer crews should develop and maintain liaison, to the extent possible, with the local weather bureau and fireand emergency services in their area so that sewer work may be delayedor interrupted and entrants withdrawn whenever sewer lines might besuddenly flooded by rain or fire suppression activities, or whenever flammable or other hazardous materials are released into sewers during emergencies by industrial or transportation accidents.
(4) Special Equipment. Entry into large bore sewers may require theuse of special equipment. Such equipment might include such items asatmosphere monitoring devices with automatic audible alarms, escapeself-contained breathing apparatus (ESCBA) with at least 10 minute airsupply (or other NIOSH approved self-rescuer), and waterproof flashlights, and may also include boats and rafts, radios and rope stand-offsfor pulling around bends and corners as needed.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5158. Other Confined Space Operations.
(a) Scope. For industries and operations specified in section 5156(b)(2) this section prescribes minimum standards for preventing employee exposure to dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or oxygen deficiency in confined spaces, as defined in subsection (b). Note : Implementing a permit-required confined space program in accordance with section 5157 shall meet the requirements of this section.
(b) Definitions.
(1) Confined Space. A space defined by the concurrent existence of the following conditions:
(A) Existing ventilation is insufficient to remove dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or oxygen deficiency which may exist or develop.
(B) Ready access or egress for the removal of a suddenly disabled employee is difficult due to the location and/or size of the opening(s).
(2) Dangerous Air Contamination. An atmosphere presenting a threat of causing death, injury, acute illness, or disablement due to the presence of flammable and/or explosive, toxic, or otherwise injurious or incapacitating substances.
(A) Dangerous air contamination due to the flammability of a gas or vapor is defined as an atmosphere containing the gas or vapor at a concentration greater than 20 percent of its lower explosive (lower flammable) limit.
(B) Dangerous air contamination due to a combustible particulate is defined as a concentration greater than 20 percent of the minimum explosive concentration of the particulate.
(C) Dangerous air contamination due to the toxicity of a substance is defined as the atmospheric concentration immediately hazardous to life or health. Note : This definition of dangerous air contamination due to the toxicity of a substance does not preclude the requirement to control harmful exposures, under the provisions of Article 107, to toxic substances at concentrations less than those immediately hazardous to life or health.
(3) Oxygen Deficiency. An atmosphere containing oxygen at a concentration of less than 19.5 percent by volume.
(4) Oxygen Enrichment. An atmosphere containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by volume.
(c) Operation Procedures and Employee Training. The employer shall implement the provisions of this subsection before any employee is permitted to enter a confined space.
(1) Operating Procedures.

(A) Written, understandable operating and rescue procedures shall be developed and shall be provided to affected employees.
(B) Operating procedures shall conform to the applicable requirements of this section and shall include provision for the surveillance of the surrounding area to avoid hazards such as drifting vapors from tanks, piping and sewers.
(C) For multi-employer worksites, the procedures shall address how all the affected employers will coordinate their work activities, so that operations of one employer will not endanger the employees of any other employer. If the permit-required confined space requirements of section 5157 or the requirements of section 8355 apply to one or more of the other employers, then the procedures shall also include coordination with those employers;
(2) Employee Training. Employees, including standby persons required by subsection (e)(1)(D), shall be trained in the operating and rescue procedures, including instructions as to the hazards they may encounter.
(d) Pre-entry. The applicable provisions of this subsection shall be implemented before entry into a confined space.

(1) Lines which may convey flammable, injurious, or incapacitating substances into the space shall be disconnected, blinded, or blocked off by other positive means to prevent the development of dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or oxygen deficiency within the space. The disconnection or blind shall be so located or done in such a manner that inadvertent reconnection of the line or removal of the blind are effectively prevented.
Exception: This subsection does not apply to public utility gas distribution systems. NOTE : This subsection does not require blocking of all laterals to sewers or storm drains. Where experience or knowledge of industrial use indicates materials resulting in dangerous air contamination may be dumped into an occupied sewer, all such laterals shall be blocked.
(2) The space shall be emptied, flushed, or otherwise purged of flammable, injurious or incapacitating substances to the extent feasible.
(3) The air shall be tested with an appropriate device or method to determine whether dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or an oxygen deficiency exists. A written record of such testing results shall be made and kept at the work site for the duration of the work. Affected employees and/or their representative shall be afforded an opportunity to review and record the testing results. If an electronic or thermal device is used to test a confined space that contains or is likely to develop a dangerous air contamination due to flammable and/or explosive substances, then the device must be approved for use in such explosive or flammable conditions as required by section 2540.2.
(4) Where interconnected spaces are blinded off as a unit, each space shall be tested and the results recorded, in accordance with subsection (d)(3), and the most hazardous condition so found shall govern procedures to be followed.
(5) If dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or oxygen deficiency does not exist within the space, as demonstrated by tests performed in accordance with subsection (d)(3), entry into and work within the space may proceed subject to the following provisions:
(A) Testing, in accordance with subsection (d)(3), shall be conducted with sufficient frequency to ensure that the development of dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or oxygen deficiency does not occur during the performance of any operation.
(B) If the development of dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or an oxygen deficiency is imminent, the requirements prescribed by subsection (e) shall also apply.
(6) Where the existence of dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or oxygen deficiency is demonstrated by tests performed in accordance with subsection (d)(3), existing ventilation shall be augmented by appropriate means.
(7) When additional ventilation provided in accordance with subsection (d)(6) has removed dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or oxygen deficiency as demonstrated by additional testing conducted (and recorded) in accordance with subsection (d)(3), entry into and work within the space may proceed subject to the provisions of subsection (d)(5).
(8) No source of ignition shall be introduced until the implementation of appropriate provisions of this section have ensured that dangerous air contamination due to oxygen enrichment, flammable and/or explosive substances does not exist.
(9) Whenever oxygen-consuming equipment such as salamanders, plumbers' torches or furnaces, and the like, are to be used, measures shall be taken to ensure adequate combustion air and exhaust gas venting.

(10) To the extent feasible, provision shall be made to permit ready entry and exit.
(11) Where it is not feasible to provide for ready exit from spaces equipped with automatic fire suppression systems employing harmful design concentrations of toxic or oxygen-displacing gases, or total foam flooding, such systems shall be deactivated. Where it is not practical or safe to deactivate such systems, the provisions of subsection (e) related to the use of respiratory protective equipment shall apply during entry into and work within such spaces.
(e) Confined Space Operations.
(1) Entry Into and Work Within Confined Spaces. The requirements of this subsection apply to entry into and work within a confined space whenever an atmosphere free of dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or oxygen deficiency cannot be ensured through the implementation of the applicable provisions of subsection (d), or whenever, due to the existence of an emergency, it is not feasible to ensure the removal of dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or an oxygen deficiency through the implementation of the applicable provisions of subsection (d).

(A) Tanks, vessels, or other confined spaces with side and top openings shall be entered from side openings when practicable. Note : For the purposes of this Order, side openings are those within 3 1/2 feet of the bottom.
(B) Appropriate, approved respiratory protective equipment, in accordance with Section 5144, shall be provided and worn.
(C) An approved safety belt with an attached line shall be used. The free end of the line shall be secured outside the entry opening. The line shall be at least 1/2-inch diameter and 2,000-pounds test.
Exception: Where it can be shown that a safety belt and attached line would further endanger the life of the employee.
(D) At least one employee shall stand by on the outside of the confined space ready to give assistance in case of emergency. At least one additional employee who may have other duties shall be within sight or call of the standby employee(s).
1. The standby employee shall have appropriate, approved, respiratory protective equipment, including an independent source of breathing air which conforms with Section 5144(e), available for immediate use.
2. A standby employee (or employees) protected as prescribed by subsection (e)(1)(D) 1. may enter the confined space but only in case of emergency and only after alerting at least one additional employee outside of the confined space of the existence of an emergency and of the standby employee's intent to enter the confined space.
(E) When entry must be made through a top opening, the following requirements shall also apply.
1. The safety belt shall be of the harness type that suspends a person in an upright position.
2. A hoisting device or other effective means shall be provided for lifting employees out of the space.
(F) Work involving the use of flame, arc, spark, or other source of ignition is prohibited within a confined space (or any adjacent space having common walls, floor, or ceiling with the confined space) which contains, or is likely to develop, oxygen enrichment or dangerous air contamination due to flammable and/or explosive substances.
(G) Whenever gases such as nitrogen are used to provide an inert atmosphere for preventing the ignition of flammable gases or vapors, no flame, arc, spark, or other source of ignition shall be permitted unless the oxygen concentration is maintained at less than 20 percent of the concentration which will support combustion.
1. Testing of the oxygen content shall be conducted with sufficient frequency to ensure conformance with this paragraph.
2. A written record of the results of such testing shall be made and kept at the work site for the duration of the work.
3. Affected employees and/or their representative shall be provided an opportunity to review and record the testing results.
(H) Only approved lighting and electrical equipment, in accordance with the Low-Voltage Electrical Safety Orders, shall be used in confined spaces subject to oxygen enrichment or dangerous air contamination by flammable and/or explosive substances.
(I) Employees working in confined spaces which have last contained substances corrosive to the skin or substances which can be absorbed through the skin shall be provided with, and shall be required to wear, appropriate personal protective clothing or devices in accordance with Article 10.
(J) When an employer (host employer) arranges to have employees of another employer (contractor) perform work that involves a confined space entry covered by this standard or by sections 5157 or 8355, the host employer shall:
1. Inform the contractor that the workplace contains a confined space and that confined space entry is allowed only through compliance with a confined space program meeting the requirements of this section, section 5157 or section 8355, depending on which section applies to the contractor;
2. Apprise the contractor of the elements, including the hazards identified and the host employer's experience with the confined space, that make the space in question a confined space;
3. Apprise the contractor of any precautions or procedures that the host employer has implemented for the protection of employees in or near the confined space where the contractor's personnel will be working;
4. Coordinate entry operations with the contractor, when both host employer personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or near the confined space, as required by subsection (c)(1)(C); and
5. Debrief the contractor at the conclusion of the confined space operation regarding the confined space program followed and any hazards confronted or created in the confined space during entry operations.
(K) In addition to complying with the confined space requirements that apply to all employers, each contractor who is retained to perform confined space entry operations shall:
1. Obtain any available information regarding confined space hazards and entry operations from the host employer;
2. Coordinate entry operations with the host employer, when both host employer personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or near a confined space, as required by subsection (c)(1)(C); and

3. Inform the host employer of the confined space program that the contractor will follow and of any hazards confronted or created in the confined space, either through a debriefing or during the entry operation.
(2) Precautions for Emergencies Involving Work in Confined Spaces.
(A) At least one person trained in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) shall be immediately available whenever the use of respiratory protective equipment is required subsection (e)(1). Standards for CPR training shall follow the principles of the American Heart Association or the American Red Cross.
(B) An effective means of communication between employees inside a confined space and a standby employee shall be provided and used whenever the provisions of subsection (e)(1) require the use of respiratory protective equipment or whenever employees inside a confined space are out of sight of the standby employee(s). All affected employees shall be trained in the use of such communication system and the system shall be tested before each use to confirm its effective operation.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5159. Confined Space Operations.


Note: Authority Cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5160. Scope and Application.
This Article establishes minimum standards for the use, handling, and storage of hazardous substances in all places of employment.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.









s 5161. Definitions.
Bridging Condition. A condition where grain or other agricultural products are hung up or sticking to the sides of bins, silos, and tanks.
Choked leg. A condition of material buildup in the bucket elevator that results in the stoppage of material flow and bucket movement. A bucket elevator is not considered choked that has the up-leg partially or fully loaded and has the boot and discharge cleared allowing bucket movement.
Closed. As applied to containers, closed means vapor-tight.
Combustible dust. Any finely divided solid material which presents a fire or explosion hazard when dispersed in air.
Combustible liquid. See section 5194(c).
Combustible substance. Any substance which after ignition will continue to burn in air.
Container. Any tank, vat, drum, or other vessel in which a substance is placed for storage, use, processing, or transportation, but the term excludes underground storage tanks, all pipelines and all railroad, highway, water-borne and air-borne transportation vehicles and equipment. An additional definition, for Hazard Communication purposes only, will be found at section 5194(c).
Corrosive. See Appendix A to section 5194.
Covered. As applied to containers, covered means providing with a closure which will normally prevent spillage or splashing of contents but is not necessarily liquid or vapor tight; approved safety cans and buggies will be considered covered containers. Equipment listed by the Underwriters' Laboratories or bearing the approval label of other recognized testing laboratories will be acceptable under this definition.
Drum. A portable metal container or barrel, provided with removable plugs or other means by which it can be closed; and having a capacity not less than 15 U.S. gallons or more than 110 U.S. gallons but the term does not include fuel tanks or other equipment on railroad, highway, air-borne or water-borne vehicles.
Flammable. See section 5194(c).
Fugitive grain dust. The combustible dust particles emitted from the stock handling system(s) which will pass through a U.S. Standard 40 mesh sieve (425 microns or less).
Grain elevator. A facility engaged in the receipt, handling, storage and shipment of bulk raw agricultural commodities such as corn, wheat, oats, barley, sunflower seeds, and soybeans.
Hazardous substance. A substance, material, or mixture which by reason of being explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, an irritant, or otherwise harmful, is likely to cause injury or illness. Hazardous substance includes hazardous waste as defined in section 5192(a)(3). Additional definitions for hazardous substances are found in sections 5194(c), for Hazard Communication purposes only, and 5192(a)(3), for Hazardous Waste Operations purposes only.
Hot work. Any construction, alteration, repair, or demolition involving riveting, welding, burning, or similar fire-producing operations. Grinding, drilling, sand or shot blasting, or similar spark-producing operation shall be considered hot work except when circumstances do not necessitate such classification.
Inside bucket elevator. A bucket elevator that has the boot and more than 20 percent of the total leg height inside the grain elevator structure. Bucket elevators with leg casings that are inside and pass through the roofs of rail or truck dump sheds with the remainder of the leg outside of the grain elevator structure, are not considered inside bucket elevators.
Irritant. See Appendix A to section 5194.
Jogging. Repeated starting and stopping of drive motors in an attempt to clear choked legs.
Laboratory. A plant or generally recognized department or subdivision of a plant where the primary purpose is testing, analysis, inspection, research, experimentation, process development or instruction.
Lagging. A covering on drive pulleys used to increase the coefficient of friction between the pulley and the belt.
Open. As applied to containers, open means not covered or closed.
Oxidizer. A substance other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in section 5237(a), that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases. Oxidizers include nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, oxygen, and others. Note:Strong oxidizers, especially when finely divided, may initiate combustion in combustible materials. Some substances, not ordinarily considered oxidizers, must be regarded as such under certain circumstances; e.g., finely divided ferric oxide in contact with powdered magnesium or aluminum.
Poison. A substance which when taken in small quantities or low concentrations by mouth, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin rapidly jeopardizes life by other than mechanical or physical action.
Pyrophoric. A substance that will ignite spontaneously in air at a temperature of 130F (54.45C) or below.
Spontaneously flammable substance. See Pyrophoric.
Station. A building, room or section of a room in which a specific operation or part of a process is performed.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5162. Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment.
(a) Plumbed or self-contained eyewash or eye/facewash equipment which meets the requirements of sections 5, 7, or 9 of ANSI Z358.1-1981, Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment, incorporated herein by this reference, shall be provided at all work areas where, during routine operations or foreseeable emergencies, the eyes of an employee may come into contact with a substance which can cause corrosion, severe irritation or permanent tissue damage or which is toxic by absorption. Water hoses, sink faucets, or showers are not acceptable eyewash facilities. Personal eyewash units or drench hoses which meet the requirements of section 6 or 8 or ANSI Z358.1-1981, hereby incorporated by reference, may support plumbed or self-contained units but shall not be used in lieu of them.
(b) An emergency shower which meets the requirements of section 4 or 9 of ANSI Z358.1-1981, incorporated herein by reference, shall be provided at all work areas where, during routine operations or foreseeable emergencies, area of the body may come into contact with a substance which is corrosive or severely irritating to the skin or which is toxic by skin absorption.
(c) Location. Emergency eyewash facilities and deluge showers shall be in accessible locations that require no more than 10 seconds for the injured person to reach. If both an eyewash and shower are needed, they shall be located so that both can be used at the same time by one person. The area of the eyewash and shower equipment shall be maintained free of items which obstruct their use.
(d) Performance. Plumbed and self-contained eyewash and shower equipment shall supply potable water at the flow rates and time durations specified in ANSI Z358.1-1981. The control valve shall be designed so that the water flow remains on without requiring the use of the operator's hands, and so that the valve remains activated until intentionally shut off for all but hand-held drench hoses. Personal eyewash units shall deliver potable water or other eye-flushing solution approved by the consulting physician.
(e) Maintenance. Plumbed eyewash and shower equipment shall be activated at least monthly to flush the line and to verify proper operation. Other units shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
NOTE: See section 5185 of the General Industry Safety Orders when the hazard involves the changing and charging of storage batteries. See article 6 of the Unfired Pressure Vessel Safety Orders when the hazard involves anhydrousammonia.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5163. Spill and Overflow Control.
(a) Where a corrosive substance is handled in an open container or drawn from a reservoir or pipe line, safe means shall be taken to neutralize or dispose of spills and overflows promptly.
(b) Where heating, mixing or processing tanks in which liquid at a temperature above 140 degrees F is handled or processed, adequate drainage shall be provided so employees will not be endangered in case of overflow or reasonably anticipated leakage of tanks.
(c) Where an oxidizer may be spilled on wooden floors, benches, or other combustible material, safe means shall be available and used to effectively remove the oxidizing material. If a solution of an oxidizing agent or a liquid oxidizing agent is spilled on wooden floors or benches, the contaminated area shall be thoroughly flushed with water. Combustible waste material contaminated with such oxidizing agents shall be disposed of promptly and in a safe manner. This subsection shall not forbid the use of such substances to bleach wooden furniture or similar articles.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5164. Storage of Hazardous Substances.
(a) Substances which, when mixed, react violently, or evolve toxic vapors or gases, or which in combination become hazardous by reason of toxicity, oxidizing power, flammability, explosibility, or other properties, shall be evaluated for compatibility before storing. Incompatible substances shall be separated from each other in storage by distance, or by partitions, dikes, berms, secondary containment or otherwise, so as to preclude accidental contact between them. Note:Some typical examples of such incompatible substances are: Mineral acids and oxidizing agents; mineral acids and cyanides; oxidizing agents and combustible materials; acids and alkalis.
(b) Hazardous substances shall be stored in containers, such as those approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), which are chemically inert to and appropriate for the type and quantity of the hazardous substance.
(c) Containers of hazardous substances shall not be stored in such locations or manner as to result in physical damage to, or deterioration of, the container. Containers shall not be stored where they are exposed to heat sufficient to rupture the containers or to cause leakage.
(d) Containers used to package a substance which gives off toxic, poisonous, corrosive, asphyxiant, suffocant, or anesthetic fumes, gases, or vapors in hazardous amounts (e.g., fuming sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitrous oxide, chlorine, or other compressed or liquefied toxic gases) shall not be stored locations where it could be reasonably anticipated that employees would be exposed. This requirement shall not apply to small quantities of such materials kept in closed containers, or to tank cars or trucks.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5165. Dispensing Devices for Hazardous Substances.
Carboys and drums shall not be emptied by air pressure greater than atmospheric pressure except as produced by hand pumps or bulbs.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.









s 5166. Cleaning, Repairing, or Altering Containers.
This section applies to the cleaning, repairing, or altering of any container when such work will be done without a person entering the container.
(a) The employer shall provide specific information regarding safe procedures and other precautions before cleaning or subsequent use or disposal of a container. The employer shall ensure that these procedures and precautions are followed.
(b) Welding or cutting containers.
(1) Used containers. No welding, cutting, or other hot work shall be performed on used drums, barrels, tanks or other containers until they have been cleaned so thoroughly as to make absolutely certain that there are no flammable materials present or any substances such as greases, tars, acids, or other materials which, when subjected to heat, might produce flammable or toxic vapors. Any pipe lines or connections to the drum or vessel shall be disconnected or blanked.
(2) Venting and purging. All hollow spaces, cavities, or containers shall be vented to permit the escape of air or gases before preheating, cutting or welding.
Note: Purging with inert gas is recommended.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5167. Equipment and Processes Involving Hazardous Substances.
(a) Whenever it is necessary to agitate or mix one or more hazardous substances which spatter, splash, spray, boil-over, or create temperature extremes on being mixed, employees shall be protected from harmful contact or exposure by shielding or other means appropriate to the hazards presented when feasible.
(b) Where such process involves steam or air at pressure higher than that which may be safely used to heat or agitate the substances, effective means shall be provided in the line to prevent the delivery of excessive pressures of steam or air to the containers.
(c) Controls shall be so located that any employee operating them will not be exposed to or contacted by the hazardous substance(s).
(d) Tubular gauges on stationary tanks, vats, or containers which contain hazardous liquids shall be shielded to prevent liquid spray from endangering employees should the gauge break. All such gauges shall be guarded when exposed to the hazard of being broken by accidental impact and in all cases when located less than seven feet above or three feet laterally from working levels or passageways.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5168. Static Electricity.
(a) Processes or operations involving the use of oxidizing agents such as chlorates, perchlorates or peroxides, shall be effectively grounded.
(b) The nozzle of air, inert gas and steam lines or hoses, when used in the cleaning or ventilation of tanks and vessels that may contain hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, shall be bonded to the rank or vessel shell. Bonding devices shall not be attached nor detached in hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors.
(c) Bonding and grounding devices which are temporarily clamped or clipped to movable equipment shall have a conductor of ample length to assure the effective attachment of the device.
(d) When attaching bonding and grounding clamps or clips, a secure and positive metal to metal contact shall be made. Such attachments shall be made before closures are opened and substance movements are started and shall not be broken until after substance movements are stopped and closures are made.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.







s 5169. Special Precautions for Cyanide in Open Surface Tanks.
Dikes or other arrangements shall be provided to prevent the possibility of intermixing of cyanide and acid in the event of tank rupture.


Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.s 5170. Open Tanks, Vats and Containers Containing Flammable Liquids. (continued)