National United States 16 USC CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL -CITE- 16 USC CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL -HEAD- CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL -MISC1- SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS Sec. 4701. Findings and purposes. (a) Findings. (b) Purposes. 4702. Definitions. SUBCHAPTER II - PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES 4711. Aquatic nuisance species in waters of United States. (a) Great Lakes guidelines. (b) Regulations. (c) Voluntary national guidelines. (d) Report to Congress. (e) Periodic review and revision. (f) Authority of Secretary. (g) Sanctions. (h) Coordination with other agencies. (i) Consultation with Canada, Mexico and other foreign governments. (j) International cooperation. (k) Safety exemption. (l) Non-discrimination. 4712. National ballast water management information. (a) Studies on introduction of aquatic nuisance species by vessels. (b) Ecological and ballast water discharge surveys. (c) Reports. (d) Negotiations. (e) Regional research grants. (f) National ballast information clearinghouse. 4713. Armed services ballast water programs. (a) Department of Defense vessels. (b) Coast Guard vessels. 4714. Ballast water management demonstration program. (a) "Technologies and practices" defined. (b) Demonstration program. (c) Authorities; consultation and cooperation with International Maritime Organization and Task Force. SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL 4721. Establishment of Task Force. (a) Task Force. (b) Membership. (c) Ex officio members. (d) Chairpersons. (e) Memorandum of understanding. (f) Coordination. 4722. Aquatic nuisance species program. (a) In general. (b) Content. (c) Prevention. (d) Monitoring. (e) Control. (f) Research. (g) Technical assistance. (h) Education. (i) Zebra mussel demonstration program. (j) Implementation. (k) Reports. 4723. Regional coordination. (a) Great Lakes panel. (b) Western regional panel. (c) Additional regional panels. 4724. State aquatic nuisance species management plans. (a) State or interstate invasive species management plans. (b) Grant program. (c) Enforcement assistance. 4725. Relationship to other laws. 4726. International cooperation. (a) Advice. (b) Negotiations. 4727. Intentional introductions policy review. 4728. Brown tree snake control program. SUBCHAPTER IV - AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS 4741. Authorization of appropriations. (a) Prevention of unintentional introductions. (b) Task Force and aquatic nuisance species program. (c) Grants for State management programs. (d) Intentional introductions policy review. (e) Ballast water management demonstration program. (f) Research. SUBCHAPTER V - COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES 4751. Environmental impact analyses. -SECREF- CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This chapter is referred to in section 941c of this title. -End- -CITE- 16 USC SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4701 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 4701. Findings and purposes -STATUTE- (a) Findings The Congress finds that - (1) the discharge of untreated water in the ballast tanks of vessels and through other means results in unintentional introductions of nonindigenous species to fresh, brackish, and saltwater environments; (2) when environmental conditions are favorable, nonindigenous species become established, may compete with or prey upon native species of plants, fish, and wildlife, may carry diseases or parasites that affect native species, and may disrupt the aquatic environment and economy of affected nearshore areas; (3) the zebra mussel was unintentionally introduced into the Great Lakes and has infested - (A) waters south of the Great Lakes, into a good portion of the Mississippi River drainage; (B) waters west of the Great Lakes, into the Arkansas River in Oklahoma; and (C) waters east of the Great Lakes, into the Hudson River and Lake Champlain; (4) the potential economic disruption to communities affected by the zebra mussel due to its colonization of water pipes, boat hulls and other hard surfaces has been estimated at $5,000,000,000 by the year 2000, and the potential disruption to the diversity and abundance of native fish and other species by the zebra mussel and ruffe, round goby, and other nonindigenous species could be severe; (5) the zebra mussel was discovered on Lake Champlain during 1993 and the opportunity exists to act quickly to establish zebra mussel controls before Lake Champlain is further infested and management costs escalate; (6) in 1992, the zebra mussel was discovered at the northernmost reaches of the Chesapeake Bay watershed; (7) the zebra mussel poses an imminent risk of invasion in the main waters of the Chesapeake Bay; (8) since the Chesapeake Bay is the largest recipient of foreign ballast water on the East Coast, there is a risk of further invasions of other nonindigenous species; (9) the zebra mussel is only one example of thousands of nonindigenous species that have become established in waters of the United States and may be causing economic and ecological degradation with respect to the natural resources of waters of the United States; (10) since their introduction in the early 1980's in ballast water discharges, ruffe - (A) have caused severe declines in populations of other species of fish in Duluth Harbor (in Minnesota and Wisconsin); (B) have spread to Lake Huron; and (C) are likely to spread quickly to most other waters in North America if action is not taken promptly to control their spread; (11) examples of nonindigenous species that, as of October 26, 1996, infest coastal waters of the United States and that have the potential for causing adverse economic and ecological effects include - (A) the mitten crab (Eriocher sinensis) that has become established on the Pacific Coast; (B) the green crab (Carcinus maenas) that has become established in the coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean; (C) the brown mussel (Perna perna) that has become established along the Gulf of Mexico; and (D) certain shellfish pathogens; (12) many aquatic nuisance vegetation species, such as Eurasian watermilfoil, hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water chestnut, have been introduced to waters of the United States from other parts of the world causing or having a potential to cause adverse environmental, ecological, and economic effects; (13) if preventive management measures are not taken nationwide to prevent and control unintentionally introduced nonindigenous aquatic species in a timely manner, further introductions and infestations of species that are as destructive as, or more destructive than, the zebra mussel or the ruffe infestations may occur; (14) once introduced into waters of the United States, aquatic nuisance species are unintentionally transported and introduced into inland lakes and rivers by recreational boaters, commercial barge traffic, and a variety of other pathways; and (15) resolving the problems associated with aquatic nuisance species will require the participation and cooperation of the Federal Government and State governments, and investment in the development of prevention technologies. (b) Purposes The purposes of this chapter are - (1) to prevent unintentional introduction and dispersal of nonindigenous species into waters of the United States through ballast water management and other requirements; (2) to coordinate federally conducted, funded or authorized research, prevention (!1) control, information dissemination and other activities regarding the zebra mussel and other aquatic nuisance species; (3) to develop and carry out environmentally sound control methods to prevent, monitor and control unintentional introductions of nonindigenous species from pathways other than ballast water exchange; (4) to understand and minimize economic and ecological impacts of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species that become established, including the zebra mussel; and (5) to establish a program of research and technology development and assistance to States in the management and removal of zebra mussels. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1002, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4761; Pub. L. 104-182, title III, Sec. 308(a), Aug. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 1689; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(1), (h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4073, 4091.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", which, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, was translated as reading "this title" meaning title I of Pub. L. 101-646, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4761, known as the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1002, which enacted this section. Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(1)(A), added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which read as follows: "(2) when environmental conditions are favorable, nonindigenous species, such as the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), become established and may disrupt the aquatic environment and economy of affected coastal areas; "(3) the zebra mussel was unintentionally introduced into the Great Lakes and, if left uncontrolled, is expected to infest over two-thirds of the continental United States through the unintentional transportation of larvae and adults by vessels operating in inland waters;". Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(1)(B)(i), inserted "by the zebra mussel and ruffe, round goby, and other nonindigenous species" after "other species". Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 104-182 added par. (5). Subsec. (a)(6) to (15). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(1)(B)(ii), (C), (D), added pars. (6) to (15). SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104-332 provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 4713 and 4714 of this title, amending sections 941 to 941g, 4701, 4702, 4711, 4712, 4721 to 4728, 4741 and 4751 of this title, section 42 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 2761 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, enacting provisions set out as a note under this section, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section, section 941 of this title, and section 2701 of Title 33] may be cited as the 'National Invasive Species Act of 1996'." SHORT TITLE Section 1001 of title I of Pub. L. 101-646, as amended by Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4091, provided that: "This title [enacting this chapter and amending section 42 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure] may be cited as the 'Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990'." CONSTRUCTION OF 1996 AMENDMENT Section 3 of Pub. L. 104-332 provided that: "Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 1996 Amendment note above] or the amendments made by this Act is intended to affect the authorities and responsibilities of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission established under article II of the Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries between the United States of America and Canada, signed at Washington on September 10, 1954 (hereafter in this section referred to as the 'Convention'), including the authorities and responsibilities of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission - "(1) for developing and implementing a comprehensive program for eradicating or minimizing populations of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes watershed; and "(2) carrying out the duties of the Commission specified in the Convention (including any amendment thereto) and the Great Lakes Fishery Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 931 et seq.)." REPORT ON ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM Pub. L. 102-567, title II, Sec. 203(b), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4281, provided that: "Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 29, 1992], the Secretary of Commerce shall submit a report to the Congress on progress toward establishing a nonindigenous aquatic nuisance prevention and control program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and projected funding for such a program for the following five fiscal years." -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4702 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 4702. Definitions -STATUTE- As used in this chapter, the term - (1) "aquatic nuisance species" means a nonindigenous species that threatens the diversity or abundance of native species or the ecological stability of infested waters, or commercial, agricultural, aquacultural or recreational activities dependent on such waters; (2) "Assistant Secretary" means the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works); (3) "ballast water" means any water and associated sediments used to manipulate the trim and stability of a vessel; (4) "Director" means the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; (5) "exclusive economic zone" means the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States established by Proclamation Number 5030, dated March 10, 1983, and the equivalent zone of Canada; (6) "environmentally sound" methods, efforts, actions or programs means methods, efforts, actions or programs to prevent introductions or control infestations of aquatic nuisance species that minimize adverse impacts to the structure and function of an ecosystem and adverse effects on non-target organisms and ecosystems and emphasize integrated pest management techniques and nonchemical measures; (7) "Great Lakes" means Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron (including Lake St. Clair), Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, and the connecting channels (Saint Mary's River, Saint Clair River, Detroit River, Niagara River, and Saint Lawrence River to the Canandian (!1) Border), and includes all other bodies of water within the drainage basin of such lakes and connecting channels. (8) "Great Lakes region" means the 8 States that border on the Great Lakes; (9) "Indian tribe" means any Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community, including any Alaska Native village or regional corporation (as defined in or established pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.)) that is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians; (10) "interstate organization" means an entity - (A) established by - (i) an interstate compact that is approved by Congress; (ii) a Federal statute; or (iii) a treaty or other international agreement with respect to which the United States is a party; and (B)(i) that represents 2 or more - (I) States or political subdivisions thereof; or (II) Indian tribes; or (ii) that represents - (I) 1 or more States or political subdivisions thereof; and (II) 1 or more Indian tribes; or (iii) that represents the Federal Government and 1 or more foreign governments; and (C) has jurisdiction over, serves as forum for coordinating, or otherwise has a role or responsibility for the management of, any land or other natural resource; (11) "nonindigenous species" means any species or other viable biological material that enters an ecosystem beyond its historic range, including any such organism transferred from one country into another; (12) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating; (13) "Task Force" means the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force established under section 4721 of this title; (14) "territorial sea" means the belt of the sea measured from the baseline of the United States determined in accordance with international law, as set forth in Presidential Proclamation Number 5928, dated December 27, 1988; (15) "Under Secretary" means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere; (16) "waters of the United States" means the navigable waters and the territorial sea of the United States; and (17) "unintentional introduction" means an introduction of nonindigenous species that occurs as the result of activities other than the purposeful or intentional introduction of the species involved, such as the transport of nonindigenous species in ballast or in water used to transport fish, mollusks or crustaceans for aquaculture or other purposes. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1003, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4762; Pub. L. 102-580, title III, Sec. 302(b)(2), Oct. 31, 1992, 106 Stat. 4839; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2), (h)(1), (3), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4074, 4091.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", which, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, was translated as reading "this title" meaning title I of Pub. L. 101-646, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4761, known as the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4701 of this title and Tables. Proclamation Number 5030, referred to in par. (5), is set out under section 1453 of this title. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, referred to in par. (9), is Pub. L. 92-203, Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 688, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 33 (Sec. 1601 et seq.) of Title 43, Public Lands. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 43 and Tables. Presidential Proclamation Number 5928, referred to in par. (14), is set out under section 1331 of Title 43. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), (3), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1003, which enacted this section. Par. (1). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(A), redesignated par. (2) as (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: " 'appropriate Committees' means the Committee on Public Works and Transportation and the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries in the House of Representatives and the Committee on Environment and Public Works and Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation in the Senate; and". Par. (2). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(B), substituted " 'Assistant Secretary' means" for " 'assistant Secretary' means". Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (1). Pars. (3) to (7). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(A), redesignated pars. (4) to (8) as (3) to (7), respectively. Former par. (3) redesignated (2). Par. (8). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(D), added par. (8). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(A), redesignated par. (8) as (7). Pars. (9), (10). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(D), added pars. (9) and (10). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(C), redesignated pars. (9) and (10) as (11) and (12), respectively. Pars. (11) to (17). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(a)(2)(C), redesignated pars. (9) to (15) as (11) to (17), respectively. 1992 - Par. (1). Pub. L. 102-580 inserted "the Committee on Public Works and Transportation and" after "means". -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be "Canadian". -End- -CITE- 16 USC SUBCHAPTER II - PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER II - PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER II - PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in section 4741 of this title. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4711 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER II - PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES -HEAD- Sec. 4711. Aquatic nuisance species in waters of United States -STATUTE- (a) Great Lakes guidelines (1) In general Not later than 6 months after November 29, 1990, the Secretary shall issue voluntary guidelines to prevent the introduction and spread of aquatic nuisance species into the Great Lakes through the exchange of ballast water of vessels prior to entering those waters. (2) Content of guidelines The guidelines issued under this subsection shall - (A) ensure to the maximum extent practicable that ballast water containing aquatic nuisance species is not discharged into the Great Lakes; (B) protect the safety of - (i) each vessel; and (ii) the crew and passengers of each vessel; (C) take into consideration different vessel operating conditions; and (D) be based on the best scientific information available. (b) Regulations (1) In general Not later than 2 years after November 29, 1990, the Secretary, in consultation with the Task Force, shall issue regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of aquatic nuisance species into the Great Lakes through the ballast water of vessels. (2) Content of regulations The regulations issued under this subsection shall - (A) apply to all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks that enter a United States port on the Great Lakes after operating on the waters beyond the exclusive economic zone; (B) require a vessel to - (i) carry out exchange of ballast water on the waters beyond the exclusive economic zone prior to entry into any port within the Great Lakes; (ii) carry out an exchange of ballast water in other waters where the exchange does not pose a threat of infestation or spread of aquatic nuisance species in the Great Lakes and other waters of the United States, as recommended by the Task Force under section 4712(a)(1) of this title; or (iii) use environmentally sound alternative ballast water management methods if the Secretary determines that such alternative methods are as effective as ballast water exchange in preventing and controlling infestations of aquatic nuisance species; (C) not affect or supersede any requirements or prohibitions pertaining to the discharge of ballast water into waters of the United States under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.); (D) provide for sampling procedures to monitor compliance with the requirements of the regulations; (E) prohibit the operation of a vessel in the Great Lakes if the master of the vessel has not certified to the Secretary or the Secretary's designee by not later than the departure of that vessel from the first lock in the St. Lawrence Seaway that the vessel has complied with the requirements of the regulations; (F) protect the safety of - (i) each vessel; and (ii) the crew and passengers of each vessel; (G) take into consideration different operating conditions; and (H) be based on the best scientific information available. (3) Additional regulations In addition to promulgating regulations under paragraph (1), the Secretary, in consultation with the Task Force, shall, not later than November 4, 1994, issue regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of aquatic nuisance species into the Great Lakes through ballast water carried on vessels that enter a United States port on the Hudson River north of the George Washington Bridge. (4) Education and technical assistance programs The Secretary may carry out education and technical assistance programs and other measures to promote compliance with the regulations issued under this subsection. (c) Voluntary national guidelines (1) In general Not later than 1 year after October 26, 1996, and after providing notice and an opportunity for public comment, the Secretary shall issue voluntary guidelines to prevent the introduction and spread of nonindigenous species in waters of the United States by ballast water operations and other operations of vessels equipped with ballast water tanks. (2) Content of guidelines The voluntary guidelines issued under this subsection shall - (A) ensure to the maximum extent practicable that aquatic nuisance species are not discharged into waters of the United States from vessels; (B) apply to all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks that operate in waters of the United States; (C) protect the safety of - (i) each vessel; and (ii) the crew and passengers of each vessel; (D) direct a vessel that is carrying ballast water into waters of the United States after operating beyond the exclusive economic zone to - (i) carry out the exchange of ballast water of the vessel in waters beyond the exclusive economic zone; (ii) exchange the ballast water of the vessel in other waters where the exchange does not pose a threat of infestation or spread of nonindigenous species in waters of the United States, as recommended by the Task Force under section 4712(a)(1) of this title; or (iii) use environmentally sound alternative ballast water management methods, including modification of the vessel ballast water tanks and intake systems, if the Secretary determines that such alternative methods are at least as effective as ballast water exchange in preventing and controlling infestations of aquatic nuisance species; (E) direct vessels to carry out management practices that the Secretary determines to be necessary to reduce the probability of unintentional nonindigenous species transfer resulting from - (i) ship operations other than ballast water discharge; and (ii) ballasting practices of vessels that enter waters of the United States with no ballast water on board; (F) provide for the keeping of records that shall be submitted to the Secretary, as prescribed by the guidelines, and that shall be maintained on board each vessel and made available for inspection, upon request of the Secretary and in a manner consistent with subsection (i) of this section, in order to enable the Secretary to determine compliance with the guidelines, including - (i) with respect to each ballast water exchange referred to in clause (ii), reporting on the precise location and thoroughness of the exchange; and (ii) any other information that the Secretary considers necessary to assess the rate of effective compliance with the guidelines; (G) provide for sampling procedures to monitor compliance with the guidelines; (H) take into consideration - (i) vessel types; (ii) variations in the characteristics of point of origin and receiving water bodies; (iii) variations in the ecological conditions of waters and coastal areas of the United States; and (iv) different operating conditions; (I) be based on the best scientific information available; (J) not affect or supersede any requirements or prohibitions pertaining to the discharge of ballast water into waters of the United States under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.); and (K) provide an exemption from ballast water exchange requirements to passenger vessels with operating ballast water systems that are equipped with treatment systems designed to kill aquatic organisms in ballast water, unless the Secretary determines that such treatment systems are less effective than ballast water exchange at reducing the risk of transfers of invasive species in the ballast water of passenger vessels; and (L) not apply to crude oil tankers engaged in the coastwise trade. (3) Education and technical assistance programs Not later than 1 year after October 26, 1996, the Secretary shall carry out education and technical assistance programs and other measures to encourage compliance with the guidelines issued under this subsection. (d) Report to Congress Not sooner than 24 months after the date of issuance of guidelines pursuant to subsection (c) of this section and not later than 30 months after such date, and after consultation with interested and affected persons, the Secretary shall prepare and submit to Congress a report containing the information required pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (e) of this section. (e) Periodic review and revision (1) In general Not later than 3 years after the date of issuance of guidelines pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, and not less frequently than every 3 years thereafter, the Secretary shall, in accordance with criteria developed by the Task Force under paragraph (3) - (A) assess the compliance by vessels with the voluntary guidelines issued under subsection (c) of this section and the regulations promulgated under this chapter; (B) establish the rate of compliance that is based on the assessment under subparagraph (A); (C) assess the effectiveness of the voluntary guidelines and regulations referred to in subparagraph (A) in reducing the introduction and spread of aquatic nuisance species by vessels; and (D) as necessary, on the basis of the best scientific information available - (i) revise the guidelines and regulations referred to in subparagraph (A); (ii) promulgate additional regulations pursuant to subsection (f)(1) of this section; or (iii) carry out each of clauses (i) and (ii). (2) Special review and revision Not later than 90 days after the Task Force makes a request to the Secretary for a special review and revision for coastal and inland waterways designated by the Task Force, the Secretary shall - (A) conduct a special review of guidelines and regulations applicable to those waterways in accordance with the review procedures under paragraph (1); and (B) as necessary, in the same manner as provided under paragraph (1)(D) - (i) revise those guidelines; (ii) promulgate additional regulations pursuant to subsection (f)(1) of this section; or (iii) carry out each of clauses (i) and (ii). (3) Criteria for effectiveness Not later than 18 months after October 26, 1996, the Task Force shall submit to the Secretary criteria for determining the adequacy and effectiveness of the voluntary guidelines issued under subsection (c) of this section. (f) Authority of Secretary (1) General regulations If, on the basis of a periodic review conducted under subsection (e)(1) of this section or a special review conducted under subsection (e)(2) of this section, the Secretary determines that - (A) the rate of effective compliance (as determined by the Secretary) with the guidelines issued pursuant to subsection (c) of this section is inadequate; or (B) the reporting by vessels pursuant to those guidelines is not adequate for the Secretary to assess the compliance with those guidelines and provide a rate of compliance of vessels, including the assessment of the rate of compliance of vessels under subsection (e)(2) of this section, the Secretary shall promptly promulgate regulations that meet the requirements of paragraph (2). (2) Requirements for regulations The regulations promulgated by the Secretary under paragraph (1) - (A) shall - (i) not be promulgated sooner than 180 days following the issuance of the report to Congress submitted pursuant to subsection (d) of this section; (ii) make mandatory the requirements included in the voluntary guidelines issued under subsection (c) of this section; and (iii) provide for the enforcement of the regulations; and (B) may be regional in scope. (3) International regulations The Secretary shall revise regulations promulgated under this subsection to the extent required to make such regulations consistent with the treatment of a particular matter in any international agreement, agreed to by the United States, governing management of the transfer of nonindigenous aquatic species by vessel. (g) Sanctions (1) Civil penalties Any person who violates a regulation promulgated under subsection (b) or (f) of this section shall be liable for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $25,000. Each day of a continuing violation constitutes a separate violation. A vessel operated in violation of the regulations is liable in rem for any civil penalty assessed under this subsection for that violation. (2) Criminal penalties Any person who knowingly violates the regulations promulgated under subsection (b) or (f) of this section is guilty of a class C felony. (3) Revocation of clearance Upon request of the Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury shall withhold or revoke the clearance of a vessel required by section 91 of title 46, Appendix, if the owner or operator of that vessel is in violation of the regulations issued under subsection (b) or (f) of this section. (4) Exception to sanctions This subsection does not apply to a failure to exchange ballast water if - (A) the master of a vessel, acting in good faith, decides that the exchange of ballast water will threaten the safety or stability of the vessel, its crew, or its passengers; and (B) the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of this chapter are complied with. (h) Coordination with other agencies In carrying out the programs under this section, the Secretary is encouraged to use, to the maximum extent practicable, the expertise, facilities, members, or personnel of established agencies and organizations that have routine contact with vessels, including the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the Department of Agriculture, the National Cargo Bureau, port administrations, and ship pilots' associations. (i) Consultation with Canada, Mexico, and other foreign governments In developing the guidelines issued and regulations promulgated under this section, the Secretary is encouraged to consult with the Government of Canada, the Government of Mexico, and any other government of a foreign country that the Secretary, in consultation with the Task Force, determines to be necessary to develop and implement an effective international program for preventing the unintentional introduction and spread of nonindigenous species. (j) International cooperation The Secretary, in cooperation with the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations and the Commission on Environmental Cooperation established pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, is encouraged to enter into negotiations with the governments of foreign countries to develop and implement an effective international program for preventing the unintentional introduction and spread of nonindigenous species. (k) Safety exemption (1) Master discretion The master of a vessel is not required to conduct a ballast water exchange if the master decides that the exchange would threaten the safety or stability of the vessel, its crew, or its passengers because of adverse weather, vessel architectural design, equipment failure, or any other extraordinary conditions. (2) Other requirements (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a vessel that does not exchange ballast water on the high seas under paragraph (1) shall not be restricted from discharging ballast water in any harbor. (B) Great Lakes Subparagraph (A) shall not apply in a case in which a vessel is subject to the regulations issued by the Secretary under subsection (b) of this section. (3) Crude oil tanker ballast facility study (A) Within 60 days of October 26, 1996,(!1) the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating, in consultation with the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, affected shoreside ballast water facility operators, affected crude oil tanker operators, and interested parties, shall initiate a study of the effectiveness of existing shoreside ballast water facilities used by crude oil tankers in the coastwise trade off Alaska in preventing the introduction of nonindigenous aquatic species into the waters off Alaska, as well as the cost and feasibility of modifying such facilities to improve such effectiveness. (B) The study required under subparagraph (A) shall be submitted to the Congress by no later than October 1, 1997. (l) Non-discrimination The Secretary shall ensure that vessels registered outside of the United States do not receive more favorable treatment than vessels registered in the United States when the Secretary performs studies, reviews compliance, determines effectiveness, establishes requirements, or performs any other responsibilities under this chapter. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1101, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4763; Pub. L. 102-580, title III, Sec. 302(b)(1), Oct. 31, 1992, 106 Stat. 4839; Pub. L. 102-587, title IV, Sec. 4002, Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5068; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(b)(2), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4075.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(2)(C) and (c)(2)(J), is act June 30, 1948, ch. 758, as amended generally by Pub. L. 92-500, Sec. 2, Oct. 18, 1972, 86 Stat. 816, which is classified generally to chapter 26 (Sec. 1251 et seq.) of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1251 of Title 33 and Tables. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (e)(1)(A), (g)(4)(B), and (l), was in the original "this Act" or "the Act", which, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, was translated as reading "this title" meaning title I of Pub. L. 101-646, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4761, known as the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION October 26, 1996, referred to in subsec. (k)(3), was in the original "the date of enactment of this Act", which was translated as meaning the date of enactment of Pub. L. 104-332, which amended this section generally, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332 amended section generally, substituting subsecs. (a) to (l) relating to aquatic nuisance species in waters of the United States for former subsecs. (a) to (e) relating to aquatic nuisance species in the Great Lakes. 1992 - Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 102-580 and Pub. L. 102-587 made substantively identical amendments, adding par. (3). Par. (3) is based on text of Pub. L. 102-587. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 4712, 4741 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) See Codification note below. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4712 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER II - PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES -HEAD- Sec. 4712. National ballast water management information -STATUTE- (a) Studies on introduction of aquatic nuisance species by vessels (1) Ballast exchange study The Task Force, in cooperation with the Secretary, shall conduct a study - (A) to assess the environmental effects of ballast water exchange on the diversity and abundance of native species in receiving estuarine, marine, and fresh waters of the United States; and (B) to identify areas within the waters of the United States and the exclusive economic zone, if any, where the exchange of ballast water does not pose a threat of infestation or spread of aquatic nuisance species in the Great Lakes and other waters of the United States. (2) Biological study The Task Force, in cooperation with the Secretary, shall conduct a study to determine whether aquatic nuisance species threaten the ecological characteristics and economic uses of Lake Champlain and other waters of the United States other than the Great Lakes. (3) Shipping study The Secretary shall conduct a study to determine the need for controls on vessels entering waters of the United States, other than the Great Lakes, to minimize the risk of unintentional introduction and dispersal of aquatic nuisance species in those waters. The study shall include an examination of - (A) the degree to which shipping may be a major pathway of transmission of aquatic nuisance species in those waters; (B) possible alternatives for controlling introduction of those species through shipping; and (C) the feasibility of implementing regional versus national control measures. (b) Ecological and ballast water discharge surveys (1) Ecological surveys (A) In general The Task Force, in cooperation with the Secretary, shall conduct ecological surveys of the Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, and Honolulu Harbor and, as necessary, of other estuaries of national significance and other waters that the Task Force determines - (i) to be highly susceptible to invasion by aquatic nuisance species resulting from ballast water operations and other operations of vessels; and (ii) to require further study. (B) Requirements for surveys In conducting the surveys under this paragraph, the Task Force shall, with respect to each such survey - (i) examine the attributes and patterns of invasions of aquatic nuisance species; and (ii) provide an estimate of the effectiveness of ballast water management and other vessel management guidelines issued and regulations promulgated under this subchapter in abating invasions of aquatic nuisance species in the waters that are the subject of the survey. (2) Ballast water discharge surveys (A) In general The Secretary, in cooperation with the Task Force, shall conduct surveys of ballast water discharge rates and practices in the waters referred to in paragraph (1)(A) on the basis of the criteria under clauses (i) and (ii) of such paragraph. (B) Requirements for surveys In conducting the surveys under this paragraph, the Secretary shall - (i) examine the rate of, and trends in, ballast water discharge in the waters that are the subject of the survey; and (ii) assess the effectiveness of voluntary guidelines issued, and regulations promulgated, under this subchapter in altering ballast water discharge practices to reduce the probability of accidental introductions of aquatic nuisance species. (3) Columbia River The Secretary, in cooperation with the Task Force and academic institutions in each of the States affected, shall conduct an ecological and ballast water discharge survey of the Columbia River system consistent with the requirements of paragraphs (1) and (2). (c) Reports (1) Ballast exchange Not later than 18 months after November 29, 1990, and prior to the effective date of the regulations issued under section 4711(b) of this title, the Task Force shall submit a report to the Congress that presents the results of the study required under subsection (a)(1) of this section and makes recommendations with respect to such regulations. (2) Biological and shipping studies Not later than 18 months after November 29, 1990, the Secretary and the Task Force shall each submit to the Congress a report on the results of their respective studies under paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (a) of this section. (d) Negotiations The Secretary, working through the International Maritime Organization, is encouraged to enter into negotiations with the governments of foreign countries concerning the planning and implementation of measures aimed at the prevention and control of unintentional introductions of aquatic nuisance species in coastal waters. (e) Regional research grants Out of amounts appropriated to carry out this subsection for a fiscal year, the Under Secretary may - (1) make available not to exceed $750,000 to fund research on aquatic nuisance species prevention and control in the Chesapeake Bay through grants, to be competitively awarded and subject to peer review, to universities and research institutions; (2) make available not to exceed $500,000 to fund research on aquatic nuisance species prevention and control in the Gulf of Mexico through grants, to be competitively awarded and subject to peer review, to universities and research institutions; (3) make available not to exceed $500,000 to fund research on aquatic nuisance species prevention and control for the Pacific Coast through grants, to be competitively awarded and subject to peer review, to universities and research institutions; (4) make available not to exceed $500,000 to fund research on aquatic nuisance species prevention and control for the Atlantic Coast through grants, to be competitively awarded and subject to peer review, to universities and research institutions; and (5) make available not to exceed $750,000 to fund research on aquatic nuisance species prevention and control in the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary through grants, to be competitively awarded and subject to peer review, to universities and research institutions. (f) National ballast information clearinghouse (1) In general The Secretary shall develop and maintain, in consultation and cooperation with the Task Force and the Smithsonian Institution (acting through the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center), a clearinghouse of national data concerning - (A) ballasting practices; (B) compliance with the guidelines issued pursuant to section 4711(c) of this title; and (C) any other information obtained by the Task Force under subsection (b) of this section. (2) Report In consultation and cooperation with the Task Force and the Smithsonian Institution (acting through the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center), the Secretary shall prepare and submit to the Task Force and the Congress, on a biennial basis, a report that synthesizes and analyzes the data referred to in paragraph (1) relating to - (A) ballast water delivery and management; and (B) invasions of aquatic nuisance species resulting from ballast water. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1102, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4764; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(c), (g), (h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4081, 4091; Pub. L. 105-362, title XV, Sec. 1502(d), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3295.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 105-362 substituted "biennial basis" for "biannual basis" in introductory provisions. 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1102, which enacted this section. Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(c)(1), substituted "management information" for "control program" in section catchline. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(c)(2)(A), inserted ", in cooperation with the Secretary," before "shall conduct" in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(c)(2), inserted ", in cooperation with the Secretary," before "shall conduct" and "Lake Champlain and other" after "economic uses of". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(c)(3), added subsec. (b) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (b). Text read as follows: "The Secretary and the Task Force shall cooperate in conducting their respective studies under this section." Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(g), substituted "Congress" for "appropriate Committees" in pars. (1) and (2). Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(c)(4), added subsecs. (e) and (f). -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 4711, 4741 of this title. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4713 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER II - PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES -HEAD- Sec. 4713. Armed services ballast water programs -STATUTE- (a) Department of Defense vessels Subject to operational conditions, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary, the Task Force, and the International Maritime Organization, shall implement a ballast water management program for seagoing vessels of the Department of Defense to minimize the risk of introduction of nonindigenous species from releases of ballast water. (b) Coast Guard vessels Subject to operational conditions, the Secretary, in consultation with the Task Force and the International Maritime Organization, shall implement a ballast water management program for seagoing vessels of the Coast Guard to minimize the risk of introduction of nonindigenous species from releases of ballast water. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1103, as added Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(d), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4083.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4714 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER II - PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES -HEAD- Sec. 4714. Ballast water management demonstration program -STATUTE- (a) "Technologies and practices" defined For purposes of this section, the term "technologies and practices" means those technologies and practices that - (1) may be retrofitted - (A) on existing vessels or incorporated in new vessel designs; and (B) on existing land-based ballast water treatment facilities; (2) may be designed into new water treatment facilities; (3) are operationally practical; (4) are safe for a vessel and crew; (5) are environmentally sound; (6) are cost-effective; (7) a vessel operator is capable of monitoring; and (8) are effective against a broad range of aquatic nuisance species. (b) Demonstration program (1) In general During the 18-month period beginning on the date that funds are made available by appropriations pursuant to section 4741(e) of this title, the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce, with the concurrence of and in cooperation with the Secretary, shall conduct a ballast water management demonstration program to demonstrate technologies and practices to prevent aquatic nonindigenous species from being introduced into and spread through ballast water in the Great Lakes and other waters of the United States. (2) Location The installation and construction of the technologies and practices used in the demonstration program conducted under this subsection shall be performed in the United States. (3) Vessel selection In demonstrating technologies and practices on vessels under this subsection, the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce, shall - (A) use only vessels that - (i) are approved by the Secretary; (ii) have ballast water systems conducive to testing aboard-vessel or land-based technologies and practices applicable to a significant number of merchant vessels; and (iii) are - (I) publicly or privately owned; and (II) in active use for trade or other cargo shipment purposes during the demonstration; (B) select vessels for participation in the program by giving priority consideration - (i) first, to vessels documented under chapter 121 of title 46; (ii) second, to vessels that are a majority owned by citizens of the United States, as determined by the Secretary; and (iii) third, to any other vessels that regularly call on ports in the United States; and (C) seek to use a variety of vessel types, including vessels that - (i) call on ports in the United States and on the Great Lakes; and (ii) are operated along major coasts of the United States and inland waterways, including the San Francisco Bay and Chesapeake Bay. (4) Selection of technologies and practices In selecting technologies and practices for demonstration under this subsection, the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce shall give priority consideration to technologies and practices identified as promising by the National Research Council Marine Board of the National Academy of Sciences in its report on ships' ballast water operations issued in July 1996. (5) Report Not later than 3 years after October 26, 1996, the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce shall prepare and submit a report to the Congress on the demonstration program conducted pursuant to this section. The report shall include findings and recommendations of the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce concerning technologies and practices. (c) Authorities; consultation and cooperation with International Maritime Organization and Task Force (1) Authorities In conducting the demonstration program under subsection (b) of this section, the Secretary of the Interior may - (A) enter into cooperative agreements with appropriate officials of other agencies of the Federal Government, agencies of States and political subdivisions thereof, and private entities; (B) accept funds, facilities, equipment, or personnel from other Federal agencies; and (C) accept donations of property and services. (2) Consultation and cooperation The Secretary of the Interior shall consult and cooperate with the International Maritime Organization and the Task Force in carrying out this section. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1104, as added Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(d), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4083.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 4741 of this title. -End- -CITE- 16 USC SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in section 4741 of this title. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4721 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- Sec. 4721. Establishment of Task Force -STATUTE- (a) Task Force There is hereby established an "Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force". (b) Membership Membership of the Task Force shall consist of - (1) the Director; (2) the Under Secretary; (3) the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency; (4) the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard; (5) the Assistant Secretary; (6) the Secretary of Agriculture; and (7) the head of any other Federal agency that the chairpersons designated under subsection (d) of this section deem appropriate. (c) Ex officio members The chairpersons designated under subsection (d) of this section shall invite representatives of the Great Lakes Commission, the Lake Champlain Basin Program, the Chesapeake Bay Program, the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary Program, and State agencies and other governmental entities to participate as ex officio members of the Task Force. (d) Chairpersons The Director and the Under Secretary shall serve as co-chairpersons of the Task Force and shall be jointly responsible, and are authorized to undertake such activities as may be necessary, for carrying out this subchapter in consultation and cooperation with the other members of the Task Force. (e) Memorandum of understanding Within six months of November 29, 1990, the Director and the Under Secretary shall develop a memorandum of understanding that describes the role of each in jointly carrying out this subchapter. (f) Coordination Each Task Force member shall coordinate any action to carry out this subchapter with any such action by other members of the Task Force, and regional, State and local entities. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1201, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4765; Pub. L. 104-182, title III, Sec. 308(b), Aug. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 1689; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(2), (h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4085, 4091.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (d) to (f), was in the original "this subtitle", meaning subtitle C (Secs. 1201-1209) of title I of Pub. L. 101-646, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4765, which enacted this subchapter and amended section 42 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1201, which enacted this section. Subsec. (b)(5) to (7). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(2)(A), struck out "and" at end of par. (5), added par. (6), and redesignated former par. (6) as (7). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(2)(B), inserted "the Chesapeake Bay Program, the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary Program," before "and State agencies". Pub. L. 104-182 inserted ", the Lake Champlain Basin Program," after "Great Lakes Commission". -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 4702 of this title. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4722 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- Sec. 4722. Aquatic nuisance species program -STATUTE- (a) In general The Task Force shall develop and implement a program for waters of the United States to prevent introduction and dispersal of aquatic nuisance species; to monitor, control and study such species; and to disseminate related information. (b) Content The program developed under subsection (a) of this section shall - (1) identify the goals, priorities, and approaches for aquatic nuisance species prevention, monitoring, control, education and research to be conducted or funded by the Federal Government; (2) describe the specific prevention, monitoring, control, education and research activities to be conducted by each Task Force member; (3) coordinate aquatic nuisance species programs and activities of Task Force members and affected State agencies; (4) describe the role of each Task Force member in implementing the elements of the program as set forth in this subchapter; (5) include recommendations for funding to implement elements of the program; and (6) develop a demonstration program of prevention, monitoring, control, education and research for the zebra mussel, to be implemented in the Great Lakes and any other waters infested, or likely to become infested in the near future, by the zebra mussel. (c) Prevention (1) In general The Task Force shall establish and implement measures, within the program developed under subsection (a) of this section, to minimize the risk of introduction of aquatic nuisance species to waters of the United States, including - (A) identification of pathways by which aquatic organisms are introduced to waters of the United States; (B) assessment of the risk that an aquatic organism carried by an identified pathway may become an aquatic nuisance species; and (C) evaluation of whether measures to prevent introductions of aquatic nuisance species are effective and environmentally sound. (2) Implementation Whenever the Task Force determines that there is a substantial risk of unintentional introduction of an aquatic nuisance species by an identified pathway and that the adverse consequences of such an introduction are likely to be substantial, the Task Force shall, acting through the appropriate Federal agency, and after an opportunity for public comment, carry out cooperative, environmentally sound efforts with regional, State and local entities to minimize the risk of such an introduction. (d) Monitoring The Task Force shall establish and implement monitoring measures, within the program developed under subsection (a) of this section, to - (1) detect unintentional introductions of aquatic nuisance species; (2) determine the dispersal of aquatic nuisance species after introduction; and (3) provide for the early detection and prevention of infestations of aquatic nuisance species in unaffected drainage basins. (e) Control (1) In general The Task Force may develop cooperative efforts, within the program established under subsection (a) of this section, to control established aquatic nuisance species to minimize the risk of harm to the environment and the public health and welfare. For purposes of this chapter, control efforts include eradication of infestations, reductions of populations, development of means of adapting human activities and public facilities to accommodate infestations, and prevention of the spread of aquatic nuisance species from infested areas. Such control efforts shall be developed in consultation with affected Federal agencies, States, Indian Tribes, local governments, interjurisdictional organizations, and other appropriate entities. Control actions authorized by this section shall be based on the best available scientific information and shall be conducted in an environmentally sound manner. (2) Decisions The Task Force or any other affected agency or entity may recommend that the Task Force initiate a control effort. In determining whether a control program is warranted, the Task Force shall evaluate the need for control (including the projected consequences of no control and less than full control); the technical and biological feasibility and cost-effectiveness of alternative control strategies and actions; whether the benefits of control, including costs avoided, exceed the costs of the program; the risk of harm to non-target organisms and ecosystems, public health and welfare; and such other considerations the Task Force determines appropriate. The Task Force shall also determine the nature and extent of control of target aquatic nuisance species that is feasible and desirable. (3) Programs If the Task Force determines in accordance with paragraph (2) that control of an aquatic nuisance species is warranted, the Task Force shall develop a proposed control program to achieve the target level of control. A notice summarizing the proposed action and soliciting comments shall be published in the Federal Register, in major newspapers in the region affected, and in principal trade publications of the industries affected. Within 180 days of proposing a control program, and after consultation with affected governmental and other appropriate entities and taking into consideration other comments received, the Task Force shall complete development of the proposed control program. (f) Research (1) Priorities The Task Force shall, within the program developed under subsection (a) of this section, conduct research concerning - (A) the environmental and economic risks and impacts associated with the introduction of aquatic nuisance species into the waters of the United States; (B) the principal pathways by which aquatic nuisance species are introduced and dispersed; (C) possible methods for the prevention, monitoring and control of aquatic nuisance species; and (D) the assessment of the effectiveness of prevention, monitoring and control methods. (2) Protocol Within 90 days of November 29, 1990, the Task Force shall establish and follow a protocol to ensure that research activities carried out under this subchapter do not result in the introduction of aquatic nuisance species to waters of the United States. (3) Grants for research The Task Force shall allocate funds authorized under this chapter for competitive research grants to study all aspects of aquatic nuisance species, which shall be administered through the National Sea Grant College Program and the Cooperative Fishery and Wildlife Research Units. Grants shall be conditioned to ensure that any recipient of funds follows the protocol established under paragraph (2) of this subsection. (g) Technical assistance The Task Force shall, within the program developed under subsection (a) of this section, provide technical assistance to State and local governments and persons to minimize the environmental, public health, and safety risks associated with aquatic nuisance species, including an early warning system for advance notice of possible infestations and appropriate responses. (h) Education The Task Force shall, with the program developed under subsection (a) of this section, establish and implement educational programs through Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services and any other available resources that it determines to be appropriate to inform the general public, State governments, governments of political subdivisions of States, and industrial and recreational users of aquatic resources in connection with matters concerning the identification of aquatic nuisance species, and control methods for such species, including the prevention of the further distribution of such species. (i) Zebra mussel demonstration program (1) Zebra mussel (A) In general The Task Force shall, within the program developed under subsection (a) of this section, undertake a program of prevention, monitoring, control, education and research for the zebra mussel to be implemented in the Great Lakes and any other waters of the United States infested or likely to become infested by the zebra mussel, including - (i) research and development concerning the species life history, environmental tolerances and impacts on fisheries and other ecosystem components, and the efficacy of control mechanisms and means of avoiding or minimizing impacts; (ii) tracking the dispersal of the species and establishment of an early warning system to alert likely areas of future infestations; (iii) development of control plans in coordination with regional, State and local entities; and (iv) provision of technical assistance to regional, State and local entities to carry out this section. (B) Public facility research and development The Assistant Secretary, in consultation with the Task Force, shall develop a program of research, technology development, and demonstration for the environmentally sound control of zebra mussels in and around public facilities. The Assistant Secretary shall collect and make available, through publications and other appropriate means, information pertaining to such control methods. (C) Voluntary guidelines Not later than 1 year after October 26, 1996, the Task Force shall develop and submit to the Secretary voluntary guidelines for controlling the spread of the zebra mussel and, if appropriate, other aquatic nuisance species through recreational activities, including boating and fishing. Not later than 4 months after the date of such submission, and after providing notice and an opportunity for public comment, the Secretary shall issue voluntary guidelines that are based on the guidelines developed by the Task Force under this subparagraph. (2) Dispersal containment analysis (A) Research The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with the National Science Foundation and the Task Force, shall provide research grants on a competitive basis for projects that - (i) identify environmentally sound methods for controlling the dispersal of aquatic nuisance species, such as the zebra mussel; and (ii) adhere to research protocols developed pursuant to subsection (f)(2) of this section. (B) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out this paragraph, $500,000. (3) Dispersal barrier demonstration (A) In general The Assistant Secretary, in consultation with the Task Force, shall investigate and identify environmentally sound methods for preventing and reducing the dispersal of aquatic nuisance species between the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence drainage and the Mississippi River drainage through the Chicago River Ship and Sanitary Canal, including any of those methods that could be incorporated into the operation or construction of the lock system of the Chicago River Ship and Sanitary Canal. (B) Report Not later than 18 months after October 26, 1996, the Assistant Secretary shall issue a report to the Congress that includes recommendations concerning - (i) which of the methods that are identified under the study conducted under this paragraph are most promising with respect to preventing and reducing the dispersal of aquatic nuisance species; and (ii) ways to incorporate those methods into ongoing operations of the United States Army Corps of Engineers that are conducted at the Chicago River Ship and Sanitary Canal. (C) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Department of the Army, to carry out this paragraph, $750,000. (4) Contributions To the extent allowable by law, in carrying out the studies under paragraphs (2) and (3), the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Secretary of the Army may enter into an agreement with an interested party under which that party provides in kind or monetary contributions for the study. (5) Technical assistance The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall provide technical assistance to appropriate entities to assist in the research conducted pursuant to this subsection. (j) Implementation (1) Regulations The Director, the Secretary, and the Under Secretary may issue such rules and regulations as may be necessary to implement this section. (2) Participation of others The Task Force shall provide opportunities for affected Federal agencies which are not part of the Task Force, State and local government agencies, and regional and other entities with the necessary expertise to participate in control programs. If these other agencies or entities have sufficient authority or jurisdiction and expertise and where this will be more efficient or effective, responsibility for implementing all or a portion of a control program may be delegated to such agencies or entities. (k) Reports (1) Not later than 12 months after November 29, 1990, the Task Force shall submit a report describing the program developed under subsection (a) of this section, including the research protocol required under subsection (f)(2) of this section, to the Congress. (2) On an annual basis after the submission of the report under paragraph (1), the Task Force shall submit a report to the Congress detailing progress in carrying out this section. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1202, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4766; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(3), (4), (g), (h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4085, 4087, 4091.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (e)(1) and (f)(3), was in the original "this Act", which, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, was translated as reading "this title" meaning title I of Pub. L. 101-646, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4761, known as the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4701 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1202, which enacted this section. Subsec. (f)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(3)(A), inserted "and impacts" after "economic risks". Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(3)(B), designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, and former subpars. (A) to (D) of par. (1) as cls. (i) to (iv), respectively, of subpar. (A), inserted new par. (1) heading, substituted "The Assistant Secretary, in consultation with the Task Force, shall develop a program of research, technology development, and demonstration for the environmentally sound control of zebra mussels in and around public facilities." for "The Assistant Secretary, in consultation with the Task Force, shall develop a program of research and technology development for the environmentally sound control of zebra mussels in and around public facilities." in subpar. (B), and added subpar. (C) and pars. (2) to (5). Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(4), substituted "The Director, the Secretary," for "Not later than 18 months after November 29, 1990, the Director". Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(g), substituted "Congress" for "appropriate Committees" in pars. (1) and (2). -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 4723, 4725, 4741 of this title. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4723 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- Sec. 4723. Regional coordination -STATUTE- (a) Great Lakes panel (1) In general Not later than 30 days following November 29, 1990, the Task Force shall request that the Great Lakes Commission (established under Article IV of the Great Lakes Compact to which the Congress granted consent in the Act of July 24, 1968, P.L. 90-419) convene a panel of Great Lakes region representatives from Federal, State and local agencies and from private environmental and commercial interests to - (A) identify priorities for the Great Lakes region with respect to aquatic nuisance species; (B) make recommendations to the Task Force regarding programs to carry out section 4722(i) of this title; (C) assist the Task Force in coordinating Federal aquatic nuisance species program activities in the Great Lakes region; (D) coordinate, where possible, aquatic nuisance species program activities in the Great Lakes region that are not conducted pursuant to this chapter; (E) provide advice to public and private individuals and entities concerning methods of controlling aquatic nuisance species; and (F) submit annually a report to the Task Force describing activities within the Great Lakes region related to aquatic nuisance species prevention, research,(!1) control. (2) Consultation The Task Force shall request that the Great Lakes Fishery Commission provide information to the panel convened under this subsection on technical and policy matters related to the international fishery resources of the Great Lakes. (3) Canadian participation The panel convened under this subsection is encourage (!2) to invite representatives from the Federal, provincial or territorial governments of Canada to participate as observers. (b) Western regional panel Not later than 30 days after October 26, 1996, the Task Force shall request a Western regional panel, comprised of Western region representatives from Federal, State, and local agencies and from private environmental and commercial interests, to - (1) identify priorities for the Western region with respect to aquatic nuisance species; (2) make recommendations to the Task Force regarding an education, monitoring (including inspection), prevention, and control program to prevent the spread of the zebra mussel west of the 100th Meridian pursuant to section 4722(i) of this title; (3) coordinate, where possible, other aquatic nuisance species program activities in the Western region that are not conducted pursuant to this chapter; (4) develop an emergency response strategy for Federal, State, and local entities for stemming new invasions of aquatic nuisance species in the region; (5) provide advice to public and private individuals and entities concerning methods of preventing and controlling aquatic nuisance species infestations; and (6) submit annually a report to the Task Force describing activities within the Western region related to aquatic nuisance species prevention, research, and control. (c) Additional regional panels The Task Force shall - (1) encourage the development and use of regional panels and other similar entities in regions in addition to the Great Lakes and Western regions (including providing financial assistance for the development and use of such entities) to carry out, with respect to those regions, activities that are similar to the activities described in subsections (a) and (b) of this section; and (2) cooperate with regional panels and similar entities that carry out the activities described in paragraph (1). -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1203, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4769; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(5), (h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4087, 4091.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Act of July 24, 1968, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is Pub. L. 90-419, July 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 414, which is not classified to the Code. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1)(D) and (b)(3), was in the original "this Act", which, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, was translated as reading "this title" meaning title I of Pub. L. 101-646, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4761, known as the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4701 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1203, which enacted this section. Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(5)(A), substituted "Regional" for "Great Lakes regional" in section catchline. Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(5)(B)-(F), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and inserted subsec. heading, redesignated former subsec. (a) as par. (1), and former pars. (1) to (6) as subpars. (A) to (F), respectively, of par. (1), in par. (1) inserted "region" before "representatives" in introductory provisions and after "Great Lakes" in subpars. (A), (C), (D), and (F), redesignated subsecs. (b) and (c) as pars. (2) and (3), respectively, of subsec. (a), substituted "this subsection" for "this section" in those pars., and added subsecs. (b) and (c). -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 4741 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be followed by "and". (!2) So in original. Probably should be "encouraged". -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4724 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- Sec. 4724. State aquatic nuisance species management plans -STATUTE- (a) State or interstate invasive species management plans (1) In general After providing notice and opportunity for public comment, the Governor of each State may prepare and submit, or the Governors of the States and the governments of the Indian tribes involved in an interstate organization, may jointly prepare and submit - (A) a comprehensive management plan to the Task Force for approval which identifies those areas or activities within the State or within the interstate region involved, other than those related to public facilities, for which technical, enforcement, or financial assistance (or any combination thereof) is needed to eliminate or reduce the environmental, public health, and safety risks associated with aquatic nuisance species, particularly the zebra mussel; and (B) a public facility management plan to the Assistant Secretary for approval which is limited solely to identifying those public facilities within the State or within the interstate region involved for which technical and financial assistance is needed to reduce infestations of zebra mussels. (2) Content Each plan shall, to the extent possible, identify the management practices and measures that will be undertaken to reduce infestations of aquatic nuisance species. Each plan shall - (A) identify and describe State and local programs for environmentally sound prevention and control of the target aquatic nuisance species; (B) identify Federal activities that may be needed for environmentally sound prevention and control of aquatic nuisance species and a description of the manner in which those activities should be coordinated with State and local government activities; (C) identify any authority that the State (or any State or Indian tribe involved in the interstate organization) does not have at the time of the development of the plan that may be necessary for the State (or any State or Indian tribe involved in the interstate organization) to protect public health, property, and the environment from harm by aquatic nuisance species; and (D) a schedule of implementing the plan, including a schedule of annual objectives, and enabling legislation. (3) Consultation (A) In developing and implementing a management plan, the State or interstate organization should, to the maximum extent practicable, involve local governments and regional entities, Indian tribes, and public and private organizations that have expertise in the control of aquatic nuisance species. (B) Upon the request of a State or the appropriate official of an interstate organization, the Task Force or the Assistant Secretary, as appropriate under paragraph (1), may provide technical assistance in developing and implementing a management plan. (4) Plan approval Within 90 days after the submission of a management plan, the Task Force or the Assistant Secretary in consultation with the Task Force, as appropriate under paragraph (1), shall review the proposed plan and approve it if it meets the requirements of this subsection or return the plan to the Governor or the interstate organization with recommended modifications. (b) Grant program (1) State grants The Director may, at the recommendation of the Task Force, make grants to States with management plans approved under subsection (a) of this section for the implementation of those plans. (2) Application An application for a grant under this subsection shall include an identification and description of the best management practices and measures which the State proposes to utilize in implementing an approved management plan with any Federal assistance to be provided under the grant. (3) Federal share (A) The Federal share of the cost of each comprehensive management plan implemented with Federal assistance under this section in any fiscal year shall not exceed 75 percent of the cost incurred by the State in implementing such management program and the non-Federal share of such costs shall be provided from non-Federal sources. (B) The Federal share of the cost of each public facility management plan implemented with Federal assistance under this section in any fiscal year shall not exceed 50 percent of the cost incurred by the State in implementing such management program and the non-Federal share of such costs shall be provided from non-Federal sources. (4) Adminisrative (!1) costs For the purposes of this section, administrative costs for activities and programs carried out with a grant in any fiscal year shall not exceed 5 percent of the amount of the grant in that year. (5) In-kind contributions In addition to cash outlays and payments, in-kind contributions of property or personnel services by non-Federal interests for activities under this section may be used for the non-Federal share of the cost of those activities. (c) Enforcement assistance Upon request of a State or Indian tribe, the Director or the Under Secretary, to the extent allowable by law and in a manner consistent with section 141 of title 14, may provide assistance to a State or Indian tribe in enforcing an approved State or interstate invasive species management plan. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1204, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4770; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6), (h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4089, 4091.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1204, which enacted this section. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(i), substituted "State or interstate invasive species management plans" for "State plan" in heading. Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(ii)(I), substituted "After providing notice and opportunity for public comment, the Governor of each State may prepare and submit, or the Governors of the States and the governments of the Indian tribes involved in an interstate organization, may jointly prepare and submit" for "The Governor of each State may, after notice and opportunity for public comment, prepare and submit" in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(ii)(II), (III), inserted "or within the interstate region involved" after "within the State" and substituted "technical, enforcement, or financial assistance (or any combination thereof)" for "technical and financial assistance". Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(ii)(III), inserted "or within the interstate region involved" after "within the State". Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(iii)(I), struck out "and" at end. Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(iii)(III), added subpar. (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D). Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(iii)(II), (IV), redesignated subpar. (C) as (D) and inserted ", and enabling legislation" before period. Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(iv)(I), inserted "or interstate organization" after "the State" and "Indian tribes," after "local governments and regional entities,". Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(iv)(II), inserted "or the appropriate official of an interstate organization" after "a State". Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(A)(v), inserted "or the interstate organization" after "the Governor". Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(B), struck out "or the Assistant Secretary, as appropriate under subsection (a) of this section," after "The Director" and substituted "management plans approved under subsection (a) of this section" for "approved management plans". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(e)(6)(C), added subsec. (c). -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 4741 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be "Administrative". -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4725 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- Sec. 4725. Relationship to other laws -STATUTE- All actions taken by Federal agencies in implementing the provisions of section 4722 of this title shall be consistent with all applicable Federal, State, and local environmental laws. Nothing in this chapter shall affect the authority of any State or political subdivision thereof to adopt or enforce control measures for aquatic nuisance species, or diminish or affect the jurisdiction of any State over species of fish and wildlife. Compliance with the control and eradication measures of any State or political subdivision thereof regarding aquatic nuisance species shall not relieve any person of the obligation to comply with the provisions of this subchapter. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1205, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4771; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4091.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 101-646, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4761, known as the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4701 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332 made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1205, which enacted this section. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4726 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- Sec. 4726. International cooperation -STATUTE- (a) Advice The Task Force shall provide timely advice to the Secretary of State concerning aquatic nuisance species that infest waters shared with other countries. (b) Negotiations The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Task Force, is encouraged to initiate negotiations with the governments of foreign countries concerning the planning and implementation of prevention, monitoring, research, education, and control programs related to aquatic nuisance species infesting shared water resources. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1206, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4771; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4091.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332 made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1206, which enacted this section. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4727 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- Sec. 4727. Intentional introductions policy review -STATUTE- Within one year of November 29, 1990, the Task Force shall, in consultation with State fish and wildlife agencies, other regional, State and local entities, potentially affected industries and other interested parties, identify and evaluate approaches for reducing the risk of adverse consequences associated with intentional introduction of aquatic organisms and submit a report of their findings, conclusions and recommendations to the Congress. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1207, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4771; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(g), (h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4091.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1207, which enacted this section. Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(g), substituted "Congress" for "appropriate Committees". -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 4741 of this title. -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4728 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES DISPERSAL -HEAD- Sec. 4728. Brown tree snake control program -STATUTE- The Task Force shall, within the program developed under subsection (a),(!1) undertake a comprehensive, environmentally sound program in coordination with regional, territorial, State and local entities to control the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) in Guam and other areas where the species is established outside of its historic range. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1209, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4772; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4091.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332 made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1209, which enacted this section. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 4741 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be "subsection (a) of section 4722 of this title,". -End- -CITE- 16 USC SUBCHAPTER IV - AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER IV - AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER IV - AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4741 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER IV - AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS -HEAD- Sec. 4741. Authorization of appropriations -STATUTE- (a) Prevention of unintentional introductions There are authorized to be appropriated to develop and implement the provisions of subchapter II of this chapter - (1) $500,000 until the end of fiscal year 1992 to the Secretary to carry out sections 4711 and 4712(a)(3) of this title; (2) $2,000,000 until the end of fiscal year 1992 to the Director and Under Secretary to carry out the studies under sections 4712(a)(1) and 4712(a)(2 (!1) of this title; (3) to the Secretary to carry out section 4711 of this title - (A) $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1997 and 1998; and (B) $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1999 through 2002; (4) for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2002, to carry out paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 4712(b) of this title - (A) $1,000,000 to the Department of the Interior, to be used by the Director; and (B) $1,000,000 to the Secretary; and (5) for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2002 - (A) $3,000,000, which shall be made available from funds otherwise authorized to be appropriated if such funds are so authorized, to the Under Secretary to carry out section 4712(e) of this title; and (B) $500,000 to the Secretary to carry out section 4712(f) of this title. (b) Task Force and aquatic nuisance species program There are authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2002 to develop and implement the provisions of subchapter III of this chapter - (1) $6,000,000 to the Department of the Interior, to be used by the Director to carry out sections 4722 and 4728 of this title; (2) $1,000,000 to the Department of Commerce, to be used by the Under Secretary to carry out section 4722 of this title; (3) $1,625,000, which shall be made available from funds otherwise authorized to be appropriated if such funds are so authorized, to fund aquatic nuisance species prevention and control research under section 4722(i) of this title at the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, of which $500,000 shall be made available for grants, to be competitively awarded and subject to peer review, for research relating to Lake Champlain; (4) $5,000,000 for competitive grants for university research on aquatic nuisance species under section 4722(f)(3) of this title as follows: (A) $2,800,000, which shall be made available from funds otherwise authorized to be appropriated if such funds are so authorized, to fund grants under section 1124 of title 33; (B) $1,200,000 to fund grants to colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts referred to in section 322 of title 7; and (C) $1,000,000 to fund grants through the Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit Program of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; (5) $3,000,000 to the Department of the Army, to be used by the Assistant Secretary to carry out section 4722(i)(1)(B) of this title; and (6) $300,000 to the Department of the Interior, to be used by the Director to fund regional panels and similar entities under section 4723 of this title, of which $100,000 shall be used to fund activities of the Great Lakes Commission. (c) Grants for State management programs There are authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2002 $4,000,000 to the Department of the Interior, to be used by the Director for making grants under section 4724 of this title, of which $1,500,000 shall be used by the Director, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary, for management of aquatic nuisance vegetation species. (d) Intentional introductions policy review There are authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 1991, $500,000 to the Director and the Under Secretary to conduct the intentional introduction policy review under section 4727 of this title. (e) Ballast water management demonstration program There are authorized to be appropriated $2,500,000 to carry out section 4714 of this title. (f) Research There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director $1,000,000 to carry out research on the prevention, monitoring, and control of aquatic nuisance species in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The funds shall be made available for use by the Department of Environmental Management of the State of Rhode Island. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1301, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4772; Pub. L. 102-186, Sec. 4(b)(2), Dec. 4, 1991, 105 Stat. 1283; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(f), (h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4090, 4091.) -COD- CODIFICATION "Section 322 of title 7" substituted in subsec. (b)(4)(B) for "the first section of the Act of August 30, 1890 (26 Stat. 417, chapter 841; 7 U.S.C. 322)". Section 1 of the act of Aug. 30, 1890, is classified to sections 322 and 323 of Title 7, Agriculture, but only section 322 refers to agriculture and the mechanic arts. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1301, which enacted this section. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(f)(1)(B), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "$1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1993, 1994, and 1995 to the Secretary for implementation and enforcement of the regulations promulgated under section 4711 of this title." Subsec. (a)(4), (5). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(f)(1)(A), (C), added pars. (4) and (5). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(f)(2)(A), substituted "1997 through 2002" for "1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995" in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b)(1) to (7). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(f)(2)(B), added pars. (1) to (6) and struck out former pars. (1) to (7) which read as follows: "(1) $7,000,000 to the Director to carry out sections 4722 and 4728 of this title; "(2) $5,000,000 to the Under Secretary to carry out section 4722 of this title; "(3) $1,125,000 to fund aquatic nuisance species prevention and control research under section 4722(i) of this title at the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; "(4) $5,000,000 for competitive grants for university research on aquatic nuisance species under section 4722(f)(3) of this title as follows: "(A) $3,375,000 to fund grants under the National Sea Grant College Program Act (33 U.S.C. 1121 et seq.), and of this amount, $2,500,000 to fund grants in the Great Lakes region; and "(B) $1,675,000 to fund grants through the Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit Program of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; "(5) $500,000 to fund Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services education and technical assistance related to infestations of zebra mussels under sections 4722(g) and (h) of this title; "(6) $200,000 to fund aquatic nuisance species prevention and control activities of the Great Lakes Commission; and "(7) $2,000,000 to the Assistant Secretary to carry out section 4722(i)(2) of this title." Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(f)(3), added subsec. (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "There are authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 to make grants under section 4724 of this title - "(1) $2,500,000 to the Director; and "(2) $5,000,000 to the Assistant Secretary." Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(f)(4), added subsecs. (e) and (f). 1991 - Subsec. (b)(4)(A). Pub. L. 102-186 amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "$3,375,000 to fund grants under section 1125 of title 33, and of this amount, $2,500,000 to fund grants in the Great Lakes region; and". -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 4714 of this title; title 33 section 1131. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be followed by a closing parenthesis. -End- -CITE- 16 USC SUBCHAPTER V - COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER V - COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER V - COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES -End- -CITE- 16 USC Sec. 4751 01/19/04 -EXPCITE- TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION CHAPTER 67 - AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SUBCHAPTER V - COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES -HEAD- Sec. 4751. Environmental impact analyses -STATUTE- The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Council on Environmental Quality, is encouraged to enter into negotiations with the governments of Canada and Mexico to provide for reciprocal cooperative environmental impact analysis of major Federal actions which have significant transboundary effects on the quality of the human environment in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-646, title I, Sec. 1401, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4773; Pub. L. 104-332, Sec. 2(h)(1), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4091.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-332 made technical amendment to Pub. L. 101-646, Sec. 1401, which enacted this section. -End-