CCLME.ORG - 40 CFR PART 461—BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY

National
United States Regulations
40 CFR PART 461—BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY

PART 461—BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY

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Authority: Secs. 301, 304 (b), (c), (e), and (g), 306 (b) and (c), 307 (b) and (c), 308 and 501 of the Clean Water Act (the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, as amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977) (the “Act”); 33 U.S.C. 1311, 1314 (b), (c), (e), and (g), 1316 (b) and (c), 1317 (b) and (c), and 1361; 86 Stat. 816, Pub. L. 92–500; 91 Stat. 1567, Pub. L. 95–217.

Source: 49 FR 9134, Mar. 9, 1984, unless otherwise noted.

General Provisions
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§ 461.1 Applicability.
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This part applies to any battery manufacturing plant that discharges or may discharge a pollutant to waters of the United States or that introduces pollutants to a publicly owned treatment works. Battery manufacturing operations subject to regulation under this part shall not be subject to regulation under part 413 or 433.

§ 461.2 General definitions.
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In addition to the definitions set forth in 40 CFR part 401, the following definitions apply to this part:

(a) “Battery” means a modular electric power source where part or all of the fuel is contained within the unit and electric power is generated directly from a chemical reaction rather than indirectly through a heat cycle engine. In this regulation there is no differentiation between a single cell and a battery.

(b) “Battery manufacturing operations” means all of the specific processes used to produce a battery including the manufacture of anodes and cathodes and associated ancillary operations. These manufacturing operations are excluded from regulation under any other point source category.

(c) “Ancillary operations” means all of the operations specific to battery manufacturing and not included specifically within anode or cathode manufacture (ancillary operations are primarily associated with battery assembly and chemical production of anode or cathode active materials).

(d) “Plate soak” shall mean the process operation of soaking or reacting lead subcategory battery plates, that are more than 2.5 mm (0.100 in) thick, in sulfuric acid.

(e) “Discharge allowance” means the amount of pollutant (mg per kg of production unit) that a plant will be permitted to discharge. For this category the allowances are specific to battery manufacturing operations.

(f) “Miscellaneous wastewater streams” shall mean the combined wastewater streams from the process operations listed below for each subcategory. If a plant has one of these streams then the plant receives the entire miscellaneous waste stream allowance.

(1) Cadmium subcategory. Cell wash, electrolyte preparation, floor and equipment wash, and employee wash.

(2) Lead subcategory. Floor wash, wet air pollution control, battery repair, laboratory, hand wash, and respirator wash.

(3) Lithium subcategory. Floor and equipment wash, cell testing, and lithium scrap disposal.

(4) Zinc subcategory. Cell wash, electrolyte preparation, employee wash, reject cell handling, floor and equipment wash.

(g) “Trucked batteries” shall mean batteries moved into or out of the plant by truck when the truck is actually washed in the plant to remove residues left in the truck from the batteries.

§ 461.3 Monitoring and reporting requirements.
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The “monthly average” regulatory values shall be the basis for the monthly average discharge in direct discharge permits and for pretreatment standards. Compliance with the monthly discharge limit is required regardless of the number of samples analyzed and averaged.

§ 461.4 Compliance date for PSES.
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The compliance date for pretreatment standards for existing sources is March 9, 1987.

Subpart A—Cadmium Subcategory
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§ 461.10 Applicability; description of the cadmium subcategory.
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This subpart applies to discharges to waters of the United States, and introductions of pollutants into publicly owned treatment works from the manufacturing of cadmium anode batteries.

§ 461.11 Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT).
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(a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology currently available:

(1) Subpart A—Pasted and Pressed Powder Anodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 0.92 0.41
Nickel........................................ 5.18 3.43
Zinc.......................................... 3.94 1.65
Cobalt........................................ 0.57 0.24
Oil and grease................................ 54.00 32.40
TSS........................................... 111.00 52.65
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(2) Subpart A—Electrodeposited Anodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 237.0 104.6
Nickel........................................ 1,338.2 885.2
Zinc.......................................... 1,017.6 425.2
Cobalt........................................ 146.4 62.7
Oil and grease................................ 13,940.0 8,364.0
TSS........................................... 28,577.0 13,592.0
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(3) Subpart A—Impregnated Anodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 339.3 149.7
Nickel........................................ 1,916.2 1,267.5
Zinc.......................................... 1,457.1 608.8
Cobalt........................................ 209.6 89.8
Oil and grease................................ 19,960.0 11,976.0
TSS........................................... 40,918.0 19,461.0
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(4) Subpart A—Nickel Electrodeposited Cathodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of nickel
applied
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
nickel
applied
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 193.5 85.4
Nickel........................................ 1,092.5 722.6
Zinc.......................................... 830.7 347.1
Cobalt........................................ 119.5 51.2
Oil and grease................................ 11,380.0 6,828.0
TSS........................................... 23,329.0 11,095.5
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(5) Subpart A—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of nickel
applied
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
nickel
applied
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 557.6 246.0
Nickel........................................ 3,148.8 2,082.8
Zinc.......................................... 2,394.4 1,000.4
Cobalt........................................ 344.4 147.6
Oil and grease................................ 32,800.0 19,680.0
TSS........................................... 67,240.0 31,980.0
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(6) Subpart A—Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cells
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cells
produced
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 6.29 2.77
Nickel........................................ 35.54 23.50
Zinc.......................................... 27.02 11.29
Cobalt........................................ 3.89 1.66
Oil and grease................................ 370.20 222.12
TSS........................................... 758.91 360.94
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(7) Subpart A—Cadmium Powder Production.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
powder
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
powder
produced
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 22.34 9.86
Nickel........................................ 126.14 83.44
Zinc.......................................... 95.92 40.08
Cobalt........................................ 13.80 5.91
Oil and grease................................ 1,314.00 788.40
TSS........................................... 2,693.00 1,281.20
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(8) Subpart A—Silver Powder Production.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of silver
powder
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
silver
powder
produced
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 7.21 3.18
Nickel........................................ 40.70 26.92
Silver........................................ 8.69 3.61
Zinc.......................................... 30.95 12.93
Cobalt........................................ 4.45 1.91
Oil and grease................................ 424.00 254.40
TSS........................................... 869.20 413.40
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(9) Subpart A—Cadmium Hydroxide Production.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
used
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
used
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 0.31 0.14
Nickel........................................ 1.73 1.14
Zinc.......................................... 1.31 0.55
Cobalt........................................ 0.19 0.08
Oil and grease................................ 18.00 10.80
TSS........................................... 36.90 17.60
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(10) Subpart A—Nickel Hydroxide Production.

BPT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of nickel
used
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
nickel used
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 37.4 16.5
Nickel........................................ 211.2 139.7
Zinc.......................................... 160.6 67.1
Cobalt........................................ 23.1 9.9
Oil and grease................................ 2,200.0 1,320.0
TSS........................................... 4,510.0 2,145.0
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times.

(b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above.

§ 461.12 Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable (BAT).
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(a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this subpart must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable:

(1) Subpart A—Electrodeposited Anodes.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 11.95 5.27
Nickel........................................ 67.49 44.64
Zinc.......................................... 51.32 21.44
Cobalt........................................ 7.38 3.16
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) Subpart A—Impregnated Anodes.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 68.0 30.0
Nickel........................................ 384.0 254.0
Zinc.......................................... 292.0 122.0
Cobalt........................................ 42.0 18.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) Subpart A—Nickel Electrodeposited Cathodes.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of nickel
applied
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
nickel
applied
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 11.22 4.95
Nickel........................................ 63.36 41.91
Zinc.......................................... 48.18 20.13
Cobalt........................................ 6.93 2.97
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(4) Subpart A—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of nickel
applied
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
nickel
applied
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 68.0 30.0
Nickel........................................ 384.0 254.0
Zinc.......................................... 292.0 122.0
Cobalt........................................ 42.0 18.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(5) Subpart A—Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cells
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cells
produced
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 0.79 0.35
Nickel........................................ 4.47 2.96
Zinc.......................................... 3.40 1.42
Cobalt........................................ 0.49 0.21
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(6) Subpart A—Cadmium Powder Production.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
powder
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
powder
produced
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 2.23 0.99
Nickel........................................ 12.61 8.34
Zinc.......................................... 9.59 4.01
Cobalt........................................ 1.38 0.59
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(7) Subpart A—Silver Powder Production.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of silver
powder
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
silver
powder
produced
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 1.09 0.48
Nickel........................................ 6.16 4.08
Silver........................................ 1.32 0.55
Zinc.......................................... 4.69 1.96
Cobalt........................................ 0.67 0.29
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(8) Subpart A—Cadmium Hydroxide Production.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
used
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
used
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 0.05 0.02
Nickel........................................ 0.27 0.18
Zinc.......................................... 0.20 0.09
Cobalt........................................ 0.03 0.01
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(9) Subpart A—Nickel Hydroxide Production.

BAT Effluent Limitations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of nickel
used
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
nickel used
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 5.61 2.48
Nickel........................................ 31.68 20.96
Zinc.......................................... 24.09 10.07
Cobalt........................................ 3.47 1.49
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above.

§ 461.13 New source performance standards (NSPS).
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(a) The discharge of wastewater pollutants from any new source subject to this subpart shall not exceed the standards set forth below:

(1) Subpart A—Electrodeposited Anodes—NSPS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
English
units_pounds
per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
---------------------------
Cadmium..................................... 7.03 2.81
Nickel...................................... 19.33 13.01
Zinc........................................ 35.85 14.76
Cobalt...................................... 4.92 2.46
Oil and grease.............................. 351.5 351.5
TSS......................................... 527.3 421.8
pH.......................................... (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(2) Subpart A—Impregnated Anodes—NSPS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
English
units_pounds
per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
---------------------------
Cadmium..................................... 40.0 16.0
Nickel...................................... 110.0 74.0
Zinc........................................ 204.0 84.0
Cobalt...................................... 28.0 14.0
Oil and grease.............................. 2,000.0 2,000.0
TSS......................................... 3,000.0 2,400.0
pH.......................................... (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(3) Subpart A—Nickel Electrodeposited Cathodes—NSPS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of nickel
applied
English
units_pounds
per
1,000,000
pounds of
nickel
applied
---------------------------
Cadmium..................................... 6.60 2.64
Nickel...................................... 18.15 12.21
Zinc........................................ 33.66 13.86
Cobalt...................................... 4.62 2.31
Oil and grease.............................. 330.0 330.0
TSS......................................... 495.0 396.0
pH.......................................... (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(4) Subpart A—Nickel Impregnated Cathodes—NSPS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of nickel
applied
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
nickel
applied
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 40.0 16.0
Nickel........................................ 110.0 74.0
Zinc.......................................... 204.0 84.0
Cobalt........................................ 28.0 14.0
Oil and grease................................ 2,000.0 2,000.0
TSS........................................... 3,000.0 2,400.0
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(5) Subpart A—Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams—NSPS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cells
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cells
produced
--------------------------
Cadmium...................................... 0.47 0.19
Nickel....................................... 1.28 0.86
Zinc......................................... 2.38 0.98
Cobalt....................................... 0.33 0.16
Oil and grease............................... 23.3 23.3
TSS.......................................... 35.0 28.0
pH........................................... (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(6) Subpart A—Cadmium Powder Production—NSPS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of cadmium
powder
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
cadmium
powder
produced
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 1.31 0.53
Nickel........................................ 3.61 2.43
Zinc.......................................... 6.70 2.76
Cobalt........................................ 0.92 0.46
Oil and grease................................ 65.70 65.70
TSS........................................... 98.55 78.84
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Within the range of 7.5-10.0 at all times.

(7) Subpart A—Silver Powder Production—NSPS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum for
Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for monthly
any 1 day average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metric
units_mg/kg
of silver
powder
produced
English
units_pound
s per
1,000,000
pounds of
silver
powder
produced
-------------------------
Cadmium....................................... 0.64 0.26
Nickel........................................ 1.77 1.19
Silver........................................ 0.93 0.39
Zinc.......................................... 3.27 1.35
Cobalt........................................ 0.45 0.22
Oil and grease................................ 32.10 32.10
TSS........................................... 48.15 38.52
pH............................................ (\1\) (\1\) (continued)