Loading (50 kb)...'
(continued)
If the equipment meets the requirements set forth in Sections 5021, 5022, 5023 and 5024, a certificate shall be issued indicating that the required tests and/or examinations have been performed and that any defects found by such examination and tests have been corrected and that the equipment is in safe operating condition at the time of examination. A copy of such certificate shall be available with each crane and derrick or at the project site.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5026. Determination of Crane or Derrick Safe Working Loads and Limitations in Absence of Manufacturer's Data.
(a) In the event neither manufacturer's data nor design data on safe working loads (including any applicable limitations) are obtainable, the safe working load ratings assigned shall be based on the certified agent's analysis. Test certificates shall state the basis for any such safe working load assignment. For mobile cranes, stability shall also be determined by the certified agent in accordance with SAE J 765, October 1980.
(b) Analysis test reports shall be readily available.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5027. Safe Working Load Reduction.
If the operation in which equipment is engaged never utilizes more than a fraction of the safe working load rating, the owner of such equipment may have the crane or derrick certificated for and operated at a lesser maximum safe working load in keeping with the use and based on radius and other pertinent factors; provided, however, that the equipment concerned is physically capable of operation at the load rating and load reduction is not for the purpose of avoiding correction of any deficiency. Load rating charts shall be changed accordingly.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5028. Safe Working Load Increase.
In no case shall safe working loads be increased beyond the manufacturer's ratings or the original design limitations unless such increase meets with the manufacturer's approval. Where the manufacturer's services are not available, or where the equipment is of foreign manufacture, engineering design analysis by, or acceptable to, the certified agent is required. All necessary structural changes shall be carried out.
Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5031. Inspection.
(a) A qualified person shall visually inspect the crane's or derrick's controls, rigging and operating mechanism prior to the first operation on any work shift. Any unsafe conditions disclosed by the inspection requirements of this Article shall be corrected promptly. Defective components of equipment which create an imminent safety hazard shall be replaced, repaired or adjusted prior to use.
(b) Frequency of Inspections. Daily visual inspections by the operator or other qualified person shall be made of/for:
(1) All functional mechanisms for maladjustment interfering with proper operation;
(2) The operation of all limit switches without a load on the hook;
(3) Lines, tanks, valves, pumps, and other parts of air or hydraulic systems for deterioration or leakage;
(4) Hooks for deformation and cracks;
(5) Hoist or load attachment chains including end connections for excessive wear, twist, distorted or stretched links interfering with proper function;
(6) Excessive wear, broken wires, stretch, kinking, or twisting of ropes and rope slings, including end connections.
(c) Periodic inspections shall be conducted at least four times a year. The annual certification, as required by Section 5021(a), can serve as one of the required periodic inspections. The periodic inspections shall be evenly spaced or as close to evenly spaced as scheduling permits through the year. Cranes shall not be operated more than 750 hours, between periodic inspections. The inspection shall include the following in addition to the items in (b) above:
(1) Excessive wear of all functional operating mechanisms.
(2) Ropes, brakes, friction clutches, chain drives, and other parts subject to wear which may be readily inspected.
(3) Cranes handling molten metal shall be inspected at least weekly when in use and necessary repairs made.
An inspection record shall be maintained which includes the date of the inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and the serial number or other identifier of the crane inspected. The most recent inspection record shall be maintained on file.
(d) In any year in which no quadrennial (every four years) proof load test is required on cranes or derricks, such equipment shall be examined by a qualified person as described in Section 5021. Such examination shall be made not later than the anniversary date of the quadrennial certification and shall conform with the requirements of Section 5022 (d) and the following:
(1) Crane hooks with cracks or with deformation of throat opening more than 15 percent in excess of normal opening or more than 10 degree twist from plane of unbent hook shall be removed from service.
(2) Ropes shall be inspected for proper lubrication, excessive wear, broken strands, and proper reeving.
Note: Many variable factors are involved in determining the exact time for replacement of rope and timely replacement for safety. Conditions such as the following shall be sufficient reason for replacement:
1. In running ropes, 6 randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or 3 broken wires in one strand in one lay.
2. Wear of 1/3 the original diameter of outside individual wires.
3. Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure. Evidence of any heat damage.
4. Reductions from nominal diameter of more than:
1/64 inch for diameters up to 5/16 inch
1/32 inch for diameters 3/8 inch to 1/2 inch
3/64 inch for diameters 9/16 inch to 3/4 inch
1/16 inch for diameters 7/8 inch to 11/8 inch
3/32 inch for diameters 1 1/4 inch to 1 1/2 inch
5. In standing ropes, more than 2 broken wires in one lay in sections beyond end connections or more than one broken wire at an end connection.
6. Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due to loss of core support, internal or external corrosion, or wear of outside wires.
(3) In order to establish data for judging the proper time for replacement of hoisting rope, a continuing inspection record shall be maintained. The record shall cover factors of deterioration as listed in subsections (b), (c) and (d).
(4) Whenever it is considered necessary by the certificating agency or authorized representative and whenever it is practical and advisable to avoid disassembly of equipment, removal of pins, etc., examination of structure or parts by electronic, ultrasonic, or other nondestructive methods shall be carried out.
(e) All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a crane on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection before it is placed in service. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration and shall be performed by a qualified person whose approval shall be required for further use of the rope. A certification record shall be made available for inspection which includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person who performed the inspection, and an identifier of the rope which was inspected.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5032. Molten Metal Cranes.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5033. Maintenance.
A preventive maintenance program, based on the certified agent's recommendations, shall be established and dated. Detailed records shall be available to the Division.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5034. Adjustments and Repairs.
(a) Adjustments and repairs shall be done by qualified persons.
(b) Before adjustments and repairs are started on a crane or derrick, the following precautions shall be taken as applicable:
(1) Cranes shall be placed where they will cause the least interference to and be least interfered with by other equipment or operations in the area.
(2) Boom and load block shall be lowered to the ground or floor, if possible, or otherwise secured against dropping.
(3) All power controls shall be locked or otherwise secured in the stop position and starting means rendered inoperative.
(4) Warnings and barriers shall be placed to warn others from danger area and protect the crane under repair from being struck by other machines or equipment.
(c) After all repairs and adjustments have been made, the crane shall not be operated until all guards have been reinstalled, safety devices reactivated, and maintenance equipment removed, including all loose material.
(d) Adjustments shall be maintained to assure correct functioning of the following components:
(1) All functional operating mechanisms.
(2) Safety devices.
(3) Control systems.
(4) Power plants.
(5) Brakes.
(e) When welding repair procedures are required on load sustaining members, instructions shall be provided by the certified agent and those instructions shall be followed where applicable. Welds on all critical crane or derrick parts shall be performed only by qualified welders who are certified to perform high quality welding.
(f) All repair welds performed on critically stressed members, such as boom chord, mast chord, and main deck girders (where permitted by a certified agent), shall be magnetic particle tested or tested by ultrasonic or other suitable nondestructive means as well as visually inspected. All indicated repairs shall be made promptly and records of the most recent test shall be kept until a new test is conducted or until the part is permanently removed from service.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5035. Damaged Booms.
(a) Prior to further use, boom sections or boom suspension components that have been damaged shall be repaired, restoring them to not less than the capacity of the original section or components.
(b) Repairs to critically stressed members of a boom or boom extension, such as a boom chord, mast chord, or boom sections, shall be performed in accordance with the manufacturers' or certified agent's recommendations.
(c) New or replacement booms or boom extensions shall be tested before use in accordance with Section 5022.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5040. Scope.
This Article applies to slings used in conjunction with material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting. The types of slings covered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).
Exception: Slings made from materials other than those detailed in this section shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5041. Definitions.
Angle of Loading. Inclination of a leg or branch of a sling may be measured from the horizontal or vertical plane as shown in Figure S-5. When angle of loading is less than 5 degrees from the vertical, the load may be considered a vertical load.
Basket Hitch. A sling configuration whereby the sling is passed under the load and has both ends, end attachments, eyes or handles on the hook or a single master link.
Braided Wire Rope. A rope formed by plaiting component wire ropes.
Braided Wire Rope Sling. A sling made from braided rope.
Bridle Wire Rope Sling. A sling composed of multiple legs with the top ends gathered in a fitting that goes over the lifting hook.
Cable Body Endless Sling, Mechanical Joint. A wire rope sling made endless from one continuous length of cable laid rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings.
Cable Laid Grommet, Hand Tucked. An endless wire rope sling made from one continuous length of rope formed to make a body composed of 6 ropes around a rope core. The rope ends are hand tucked into the body thus forming the core. No sleeves are used.
Cable Laid Rope. A wire rope composed of 6 ropes laid as strands with a rope core.
Cable Laid Rope Sling, Mechanical Joint. A wire rope sling made from a cable laid wire rope with eyes fabricated by pressing or swaging one or more metal sleeves over the rope junction.
Choker Hitch. A sling configuration with one end of the sling passing under the load and through an end attachment, handle or eye on the other end of the sling.
Coatings. Elastomers or other suitable material applied to a sling to impart desirable properties.
Cross Rod. A wire used to join spirals of metal mesh to form the complete fabric. (See Figure S-3).
Equivalent Entity. A person or organization (including an employer) which, by possession of equipment, technical knowledge and skills, can perform with equal competence the same repairs and tests as the person or organization with which it is equated.
Fabric (Metal Mesh). The flexible portion of the sling consisting of a series of transverse coils and cross rods and exclusive of terminal fittings. (See Figure S-3).
Fabric Length (Metal Mesh). Length of the fabric measured between the extreme ends of the spiral loops. (See Figure S-2).
Fabric Thickness (Metal Mesh). The fabric thickness shall be the nominal overall thickness of the spirals. (See Figure S-3).
Handle. A terminal fitting to which metal mesh fabric is attached. This terminal fitting may be either a male handle (triangle) or female handle (choker). (See Figure S-2).
Handle Eye. An opening in the handle shaped to accept a hook, shackle or other lifting device.
Handle, Female (Choker). A terminal fitting containing a handle eye and a slot. The slot shall be of such a dimension as to permit passage of the male handle and thereby allow use of the sling in a choker hitch.
Handle, Male (Triangle). The standard terminal fitting without a choker slot.
Hitch, Basket. Loading with sling passed under the load with both ends, end attachments, eyes, or handles on the hook or a single master link.
Hitch, Choker. Loading with sling passed through one end attachment, eye or handle and suspended by the other.
Hitch, Vertical. Loading with the sling vertical. Load suspended on a single part or leg.
Link, Master Coupling. Alloy steel welded coupling link used as an intermediate link to join alloy steel chain to master links. (See Figure S-1).
Link, Master (Gathering Ring). Forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel chain or wire rope sling. (See Figure S-1).
Link, Mechanical Coupling (Alloy Steel Chain). A non-welded, mechanically closed link used primarily to attach master links, hooks, etc. to running length alloy steel chain.
Proof Load. The specific load applied in performance of the proof test.
Proof Test. A nondestructive tension test made by the sling manufacturer or equivalent entity to verify construction and workmanship of the individual sling.
Rated Capacity (Working Load Limit). The maximum allowable working load established by the sling manufacturer and permitted by the provisions of this Article.
Reach (Alloy Steel Chain). Effective length of an alloy steel chain sling measured from the top bearing surface of the master link to the bearing surface in the base (Bowl) of the hook.
Selvage Edge. Finished edge of synthetic webbing to prevent unraveling.
Sling Manufacturer. A person or company assembling sling components into their final form for actual use. The sling manufacturer and the manufacturer of the sling material (Alloy steel chains, wire rope, metal mesh webbing, fiber rope or synthetic webbing) may or may not be identical.
Spiral. A single transverse coil that is the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated.
Strand Laid Endless Sling, Mechanical Joint. A wire rope sling made endless from one continuous length of rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings.
Strand Laid Grommet, Hand Tucked. An endless wire rope sling made from one continuous length of strand formed to make a 6 strand rope with a strand core. The strand ends are hand tucked into the body. No sleeves are used.
Strand Laid Rope. A wire rope made with strands (usually 6 or 8) formed around a fiber core, wire strand core, or independent wire rope core (IWRC).
Strength, Minimum Breaking. Minimum load at which the sling will break when loaded to destruction in direct tension.
Strength, Nominal Breaking. Load at which the sling could be expected to break when loaded to destruction in direct tension.
Tagline. A restraining line to control position of the load.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5042. Safe Operating Practices.
(a) Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be enforced:
(1) Slings that are damaged or defective shall not be used.
(2) Chain or wire rope slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.
(3) Sling shall not be kinked, or knotted.
(4) Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacities.
(5) Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage.
(6) Slings shall be set to avoid slippage.
(7) Slings shall be padded or protected from the sharp edges of their loads.
(8) Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all obstructions.
(9) All employees shall be kept clear of loads about to be lifted and of suspended loads. (See Section 5002).
(10) Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being tightened around the load.
(11) Shock loading is prohibited.
(12) A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling and damage to the sling may result.
(13) Tables S-1 and S-2 shall be used to determine the maximum safe working loads of various sizes of wrought iron and alloy steel chains and chain slings, except that higher safe working loads are permissible when recommended by the manufacturer for specific, identifiable products. Proof coil steel chain, also known as common or hardware chain, or other chain not recommended for slinging or hoisting by the manufacturer, shall not be used for hoisting purposes.
(14) Wrought iron chains in constant use shall be annealed or normalized at intervals not exceeding 6 months when recommended by the manufacturer. The chain manufacturer shall be consulted for recommended procedures for annealing or normalizing. Alloy chains shall not be annealed.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5043. Inspections.
Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a qualified person. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately removed from service.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5044. Alloy Steel Chain Slings.
(a) Sling Identification.
Alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, and rated capacity.
(b) Attachments.
(1) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear-shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links or other attachments shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the alloy steel chain with which they are used or the sling shall not be used in excess of the rated capacity of the weakest component.
(2) Makeshift links or fasteners formed from bolts or rods, or other such attachments, shall not be used.
(c) Inspections.
(1) In addition to the inspection required by Section 5043 of this Article, a thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of:
(A) Frequency of sling use;
(B) Severity of service conditions;
(C) Nature of lifts being made; and
(D) Experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.
Such inspections shall in no event be at intervals greater than once every 12 months.
(2) Each employer shall make and maintain, for the service life of the sling, a record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such record available for examination by the Division upon request.
(3) The thorough inspection of alloy steel chain slings shall be performed by a qualified person designated by the employer, and shall include a thorough inspection for wear, defective welds, deformation and increase in link length. Where such defects or deterioration reduce the rated capacity the sling shall be immediately removed from service.
(d) Proof Testing. The employer shall ensure that before use, each new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain sling, including all welded components in the sling assembly, shall be proof tested in accordance with the sling manufacturer's recommendations. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test, for the service life of the sling, and shall make it available for examination by the Division upon request.
Minimum proof loads for alloy steel chain shall be equal to twice the working load limit values shown for single slings.
(e) Sling Use.
Alloy steel chain slings shall not be used with loads in excess of the rated capacities prescribed in Table S-1. Slings not included in these Orders shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(f) Safe Operating Temperatures. Alloy steel chain slings shall be permanently removed from service if they are heated above 1000 [FNo] F When exposed to service temperatures in excess of 600 [FNo] F maximum working load limits permitted in Table S-1 shall be reduced in accordance with the chain or sling manufacturer's recommendations.
(g) Repairing and Reconditioning Alloy Steel Chain Slings.
(1) Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings or attachments shall not be used until repaired. When alloy steel chain slings are repaired or reconditioned and welding or heat treating is involved, such slings shall be proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity.
(2) Mechanical coupling links or low carbon steel repair links shall not be used to repair broken lengths of chain.
(h) Effects of Wear. If the chain size at any point of any links is less than that stated in Table S-1a, the sling shall be removed from service.
(i) Deformed Attachments.
(1) Alloy steel chain slings with cracked or deformed master links, coupling links or other components shall be removed from service.
(2) Slings shall be removed from service if hooks are cracked, have been opened more than 15 percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5045. Wire Rope Slings.
(a) Sling Use. Wire rope slings shall not be used with loads in excess of the rated capacities shown in Tables S-3 through S-14.
Slings not included in these Orders shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(b) Minimum Sling Lengths.
(1) Cable laid and 6 x 19 and 6 x 37 slings shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 10 times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves or end fittings.
(2) Braided slings shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 40 times the component rope diameter between the loops or end fittings.
(3) Cable laid grommets, strand laid grommets and endless slings shall have a minimum circumferential length of 96 times their body diameter.
(c) Safe Operating Temperatures. Fiber core wire rope slings of all grades shall be permanently removed from service if they are exposed to temperatures in excess of 200 degrees F. When nonfiber core wire rope slings of any grade are used at temperatures above 400 degrees F, or below minus 60 degrees F, the sling manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed.
(d) End Attachments.
(1) Welding of end attachments, except covers to thimbles, shall be performed prior to the assembly of the sling.
(2) A prototype of each welded end attachment shall be proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity to check the design and welding method at twice the rated capacity before production is started. Subsequent tests of random samples shall be made. The manufacturer or equivalent entity shall provide a certificate of such tests which the employer shall retain and make available for examination by the Division upon request.
(3) Where rope clip attachments are used, they shall be made with U-bolts on the dead or short end of the rope and the saddle on the live end. The minimum number of clips for end attachments shall be not less than indicated in manufacturer's tables, but in no case shall be less than three for any permanent installation. Clips shall be drop-forged steel. The clips shall be spaced at a distance equal to at least six times the diameter of the rope. All clip or clamp bolts shall be kept tight after tightening while rope is under tension.
(e) Removal from Service.
Wire rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:
(1) Six randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or 3 broken wires in one strand in one rope lay.
(2) Wear or scraping of one-third the original diameter of outside individual wires.
(3) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage resulting in distortion of the wire rope structure.
(4) Evidence of heat damage.
(5) End attachments that are cracked, deformed or worn to the point where the rated capacity is reduced.
(6) Hooks that have been opened more than 15 percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.
(7) Corrosion that is of such severity or extent as to reduce the rated load capacity of the rope or end attachment.
(8) One or more broken wires within one rope lay of the end attachments.
(f) Knots. Eyes in wire rope slings shall not be formed by using knots.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5046. Metal Mesh Slings.
(a) Sling Marking. Each metal mesh sling shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating the following:
(1) Manufacturer's name or trademark.
(2) Rated capacity in vertical basket hitch and choker hitch.
(b) Handles. Handles shall have a rated capacity at least equal to the metal fabric and exhibit no deformation after proof testing.
(c) Attachments of Handles to Fabric. The fabric and handles shall be joined so that:
(1) The rated capacity of the sling is not reduced.
(2) The load is evenly distributed across the width of the fabric.
(3) Sharp edges will not damage the fabric.
(d) Sling Coatings. Coatings which diminish the rated capacity of a sling shall not be applied.
(e) Sling Testing. All new and repaired metal mesh slings, including handles, shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at a minimum of 1 1/2 times their rated capacity. Elastomer impregnated slings shall be proof tested before coating.
(f) Proper Use of Metal Mesh Slings. Metal mesh slings shall not be used to lift loads in excess of their rated capacities as prescribed in Table S-17. Slings not included in these Orders shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(g) Safe Operating Temperatures. Metal mesh slings which are not impregnated with elastomers may be used in a temperature range from minus 20 [FNo] F. to plus 550 [FNo] F.without decreasing the working load limit. Metal mesh slings impregnated with polyvinyl chloride or neoprene may be used only in a temperature range from zero degrees to plus 200 [FNo] F. For operations outside these temperature ranges or for metal mesh slings impregnated with other materials, the sling manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed.
(h) Repairs.
(1) Metal mesh slings which are repaired shall not be used unless repaired by a metal mesh sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.
(2) Once repaired, each sling shall be permanently marked or tagged, or a written record maintained, to indicate the date and nature of the repairs and the person or organization that performed the repairs. Records of repairs shall be made available for examination by the Division upon request.
(i) Removal From Service. Metal mesh slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:
(1) A broken weld or broken brazed joint along the sling edge.
(2) Reduction in wire diameter of 25 percent due to abrasion or 15 percent due to corrosion.
(3) Lack of flexibility due to distortion of the fabric.
(4) Distortion of the female handle so that the depth of the slot is increased more than 10 percent.
(5) Distortion of either handle so that the width of the eye is decreased more than 10 percent.
(6) A 15 percent reduction of the original cross sectional area of metal at any point around the handle eye.
(7) Distortion of either handle out of its plane.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5047. Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope Slings.
(a) Sling Use.
(1) Fiber rope slings made from conventional three strand construction fiber rope shall not be used with loads in excess of the rated capacities prescribed in Tables S-18 through S-21.
(2) Fiber rope slings shall have a diameter of curvature meeting at least the minimums specified in Figures S-4 and S-5.
(3) Slings not included in these Orders shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(b) Safe Operating Temperatures. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings, except for wet frozen slings, may be used in a temperature range from minus 20 degrees F to plus 180 degrees F without decreasing the working load limit. For operations outside this temperature range and for wet frozen slings, the sling manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed.
(c) Splicing. Spliced fiber rope slings shall not be used unless they have been spliced in accordance with the following minimum requirements and in accordance with any additional recommendations of the manufacturer:
(1) In manila rope, eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks, and short splices shall consist of at least six full tucks, three on each side of the splice center line.
(2) In synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall consist of at least four full tucks, and short splices shall consist of at least eight full tucks, four on each side of the center line.
(3) Strand end tails shall not be trimmed flush with the surface of the rope immediately adjacent to the full tucks. This applies to all types of fiber rope and both eye and short splices. For fiber rope under one inch in diameter, the tail shall project at least six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck. For fiber rope one inch in diameter and larger, the tail shall project at least six inches beyond the last full tuck. Where a projecting tail interferes with the use of the sling, the tail shall be tapered and spliced into the body of the rope using at least two additional tucks (which will require a tail length of approximately six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck).
(4) Fiber rope slings shall have a minimum clear length of rope between eye splices equal to 10 times the rope diameter.
(5) Knots shall not be used in lieu of splices.
(6) Clamps not designed specifically for fiber ropes shall not be used for splicing.
(7) For all eye splices, the eye shall be of such size to provide an included angle of not greater than 60 degrees at the splice when the eye is placed over the load or support.
(d) End Attachments. Fiber rope slings shall not be used if end attachments in contact with the rope have sharp edges or projections .
(e) Removal from Service. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:
(1) Abnormal wear;
(2) Powdered fiber between strands;
(3) Broken or cut fibers;
(4) Variations in the size or roundness of strands;
(5) Discoloration or rotting;
(6) Distortion of hardware in the sling.
(f) Repairs. Repairs shall only be made by the manufacturer or equivalent entity. Only fiber rope slings made from new rope shall be used. Use of repaired or reconditioned fiber rope slings is prohibited.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5048. Synthetic Web Slings.
(a) Sling Identification. Each sling shall be marked or coded to show the rated capacities for each type of hitch and type of synthetic web material.
(b) Webbing. Synthetic webbing shall be of uniform thickness and width and selvage edges shall not be split from the webbing's width.
(c) Fittings. Fittings shall be:
(1) Of a minimum breaking strength equal to that of the sling; and
(2) Free of all sharp edges that could in any way damage the webbing.
(d) Attachment of End Fittings to Webbing and Formation of Eyes.
Stitching shall be the only method used to attach end fittings to webbing and to form eyes. The thread shall be in an even pattern and contain a sufficient number of stitches to develop the full breaking strength of the sling.
(e) Sling Use. Synthetic web slings illustrated in Figure S-6 shall not be used with loads in excess of the rated capacities specified in Tables S-22 through S-24. Slings not included in these Orders shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(f) Environmental Conditions. When synthetic web slings are used, the following precautions shall be taken:
(1) Nylon web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acids or phenolics are present.
(2) Polyester and polypropylene web slings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.
(3) Web slings with aluminum fittings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of caustics are present.
(g) Safe Operating Temperatures. Synthetic web slings of polyester and nylon shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 180 degrees F. Polypropylene web slings shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 150 degrees F.
(h) Repairs.
(1) Synthetic web slings which are repaired shall not be used unless repaired by a sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity.
(2) The employer shall retain a certificate of proof test, for the service life of the sling, and make it available for examination by the Division upon request.
(3) Slings, including webbing and fittings, which have been repaired in a temporary manner shall not be used.
(i) Removal from Service. Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:
(1) Acid or caustic burns;
(2) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface;
(3) Broken or worn stitches;
(4) Distortion of fittings;
(5) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts; or
(6) Those slings with other apparent defects shall be referred to the manufacturer or equivalent entity for determination of rated capacity and safety for continued use.
(j) Synthetic Web Sling Storage. Synthetic web slings shall be stored in an area or facility where they are not subject to heat above 150 degrees F or exposed to direct sunlight.
(k) Slings not included in these Orders shall be used only in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5049. Defective Hoist or Sling Hooks and Rings.
(a) Deformed or defective hooks or rings shall not be used.
(b) Deformed hooks or rings shall be replaced or repaired and reshaped under proper metallurgical control and proof tested.
(c) Annealing or normalizing shall be done only in accordance with the chain manufacturer's specifications.
(d) Hooks and shackles shall be used in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.
(e) All hooks for which no applicable manufacturer's recommendations are available shall be tested to twice the intended safe working load before they are initially put into use. The employer shall maintain and keep readily available a certification record which includes the date of the test, the signature of the person who performed the test, and an identifier of the hook which was tested.
(f) Special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories for such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials, shall be marked to indicate the safe working loads and shall be proof-tested to 125 percent of the rated load prior to use.
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5075. Authority.
Labor Code Sections 6300 through 6604, and the Health and Safety Code Sections 25800 through 25870.
s 5076. Administrative Procedure.
Pursuant to the Radiation Control Law, Chapter 7.6, of Division 20 (commencing at Section 28500), of the Health and Safety Code, an agreement has been made between the State Department of Public Health and the Division of Industrial Safety concerning the regulation and control of sources of radiation. In accordance with that agreement, the Division adopts as its Safety Orders the regulations of the Department of Public Health, contained in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, of Title 17, Chapter 5, Subchapter 4 (commencing at Section 30100) of the California Administrative Code, except sections pertaining to the establishment of fees, together with future revisions thereof, when made in accordance with the following procedure and the Administrative Procedure Act:
(a) Amendment or repeal of any portion of these regulations of the Department of Public Health, other than emergency actions, will be accomplished only after consultation with the Division of Industrial Safety, and shall become effective only after approval by the Industrial Safety Board.
(b) Conversely, the Division of Industrial Safety may amend portions of the regulations dealing with Industrial uses of radiation only after consultation with the Department of Public Health, and such amendments shall become effective only after approval by the Board of Public Health.
s 5078. Purpose.
Article 103 sets up minimum standards for protection of employees exposed to actinic radiation other than those types covered by Article 102.
s 5079. Ultra-Violet Radiation.
(a) Sterilizing lamps or other equipment producing ultra-violet radiation shall be so arranged or shielded that ultra-violet radiation, either direct or reflected, does not strike employees' eyes in harmful intensity; where such arrangement or shielding is not practicable, employees shall be provided with goggles of a type which will prevent such radiation from injuring the eyes.
(b) Areas, rooms or locations where equipment producing such radiation is located shall be posted with warning signs or legends.
s 5085. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation.
(a) Definitions.
Radiofrequency (RF) Energy. Electromagnetic energy restricted to that portion of the spectrum commonly defined as the radiofrequency or RF region with frequencies between 3 megahertz (MHz) and 300 Gigahertz (GHz) and which for the purposes of this specification shall include the microwave region with frequencies between 100 MHz and 300 GHz. (Hertz = 1 cycle/second, MHz = 1 million hertz, GHz = 1 billion hertz.)
Exposure. Irradiation of any part of the body by incident RF energy.
(b) Exposure Limits. Employees shall not be exposed to RF energy from continuous wave or repetitively pulsed sources exceeding any of the following limits as averaged over any possible six minute (0.1 hour) period.
(1) Continuous exposure to an average maximum power density of 10 mW/cm 2 (milliwatts per square centimeter) or the equivalent free space average electric and magnetic field strengths of 200 V/M (volts per meter) rms and 0.5 A/M (amperes per meter) rms respectively.
(2) Exposure to interrupted or modulated RF energy shall not exceed:
(A) An average maximum energy density of 1 mW hr/cm 2 (milliwatt-hour per square centimeter);
(B) A mean squared electric field strength of 4x10 4 (V/M) 2 (volts squared per meter squared);
(C) A mean squared magnetic field strength of 0.25 (A/M) 2 (amperes squared per meter squared).
These energy densities and field strengths are approximately equivalent to a far field power density of 10 mW/cm 2.
(c) Information and Warning Signs. In areas where employee exposure may exceed the limits specified in part (b) of this section, employers shall provide warning signs containing the following information in the following manner:
(1) Warning signs of RF radiation hazards, as described in ANSI C95.2-1966 "Radiofrequency Radiation Hazard Warning Symbol," containing the necessary information and description of required protective actions. (See Figure RF-1.)
(2) Signs shall be posted at all entrances to accessible areas containing RF radiation levels in excess of the exposure limits described in part (b).
(3) Warning signs shall be legible at a distance of ten (10) meters.
Figure RF-1 (From ANSI C95.2-1966)
1. Place handling and mounting instructions on reverse side.
2. D=Scaling unit.
3. Lettering: Ratio of letter height to thickness of letter lines.
Upper triangle: 5 to 1 Large
6 to 1 Medium
Lower triangle: 4 to 1 Small
6 to 1 Medium
4. Symbol is square, triangles are right-angle isosceles Radio-Frequency Radiation Hazard Warning Symbol
Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5095. General.
(a) Scope and Application. Article 105 establishes requirements for controlling occupational exposures to noise. Agriculture, construction, and oil and gas well drilling and servicing operations are exempt from the provisions of Sections 5097 through 5100.
(b) Definitions.
Action Level. An 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels measured on the A-scale, slow response, or equivalently, a dose of fifty percent.
Audiogram. A chart, graph, or table resulting from an audiometric test showing an individual's hearing threshold levels as a function of frequency.
Audiologist. A professional, specializing in the study and rehabilitation of hearing, who is certified by the American Speech, Hearing and Language Association or licensed by a state board of examiners.
Baseline Audiogram. The audiogram against which future audiograms are compared.
Criterion Sound Level. A sound level of 90 decibels.
Decibel (dB). Unit of measurement of sound level.
dBA (Decibels-A-Weighted). A unit of measurement of sound level corrected to the A-weighted scale, as defined in ANSI S1.4-1971 (R1976), using a reference level of 20 micropascals (0.00002 Newton per square meter).
Hertz (Hz). Unit of measurement of frequency, numerically equal to cycles per second.
Medical Pathology. A disorder or disease. For purposes of this regulation, a condition or disease affecting the ear, which should be treated by a physician specialist.
Otolaryngologist. A physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose and throat.
Representative Exposure. Measurements of an employee's noise dose or 8-hour time-weighted average sound level that the employer deems to be representative of exposures of other employees in the workplace.
Sound Level. Ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the square of the measured A-weighted sound pressure to the square of the standard reference pressure of 20 micropascals. Unit: decibels (dB). For use with this regulation, SLOW time response, in accordance with ANSI S1.4-1971 (R1976), is required.
Sound Level Meter. An instrument for the measurement of sound level.
Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5096. Exposure Limits for Noise.
(a) Protection against the effects of noise exposure shall be provided when the sound levels exceed those shown in Table N-1 of this section when measured on the A-scale of a standard sound level meter at slow response.
(b) When employees are subjected to sound levels exceeding those listed in Table N-1 of this section, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table, personal protective equipment shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.
Table N-1 Permissible Noise Exposure [FN1]
Permitted Duration .......... Permitted
Duration
Sound ....... Per Workday ............. per Workday
Level ....... (hours- ................. Sound Level ... (hours
(dBA) ....... minutes) ..... hours .... (dBA) ......... minutes) hours
90........... 8-0........... 8.00 ..... 103............ 1-19........ 1.32
91........... 6-58.......... 6.96 ..... 104............ 1-9......... 1.15
92........... 6-4........... 6.06 ..... 105............ 1-0......... 1.00
93........... 5-17.......... 5.28 ..... 106............ 0-52........ 0.86
94........... 4-36.......... 4.60 ..... 107............ 0-46........ 0.76
95........... 4-0........... 4.00 ..... 108............ 0-40........ 0.66
96........... 3-29.......... 3.48 ..... 109............ 0-34........ 0.56
97........... 3-2........... 3.03 ..... 110............ 0-30........ 0.50
98........... 2-38.......... 2.63 ..... 111............ 0-26........ 0.43
99........... 2-18.......... 2.30 ..... 112............ 0-23........ 0.38
100.......... 2-0........... 2.00 ..... 113............ 0-20........ 0.33
101.......... 1-44.......... 1.73 ..... 114............ 0-17........ 0.28
102.......... 1-31.......... 1.52 ..... 115............ 0-15........ 0.25
[FN1] When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise
exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered,
rather than the individual effect of each. If the sum of the following
fractions: C sub1 /T sub1 + C sub2 /T sub2 . . . C subn /T subn exceeds
unity, then, the mixed exposure should be considered to exceed the limit
value. C subn indicates the total time of exposure at a specified noise
level, and T subn indicates the total time of exposure permitted at that
level.
(c) If the variations in noise level involve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less, the noise is to be considered continuous.
(d) Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.
Note: Authority and reference cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
s 5097. Hearing Conservation Program.
(a) General. The employer shall administer a continuing, effective hearing conservation program, as described in this section, whenever employee noise exposures equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average sound level (TWA) of 85 decibels measured on the A-scale (slow response) or, equivalently, a dose of fifty percent. For purposes of the hearing conservation program, employee noise exposures shall be computed in accordance with Appendix A and Table A-1 and without regard to any attenuation provided by the use of personal protective equipment.
(b) Monitoring.
(1) When information indicates that any employee's exposure may equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels, the employer shall obtain measurements for employees who may be exposed at or above that level. Such determinations shall be made by December 1, 1982.
(2) The monitoring requirement shall be met by either area monitoring or personal monitoring that is representative of the employee's exposure.
(A) The sampling strategy shall be designed to identify employees for inclusion in the hearing conservation program and to enable the proper selection of hearing protectors.
(B) Where circumstances such as high worker mobility, significant variations in sound level, or a significant component of impulse noise make area monitoring generally inappropriate, the employer shall use representative personal sampling to comply with the monitoring requirements of this section unless the employer can show that area sampling produces equivalent results.
(C) All continuous, intermittent and impulsive sound levels from 80 dB to 130 dB shall be integrated into the computation.
(D) Instruments used to measure employee noise exposure shall be calibrated to ensure measurement accuracy.
(3) Monitoring shall be repeated whenever a change in production, process, equipment or controls increases noise exposures to the extent that:
(A) Additional employees may be exposed at or above the action level; or
(B)The attenuation provided by hearing protectors being used by employees may be rendered inadequate to meet the requirements of Section 5098(b). (continued)